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Bill Clinton’s Ten Build Back Better Propositions Consideration of the above literature and other BBB-related documents have been used to form three categories required for BBB (Figure 2): (1) risk reduction, which looks at the improvement of structural resilience in the built environment through improved structural designs and land-use planning; (2) community recovery, which works on the social recovery of affected people and regeneration of the local economy; and (3) implementation, which is the means by which (1) and (2) can be put in place efficiently and effectively. Implementation is achieved through improved stakeholder management and legislation and regulation for enforcement and facilitation of recovery activities. Monitoring and evaluation is important through all principles to identify and address issues arising during the recovery process.
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Legislation plays a significant role in improving post-disaster reconstruction to build back better (BBB). Achieving BBB during reconstruction requires two types of legislative actions: (1) Legislation for Compliance, where BBB-based initiatives are enforced; and (2) Legislation for Facilitation, where procedures are simplified to speed up the reco...
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... findings from this study are integrated with existing knowledge to determine general legislative and regulatory policy recommendations to enable and support BBB-based recovery. The concept of BBB first emerged prominently during the multi-national recovery effort following the Indian Ocean Tsunami. 8 The “Key Propositions for Building Back Better” by Clinton 9 was the first official document produced identifying ten propositions to achieve BBB in post-disaster recovery (Figure 1). Disaster experiences have led authors and organisations like the Disaster Relief Monitoring Unit of Sri Lanka, 10 the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the USA, 11 the United Nations, 12 Ozcevik et al. 13 and Monday 14 to provide their own recommendations and suggestions for reconstruction and recovery and building back ...
Citations
... The majority of legislation (such as in our case site) was crafted without consideration of emergency contexts [43]. In post-disaster rebuilding, legislation plays a vital role in shaping a robust regulatory framework for building back safer [44]. Two modes are posited for viable implementationfirst, regulation needs to support construction standards ("legislation for compliance") and second, policy to simplify processes to reconstruct quicker in such emergency contexts ("legislation for facilitation") [44]. ...
... In post-disaster rebuilding, legislation plays a vital role in shaping a robust regulatory framework for building back safer [44]. Two modes are posited for viable implementationfirst, regulation needs to support construction standards ("legislation for compliance") and second, policy to simplify processes to reconstruct quicker in such emergency contexts ("legislation for facilitation") [44]. While existing building codes satisfy legislation for compliance, technical guidance on multi-hazard rebuilding is yet to be incorporated. ...
Most disaster-affected populations face the complex task of reconstructing their dwellings with minimal or no external support. However, not much is known about the self-initiated reconstruction pathways of households, especially among Indigenous groups needing to address the competing impacts of multiple hazards. We conducted a case study analysis based in Itbayat, Batanes in the Philippines to understand the housing reconstruction trajectories of the Ivatan Indigenous households after the 2019 earthquakes that redefined their typhoon-resilient construction practices. Using interviews and focus group discussions, factors affecting the reconstruction process were elicited. Then, using concept maps, we explored the linkages of these factors leading to the adoption of the emergent housing outputs. We found that the emergence of new housing typologies that displaced the vernacular architecture was influenced by the compounded urgency to reconstruct houses, perceptions of housing safety influenced by the seismic events, the nature of aid provided alongside households’ financial capacity, and the regulatory barriers affecting traditional resource extraction. To achieve structural housing safety, this study demonstrates the need for policies that enable and guide reconstruction in emergency contexts, as well as systems to channel aid to provide equitable opportunities to build back safer. Additionally, the role of local governance is shown to leverage the use of existing indigenous construction practices salient for rebuilding. This study builds upon the heightened imperatives in the disaster risk reduction practice and policy environments to focus on the multi-hazard realities affecting communities and the use of local and indigenous knowledge to reduce disaster impacts.
... Disasters usually destroy houses and claim many human lives; the lucky survivors in a disaster-affected location often opt not to leave their residences or home region (Baldry and Thurairajah, 2010). Hence, the requisite for reconstruction arises and may possibly provide the opportunity to build back better (Labadie, 2008;Mannakkara and Wilkinson, 2013). Because of the peculiarities attached to PDHR as being more complex, dynamic and unpredictable, there is a need for stakeholders to focus more interest on development. ...
There is an observable increase in the frequency of natural disasters (floods) in recent times and the appalling nature of destruction emanating from natural disasters on housing has become a global concern and is putting everyone on their feet to find out strategy to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of post disaster undertakings. Housing reconstruction which is supposed to give succour to the disaster affected people often fail due to some issues. This study considered the major issues that are peculiar to the Post Disaster Housing Reconstruction (PDHR) settings in the study area since each setting is confronted with different impediments. This was done through a self-administration of structured questionnaires to 257 flood victims directly or indirectly involved in the reconstruction projects. Findings indicated unethical conducts of professionals and non-engagement of beneficiaries or communities during reconstruction. These indicators are threats to the success of PDHR projects. Therefore, offering beneficiaries the opportunity to meaningfully contribute in reconstruction affairs that is to shape their lives in terms of housing and livelihoods, will in no small level minimize problems experienced in PDHR. This will deliver a more sustainable and resilient PDHR development where satisfaction and acceptability of the project will be evident, and the donor will have value for his money.
