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Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus melanoleucus) fledgling and nest at a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest reserve (Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, MG, Brasil). Photo taken on 5 October 2006 by Carlos Eduardo A. de Carvalho.
Source publication
Primeira descrição do ninho do Gavião Pato (Spizaetus melanoleucus) na Floresta Atlântica Brasileira, sudeste do Brasil.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 21 September 2006, I found a medium to large sticky nest ( Fig. 1) (Lins 2001). The nest was located in a dense forest on the slope of a small ravine, 830 m from the park's western edge (secondary road). The area sur- rounding the nest site is characterized by ridges, small ravines, and ...
Citations
... Chebez 1995; Alvarez et al. 1996;Alvarez-Cordero 1996;de Lucca 1996;Galetti & Carvalho 2000;Ibáñez et al. 2002;Piana 2002;Rettig 2002;Sanaiotti 2002;Peterson et al. 2003;Suárez et al. 2004;Luz 2005;Muñiz-López 2005;Silveira et al. 2005;Olmos et al. 2006;Pereira & Salzo 2006;Vargas-González et al. 2006a;Giudice et al. 2007;Pacheco et al. 2007;Piana 2007;Anfuso et al. 2008;Trinca et al. 2008;Pinheiro & Dornas 2009;May 2010;Seymour et al. 2010;Sánchez-Lalinde et al. 2011;Ubaid et al. 2011;Vargas-González & Vargas 2011;Aguiar-Silva et al. 2012;Muñiz-López et al. 2012;O'Shea & Ramcharan 2012;Rotemberg et al. 2012;Aguiar-Silva et al. 2014;Vargas-González et al. 2014;Aguiar-Silva et al. 2015;Kuniy et al. 2015;Sanaiotti et al. 2015;Sousa et al. 2015;Watson et al. 2016. Spizaetus tyrannus Sick 1997Olmos et al. 2006;Lopes & Braz 2007;Canuto 2008;Jones & Komar 2008a;Phillips 2009;Pimentel & Olmos 2011;Canuto et al. 2012;Meyer 2016. Spizaetus melanoleucus Andrade et al. 1996Anderson et al. 2004;Canuto 2008;Canuto 2009;Phillips 2009;Phillips & Seminario 2009;Canuto et al. 2012;Kohler & Rezini 2013. ...
... Spizaetus tyrannus Sick 1997Olmos et al. 2006;Lopes & Braz 2007;Canuto 2008;Jones & Komar 2008a;Phillips 2009;Pimentel & Olmos 2011;Canuto et al. 2012;Meyer 2016. Spizaetus melanoleucus Andrade et al. 1996Anderson et al. 2004;Canuto 2008;Canuto 2009;Phillips 2009;Phillips & Seminario 2009;Canuto et al. 2012;Kohler & Rezini 2013. Spizaetus ornatus Sick 1997Thorstrom 1997;Andrade & Andrade 1998;Naveda- Rodríguez 2002;Greeney et al. 2004;Naveda-Rodríguez 2004;Mendonça-Lima et al. 2006;Giudice 2007;Canuto 2008;Canuto 2009;Kirwan 2009;Phillips 2009;Joenck et al. 2011;Canuto et al. 2012;Joenck et al. 2013;Kjeldsen 2013;Phillips & Hatten 2013;Harvey et al. 2014. ...
... Spizaetus melanoleucus Andrade et al. 1996Anderson et al. 2004;Canuto 2008;Canuto 2009;Phillips 2009;Phillips & Seminario 2009;Canuto et al. 2012;Kohler & Rezini 2013. Spizaetus ornatus Sick 1997Thorstrom 1997;Andrade & Andrade 1998;Naveda- Rodríguez 2002;Greeney et al. 2004;Naveda-Rodríguez 2004;Mendonça-Lima et al. 2006;Giudice 2007;Canuto 2008;Canuto 2009;Kirwan 2009;Phillips 2009;Joenck et al. 2011;Canuto et al. 2012;Joenck et al. 2013;Kjeldsen 2013;Phillips & Hatten 2013;Harvey et al. 2014. Spizaetus isidori Valdez & Osborn 2002;Strewe & Navarro 2003;Valdez & Osborn 2004;Roesler et al. 2008;Greeney et al. 2011;Castañeda 2012;Araóz & Alvedaño 2013;Zuluaga & Echeverry-Galvis 2016. ...
