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Nanomaterials possess unique features which make them particularly attractive for biosensing applications. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can serve as scaffolds for immobilization of biomolecules at their surface, and combine several exceptional physical, chemical, electrical, and optical characteristics properties which make them one of th...
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... Over the past decades, nanomaterials in different forms including functional and non-functional forms i.e. gold/silver nanoparticles, graphene, carbon based nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), etc. have been widely used to design various biosensors as well as probes [1,2]. These materials have been highly employed for their extraordinary optical properties, electronic performance, and extensive surface chemistry [3,4]. The use of nanoparticles can also improve imaging techniques in methods such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), PET (positron emission tomography) and optical imaging. ...
... Furthermore, carbon-based nanomaterials offer versatility in terms of their surface functionalization and modification. By introducing various functional groups, biomolecules, or targeting ligands onto their surface, their properties can be tailored to achieve specific functionalities, such as targeted drug delivery, cellular imaging, or selective interactions with biomolecules [21][22][23][24] . ...
Carbon-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the recent advancements and potential applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine. The review begins by discussing the different types of carbon-based nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes, highlighting their distinct structures and properties. It then explores the synthesis and functionalization strategies employed to tailor their physicochemical properties, facilitating their integration into various biomedical platforms. Furthermore, the review delves into the applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in biomedicine, focusing on three major areas: diagnostics, therapeutics, and tissue engineering. In diagnostics, carbon-based nanomaterials have demonstrated their utility as biosensors, imaging agents, and platforms for disease detection and monitoring. In therapeutics, they have been utilized for drug delivery, gene therapy, and photothermal therapy, among others. Additionally, carbon-based nanomaterials have shown great potential in tissue engineering, where they have been employed as scaffolds, biosensors, and substrates for cell growth and differentiation. The review also highlights the challenges and considerations associated with the use of carbon-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications, including toxicity concerns, biocompatibility, and regulatory considerations. Moreover, it discusses the current trends and future prospects in this rapidly evolving field, such as the development of multifunctional nanomaterials, combination therapies, and personalized medicine.
... SWCNTs consist of a single layer of graphene and form a seamless cylinder with electronic properties based on a chiral vector. Chiral vectors determine whether SWCNTs are metallic or semiconducting (Hodge et al., 2012;Tîlmaciu and Morris, 2015). The band gap of a semiconducting SWCNTs is inversely proportional to its diameter, smaller the diameter of the tube, larger the band-gap (Kataura et al., 1999;Wu et al., 2004;Dresselhaus et al., 2005;Turaeva et al., 2023). ...
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained significant attention in the scientific and technology sectors due to their exceptional physical, chemical, and electronic properties. These qualities make them excellent candidates for several electronic applications, such as ballistic conduction, high current densities, low power consumption, outstanding single-photon capacity, and excellent nano-mechanical resonators. However, incorporating CNTs into specific micro- and nano-architectures and hybrid structures remains challenging. Developing fabrication and patterning technologies, involving CNTs, that can scale up while utilizing their exceptional properties has received significant attention in the last two decades. Various approaches have been investigated, including top-down and bottom-up methods, and new techniques have been used to achieve selective CNTs production through patterning. The continued developments of patterning technologies is critical for fully exploiting CNTs’ practical applicability. This mini-review looks at recent advances in fabrication and patterning of CNTs with micro- and nanoscale resolution, such as using pre-patterned substrates, dielectrophoresis, oxidative etching, and selective production and growth for CNTs, or direct printing of CNT-containing inks, etc. Article discusses advantages and limitations of various approaches for achieving accurate and scalable CNT patterning. Overcoming fabrication challenges will pave the way for a widespread use of CNTs in various applications including electronics, photonics, mechanical and biomedical devices and hybrid systems, etc.
... Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hollow carbon structures with a single (single-walled, SWCNTs) or several walls (multi-walled, MWCNTs). They have a diameter in the nm-range and show a cylinder-shape, which together provide unique properties and offer promises for a wide range of biosensor applications [134]. The number of walls or innertubes of CNTs plays an important role in supporting the electron transfer (ET) on the electrode. ...