... Disasters usually destroy houses and claim many human lives; the lucky survivors in a disaster-affected location often opt not to leave their residences or home region (Baldry & Thurairajah, 2010). Hence, the requisite for reconstruction arises and may possibly provide the opportunity to build back better (Labadie, 2008;Mannakkara & Wilkinson, 2013). Because of the peculiarities attached to PDHR as being more complex, dynamic and unpredictable, there is a need for stakeholders to focus more interest on development. ...
There is an observable increase in the frequency of floods in recent times and the appalling nature of destruction emanating from floods on housing has become a global concern and is putting stakeholders on the quest to develop a strategy that will enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of post-disaster undertakings. Housing reconstruction, which is supposed to give succour to the disaster-affected people often fail due to some issues. This paper, which is a part of an ongoing study considered the major issues that are peculiar to the post-disaster housing reconstruction settings in the study area since each setting is confronted with different impediments. This was done through a self-administration of structured questionnaires to 257 flood victims directly or indirectly involved in the reconstruction projects. Findings indicated massive corruption, unethical conducts of professionals, and non-engagement of beneficiaries during reconstruction. Therefore, offering beneficiaries the opportunity to meaningfully contribute to reconstruction affairs that are to shape their lives in terms of housing and livelihoods, will in no small level minimise problems experienced in PDHR projects. This is expected to deliver a more sustainable and resilient PDHR development where satisfaction and acceptability of the project will be evident, and the donor will have value for his money.
... For effective BBB-centred recovery, legislation is required to ensure that recovery plans and initiatives are implemented. Legislation for BBB can be categorised by compliance and facilitation (Mannakkara and Wilkinson, 2013b). Compliance legislation allows for the enforcement of recovery initiatives that conform to BBB principles such as hazard laws and building codes. ...
... It must also be coupled with knowledge and awareness campaigns to ensure that businesses and regulators abide by BBB principles. Facilitation legislation, meanwhile, allows for an efficient recovery process that can account for time-consuming procedures, access to resources, temporary permit applications, and collaboration with stakeholders (Mannakkara and Wilkinson, 2013b). ...
The multi‐hazard vulnerability of Caribbean SIDS has underpinned the repeated saga of destructive natural and anthropogenic events that have disrupted land, livelihood, economy, and society over the past several decades. Preparedness and response have been the focus of national governments and regional entities and the repeated battering brings into question the concept of recovery and “building back better”. This paper will examine the concept of recovery in the context of the Caribbean paying particular attention to the experience of selected territories of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica and St Vincent and the Grenadines, which have been recently impacted by different disasters. This paper will also explore the similarities among the recommendations for recovery needs where key insights will be presented on suggested approaches for an inclusive people‐centred recovery process that Builds Back Better.
... Disasters usually destroy houses and claim many human lives; the lucky survivors in a disaster-affected location often opt not to leave their residences or home region (Baldry & Thurairajah, 2010). Hence, the requisite for reconstruction arises and may possibly provide the opportunity to build back better (Labadie, 2008;Mannakkara & Wilkinson, 2013). Because of the peculiarities attached to PDHR as being more complex, dynamic and unpredictable, there is a need for stakeholders to focus more interest on development. ...
Housing reconstruction which is supposed to give succour to the disaster affected people often fail due to some challenges. This study considered the major challenges that are peculiar to the Post Disaster Housing Reconstruction (PDHR) settings in the study area since each setting is confronted with different impediments. This was done through a self-administration of structured questionnaires to 257 flood victims directly or indirectly involved in the reconstruction projects. Findings indicated massive corruption, unethical conducts of professionals, and non-engagement of beneficiaries or communities during reconstruction. These indicators are potential threats to the realization of PDHR projects. Thus, offering communities the opportunity to meaningfully contribute in reconstruction affairs that is to shape their lives in terms of housing and livelihoods, will in no small level reduce challenges experienced in PDHR and deliver a more sustainable and resilient PDHR development where satisfaction and acceptability of the project will be evident.
... Academics have used the slogan introducing various frameworks for post-disaster reconstruction. For instance, Mannakkara and Wilkinson (2013) conceptualized BBB as a three-pronged approach to reconstruction and recovery that includes indicators for DRR, community recovery, and effective implementation. There are a myriad of empirical studies looking at the implementation of BBB principles in various countries; many also propose indicators for BBB (these are reviewed in detail by Fernandez and Ahmed (2019)). ...
... BBB has become an essential element of becoming more resilient; it has been seen as a pathway to withstand external shocks (Mannakkara and Wilkinson, 2013). But here it is important to remember that shocks, as presented and discussed in the international strategies, are often naturalized and framed as inevitable, meaning that their root causes cannot be altered, and thus we must adapt . ...