Despite the key role that knowledge on breeding biology of Accipitriformes plays in their management and conservation, survey of the state-of-the-art and of information gaps spanning the entire Neotropics has not been done since 1995. We provide an updated classi cation of current knowledge about breeding biology of Neotropical Accipitridae and de ne the taxa that should be prioritized by future studies. We analyzed 440 publications produced since 1995 that reported breeding of 56 species. ere is a persistent scarcity, or complete absence, of information about the nests of eight species, and about breeding behavior of another ten. Among these species, the largest gap of breeding data refers to the former “Leucopternis” hawks. Although 66% of the 56 evaluated species had some improvement on knowledge about their breeding traits, research still focus disproportionately on a few regions and species, and the scarcity of breeding data on many South American Accipitridae persists. We noted that analysis of records from both a citizen science digital database and museum egg collections signi cantly increased breeding information on some species, relative to recent literature. We created four groups of priority species for breeding biology studies, based on knowledge gaps and threat categories at global level. Group I (great scarcity of information, plus higher categories of threat): Leptodon forbesi, Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea, and Buteogallus lacernulatus; Group II (breeding data have recently increased, but threat categories are high): Spizaetus isidori, Accipiter gundlachi, Buteogallus coronatus, Pseudastur occidentalis, and Buteo ventralis; Group III (“Near reatened” species with still scarce breeding information): Accipiter poliogaster, Accipiter collaris, Buteogallus aequinoctialis, and Pseudastur polionotus; and Group IV (other priority cases): Buteo ridgwayi, Buteo galapagoensis, four eagles (Morphnus guianensis, Harpia harpyja, Spizaetus ornatus and Buteogallus solitarius), Leptodon cayanensis, Accipiter superciliosus, Buteogallus schistaceus, and the three Leucopternis hawks (L. semiplumbeus, L. melanops and L. kuhli). We also discuss the way that novel breeding data can show in what manners di erent species and populations are responding to environmental changes.
... Diet and hunting tactics are poorly described, but it is known to feed manly upon reptiles and birds caught in the canopy by long flights from perches or by stooping from the sky (Willis, 1988;Robinson, 1994). Its breeding behavior is known only by observation of few nests (Brown & Amadon, 1968;Strauch, 1975;Anderson et al., 2004;Canuto, 2008b;Phillips, 2009;Canuto et al., 2012). ...
... breeding biology, habitat requirements), especially for Atlantic Forest populations for which information on breeding and nesting biology are basically anecdotal. There is only one description of a nest of the Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle (Canuto, 2008b) and one of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Joenck et al., 2011). The Black Hawk-Eagle and Ornate Hawk-Eagle were extensively studied during the Maya Project, which was developed by The Peregrine Fund in Belize and Guatemala during the 1980s and 1990s, and which acquired much information about their diet, breeding biology, habitat requirements, territory size, and so on (Whitacre et al., 2012a,b). ...
... The Black Hawk-Eagle and Ornate Hawk-Eagle were extensively studied during the Maya Project, which was developed by The Peregrine Fund in Belize and Guatemala during the 1980s and 1990s, and which acquired much information about their diet, breeding biology, habitat requirements, territory size, and so on (Whitacre et al., 2012a,b). Most of the biology of Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle is basically unknown (Strauch, 1975;Willis, 1988;Robinson, 1994;Canuto, 2008b;Kohler & Rezinni, 2013;Menq, 2015 My objective in this paper is to present novel information about these three species of hawk-eagles at the southern limits of their distribution in the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Here I present estimates of the distribution and abundance of these three hawk-eagles in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, and report observations about the breeding biology, diet and behavior of Ornate and Black-and-white Hawk-Eagles. ...
Neotropical hawk-eagles (Spizaetus spp.) are large forest raptors, having low population densities and high sensitivity to human disturbance. The three species of Brazil’s Atlantic forest (S. ornatus, S. melanoleucus, S. tyrannus) are threatened and little is known of many aspects of their biology, such habitat requirements, nesting behavior, and food habitats. Here I present data about the breeding biology, diet and behavior of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle (S. ornatus; OHE) and the Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle (S. melanoleucus; BWHW), and estimations of distribution - extent of occurrence (EOO) - and population sizes for the three hawk-eagles of the southern Atlantic Forest. I compiled data from nine years of field studies done in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina combined with data from the literature (n = 191 records). I calculated the total amount of forest available for each species by GIS analyses and estimated population sizes based on species density data from the literature. The EOO was 123,551 km² for BWHE, 92,512 km² for OHE, and 67,824 km² for Black Hawk-Eagle (S. tyrannus; BHE). All species experienced more than 30% shrinkage in their historical distribution (before the year 2000). Forest remnants comprise 32% of BHE’s EOO and around 20% for other hawk-eagle species. Population sizes estimated for the southern region were 869 pairs for BHE (1,684 individuals), 1,532 pairs for BWHE (2,849 individuals), and 2,020 pairs for OHE (1,192 individuals). Population size estimates based only on forest patches larger than 10 km² were 542 pairs for BHE (RS = 48 pairs; SC = 494 pairs), 818 pairs for BWHE (RS = 67 pairs; SC = 751 pairs), and 1,178 pairs for OHE (RS = 67 pairs; SC = 1,111 pairs). I recorded displays and copulation of BWHE in July; the nest was built in an inaccessible, emergent tree in the hillside of a valley. Two nests of OHE were found in emergent trees (20 m and 30 m height) measured 138 x 115 x 45 cm and 132 x 100 x 100 cm; one egg was found (64.5 x 51.1 mm). Spizaetus seems to have very variable breeding cycles and begin breeding in the austral winter. I estimated egg laying occurs from July to September with fledging happening 3-4 months later. Diet of OHE consisted mostly of birds (90%) but also some mammals. Individuals of Spizaetus require large, unbroken forest areas to live, and my data reinforce the critical situation of hawk-eagles in southern Atlantic forest. All three species have lost habitat and their distributions have shrunk over the past decades. The estimated population sizes suggest concern and a need for conservation actions. Conservation of large raptors in the Atlantic Forest is not a simple task, requiring the need to preserve and limit the disturbance of remaining forests, establish connectivity among fragments and reduce direct threats to raptors (e.g., persecution). We also need to better understand the ecological requirements of hawk-eagles and establish public policies to protect both species and their habitats.