Food analysis and control are crucial aspects in food research and production in order to ensure quality and safety of food products. Electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes as the bioreceptors are emerging as promising tools for food analysis because of their high selectivity and sensitivity, short analysis time, and high-cost effectiveness in comparison to conventional methods. This review provides the readers with an overview of various electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors in food analysis, focusing on enzymes used for different applications in the analysis of sugars, alcohols, amino acids and amines, and organic acids, as well as mycotoxins and chemical contaminants. In addition, strategies to improve the performance of enzyme-based biosensors that have been reported over the last five years will be discussed. The challenges and future outlooks for the food sector are also presented.
... Given their remarkable attributes, CNTs have been recognized as innovative nanoprobes [37]. Their high aspect ratio, conductivity, chemical robustness, as well as ...
... Given their remarkable attributes, CNTs have been recognized as innovative nanoprobes [37]. Their high aspect ratio, conductivity, chemical robustness, as well as sensitivity [38], along with their rapid electron-transfer rate [39], render them highly suitable for biosensing purposes. ...
This review study aims to present, in a condensed manner, the significance of the use of crystalline carbon-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Crystalline carbon-based nanomaterials, encompassing graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and graphene quantum dots, have emerged as promising materials for the development of medical devices in various biomedical applications. These materials possess inorganic semiconducting attributes combined with organic π-π stacking features, allowing them to efficiently interact with biomolecules and present enhanced light responses. By harnessing these unique properties, carbon-based nanomaterials offer promising opportunities for future advancements in biomedicine. Recent studies have focused on the development of these nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, and biosensors. The conjugation and modification of carbon-based nanomaterials have led to significant advancements in a plethora of therapies and have addressed limitations in preclinical biomedical applications. Furthermore, the wide-ranging therapeutic advantages of carbon nanotubes have been thoroughly examined in the context of biomedical applications.
... Remarkably biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic (Cheung et al. 2015) Dendrimers Improved stability, sensitivity and reproducibility while limiting non-specific interactions (Jain et al. 2010) levels, however solutions taking advantage of nanowires may assist in the detection of protein cancer markers (Puppo et al. 2016). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which possess a large surface area may assist in immobilizing biological molecules and exhibit remarkable physical, electrical and optical attributes (Tîlmaciu and Morris 2015). The use of CNTs in biosensors has allowed for the early discovery of biomarkers for many diseases. ...
... Remarkably biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic (Cheung et al. 2015) Dendrimers Improved stability, sensitivity and reproducibility while limiting non-specific interactions (Jain et al. 2010) levels, however solutions taking advantage of nanowires may assist in the detection of protein cancer markers (Puppo et al. 2016). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which possess a large surface area may assist in immobilizing biological molecules and exhibit remarkable physical, electrical and optical attributes (Tîlmaciu and Morris 2015). The use of CNTs in biosensors has allowed for the early discovery of biomarkers for many diseases. ...
Anthropogenic activity and the gradual enhancement in environmental contamination have been notably and recently developed. Bioremediation is a revolutionary innovation that can be used with existing physical and chemical treatment methods to handle various environmental contaminants, including using organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants. It provides the benefit of cleaning contaminated places utilizing natural processes and is less expensive since it does not require as much equipment, workforce, or energy as other cleanup procedures. The current chapter discusses various bioremediation types, techniques, and microorganisms.KeywordsBioremediationMicroorganismsMethods
EnvironmentEco-friendly
... Remarkably biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic (Cheung et al. 2015) Dendrimers Improved stability, sensitivity and reproducibility while limiting non-specific interactions (Jain et al. 2010) levels, however solutions taking advantage of nanowires may assist in the detection of protein cancer markers (Puppo et al. 2016). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which possess a large surface area may assist in immobilizing biological molecules and exhibit remarkable physical, electrical and optical attributes (Tîlmaciu and Morris 2015). The use of CNTs in biosensors has allowed for the early discovery of biomarkers for many diseases. ...