... In the first area, located in the Doce River State Park and surroundings (see Case study 1), two nests were found and tracked. One inside the reserve (Canuto 2008b), located on a pink Jequitiba tree (Cairina legalis -CBH 291cm) at a height of 37 meters and at a distance of about 800 meters from the border. It was located at the base of the hill among different ravines or drainage systems, near a ridge of approximately 250 meters in altitude and about 770 meters away from the Turvo stream. ...
... These points were selected during two seasons, according to the Brazilian species´ reproductive cycle (Sick 1997, Carvalho-Filho et al. 1998, 2006, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Zorzin et al. 2004, Azevedo et al. 2006, Canuto 2008b. The first sampling was concentrated between December of 2009 and February of 2010, which corresponds to the end of the reproductive period, when it was possible to record the dispersal of the youngsters; the second period occurred between the months of August and November of 2010, which includes reproductive activity such as pairing of mates, courting flights and incubation. ...
The Rio Doce Hydrographic Basin (RDB) lies almost completely in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a highly threatened tropical rainforest. The RDB has suffered dramatic anthropogenic impacts during the last two centuries and is currently one of the most degraded regions in southeastern Brazil. In this paper, we gathered 140,742 bird records collected since the early 19th by more than two thousand naturalists, professional scientists, and citizen scientists. This vast database was compiled from several sources, including published literature, unpublished technical reports, natural history museums, and citizen science platforms. After checking and standardizing the database, we found high species richness in the RDB, with 689 species recorded to date, from which 675 (98%) were documented by specimens or digital vouchers. This database is presented as a detailed catalogue, including maps containing all localities in which each species has been recorded. We present text accounts for 40 noteworthy species recorded in the RDB, and a complete gazetteer for the 636 localities sampled. Preliminary analyses reveal that the RDB avifauna suffered a dramatic change in its species composition during the last two centuries, mostly due to human activity. Highly sensitive species associated to pristine forests vanished, while species associated to dry and open habitat expanded their ranges in the RDB. Finally, in addition to thoroughly characterization of the RDB avifauna, this paper provides the basis for a series of studies about the avifauna of one of the hottest hotspots of biodiversity in the entire Neotropical region.
El estudio de sitios reproductivos es de especial importancia para entender los requerimientos de hábitat y el comportamiento de especies, y para planear estrategias de conservación eficientes. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica de la localización de los nidos conocidos del Águila Viuda (Spizaetus melanoleucus) para el continente Americano. Luego reportamos el primer nido activo con reproducción exitosa de esta especie para la Argentina. El primer nido descubierto fue en Panamá en 1972, pero la primera descripción completa fue 36 años después en Brasil. Encontramos que hasta el momento se conocían 17 nidos. La plataforma de nidificación encontrada en Argentina se descubrió en octubre de 2019 el Parque Provincial Salto Encantado, en la provincia de Misiones. El 13 de octubre de 2022 se confirmó la presencia de un pichón de 20-25 días de edad y una hembra adulta en el interior del nido, ubicado en un Sabuguero (Aralia warmingiana) de 25 m de altura en la ladera de un valle de pendiente pronunciada, que lo destaca del dosel. En el siguiente monitoreo, en noviembre de 2022 se observó al pichón con 60 días de edad realizando vuelos en la cercanía del nido junto a sus padres. El descubrimiento de este sitio de nidificación es de importancia para tomar medidas directas para la conservación de la especie. El estudio de las variables ambientales del sitio y el comportamiento reproductivo de estos individuos generará información importante para mejorar la detección de sitios de interés y plantear estrategias de conservación eficientes para esta especie amenazada.