Industrial waste is an umbrella term that encompasses all undesirable by-products arising from manufacturing processes or derived from industrial operations. It comprises an array of solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes produced due to industrial activities which can be hazardous or non-hazardous and are modulated by distinct bodies of law and regulation. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) controls all forms of waste at the federal level, providing guidelines for abidance and enforcing a sturdy fine for violation of the same. In recent times, considering the stringency in regulations and environmental concerns, industrial waste disposal and remediation adopt sustainably efficient solutions to reduce the toxicological effects and volume of the waste generated. Consequently, the high workload on the industrial sector is the high production of industrial effluents. Unfortunately, the primary objective of traditional treatment methods was to minimize the volume of industrial waste at a cheaper rate without considering sustainable alternatives and detrimental impacts on the environment. Understanding and establishing an equilibrium between cost-effectiveness and efficiency is the key to undertaking an adequate treatment method for industrial by-products. Environmental responsibility and stewardship are crucial for the sustainable protection of the planet against global trash without slowing down business. This chapter will discuss the various conventional methodologies adapted to treat waste from industries and industrial sectors.KeywordsWasteWastewaterIndustrial wastewaterBioremediationWastewater treatment
... This buildup can result in the vesicle to swell and rupture and release the f CNTs into the cytosol where the cargo is delivered. 126,127 Overall, the studies on the use of CNTs highlight that they are internalized by cell membranes based on three mechanisms: 1. Caveolin-and Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (particles of sizes ≤100 nm); 2. Macropinocytosis (particles of sizes >300 nm); 3. Phagocytosis (particles of sizes ∼1000 nm). They are functionalized for better physical properties and performance intended for use in anticancer medications and photodynamic therapy (PDT). ...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the universally established cancers with a higher incidence rate. Novel progression toward cancer prevention and cancer care among countries in transition should be considered seriously for controlling CRC. Hence, several cutting edge technologies are ongoing for high performance cancer therapeutics over the past few decades. Several drug-delivery systems of the nanoregime are relatively new in this arena compared to the previous treatment modes such as chemo- or radiotherapy to mitigate cancer. Based on this background, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment possibilities, and theragnostic markers for CRC were revealed. Since the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the management of CRC has been less studied, the present review analyzes the preclinical studies on the application of carbon nanotubes for drug delivery and CRC therapy owing to their inherent properties. It also investigates the toxicity of CNTs on normal cells for safety testing and the clinical use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) for tumor localization. To conclude, this review recommends the clinical application of carbon-based nanomaterials further for the management of CRC in diagnosis and as carriers or therapeutic adjuvants.
... As seen in Figure 2, such nanomaterials serve as potential Raman probes [84][85][86]. Raman probes are tiny Raman-active moieties with high scattering cross-sections and can target, detect, and image biological entities, such as live cells, tissues, etc. [87]. Such probes can be of different types: molecular probes, plasmonic probes, carbon-based probes, metal oxides probes, and others, which can be used for concurrent therapy (Figure 2). ...
Although medical advances have increased our grasp of the amazing morphological, genetic, and phenotypic diversity of diseases, there are still significant technological barriers to understanding their complex and dynamic character. Specifically, the complexities of the biological systems throw a diverse set of challenges in developing efficient theranostic tools and methodologies that can probe and treat pathologies. Among several emerging theranostic techniques such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is emerging as a promising tool that is a label-free, cost-effective, and non-destructive technique. It can also provide real-time diagnostic information and can employ multimodal probes for detection and therapy. These attributes make it a perfect candidate for the analytical counterpart of the existing theranostic probes. The use of biocompatible nanomaterials for the fabrication of Raman probes provides rich structural information about the biological molecules, cells, and tissues and highly sensitive information down to single-molecule levels when integrated with advanced RS tools. This review discusses the fundamentals of Raman spectroscopic tools such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and Resonance Raman spectroscopy, their variants, and the associated theranostic applications. Besides the advantages, the current limitations, and future challenges of using RS in disease diagnosis and therapy have also been discussed.