Building Back Better has become one of the most common slogans in Disaster Risk Reduction. Disasters offer an opportunity to encourage improvements not only in the structural safety of buildings and infrastructure but also in addressing structural inequalities and injustice – i.e., the root causes of disasters. Disasters are thus an opportunity to make things better. However, as this paper will demonstrate, in the context of neoliberalism, the definition of ‘better’ in the DRR slogan does not always mean ‘good for all’. By exploring the parallel developments in the evolution of DRR and neoliberalism, we argue that BBB and its calls for rebuilding the economy, infrastructure, and revitalization of human resources, allows for widely varied definitions of what is and what isn't a risk, who is and isn't responsible, and what forms of action are to be taken in response to these risks. This serves as a designation for capacity to make ‘better’ – but not actively change – social and political systems that create risk in the first place. We therefore show that disasters –and the terminology used in disaster discourse – are not ideologically neutral and should thus be deliberately unpacked and critically evaluated rather than accepted unquestioned.
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... He wonders, somewhat dramatically, if: "(…) the pandemic (has) opened the 'Overton widow' of possible public policy responses so that it is now possible to imagine the end (or radical transformation) of capitalism rather than the end of the world?" [65]. In more neutral terms, Mannakkara and Wilkinson [66] write: "The term "build back better" (BBB) is commonly used to represent an ideal recovery process where physical, social and economic aspects of a community are simultaneously developed to a state of new normalcy which is more resilient than the predisaster setting." So, the challenge is to be resilient not only by resisting shocks but also by adapting, to indeed 'build back better', so that the same type of shock will not re-occur or will have far less negative impact. ...
This contribution is based upon an invited keynote to the CSS2020 Conference on Sustainability Science 2020 (Sustainability Science Post COVID-19; Social Distancing Life, Approaching Natural Life, October 8, 2020). Living in the ‘Anthropocene’ confronts us with major challenges regarding a sustainable and healthy planetary environment. Climate change and biodiversity degradation, but also the COVID-19 pandemic are testimony to this, and together they give cause to consider human responses to them. These responses come with several ‘tragic conditions’: on managing commons, on looking beyond our horizon, and on handling cognitive ambiguity. How can we institutionally safeguard against these conditions and have a better chance at avoiding disasters and recovering from them? This contribution points at some normative/legal arrangements establishing such safeguards, such as on a proper knowledge infrastructure, on guiding rights & principles, and on promoting resilience by taking a more system view. It is hoped that these examples will inspire thinking about how ‘to climb onto the balcony’, look beyond the horizon and act responsibly.
... Hence, this could mount pressure on the code users to look out for new updates and learn various ways to comply with the requirements. The findings in this study are in line with the previous study by (Mannakkara & Wilkinson, 2013) that non-compliance to the regulations are as a result of lack of awareness and inadequate understanding of the new legislation. Duncan (2005) acknowledged that it was a significant mistake as New Zealand building code amendment in 1992 was not accompanied with adequate awareness and systematic training on how to comply with the new amendments, as the building code was shifted from prescriptive to performance-based building code. ...
Ensuring resilience in New Zealand built environment requires regular building code amendments. These amendments have caused some shortfall in complying with the changes. The compliance problems have limited the usefulness of building regulations in the country. This study aims to investigate and explore the challenges facing compliance with the building code amendments and how compliance could be improved. A closed-ended questionnaire was administered to the relevant stakeholders in the building industry to seek their individual opinions on the challenges facing compliance with the changes made to the building code. Some of the challenges considered in this study are within the areas of inadequate compliance features, organisational factors, lack of technical training and assistance, lack of building code enforcement, unforeseen consequences of building code amendment and inadequate awareness following building code changes. This study identified some of the challenges facing compliance with building code. The findings in this study reported a high level of respondents that agreed that complexities in the building code, lack of capacity building among the relevant stakeholder, lack of training need assessment, irregular building code update and lack of awareness. However, the study reported a low proportion of corruption, showing that corruption is not an issue in the New Zealand building control system. Improvement in the training of building code users on how to comply with the changes made to the building code should be considered in the future amendment. The paper concludes that most of the challenges confronting building code compliance could be minimised through proactive training, raising awareness and provision of resourceful technical supports to the code users. Also, the paper recommends that building code amendment process should be utilised to address the identified challenges facing building code compliance while simplifying the code requirements.
... The first decision to be embraced in post-disaster housing reconstruction is to fully comprehend the local context of the affected community (beneficiaries) through proper or effective or holistic needs assessment and surveys to provide correct assistance to satisfy the beneficiaries Lloyd-Jones [22], Khasalamwa [23], Mannakkara et. al. [24]. It is required that the reconstruction and recovery guidelines should then be designed based on local conditions to shape, support and preserve the culture and heritage of the affected people (beneficiaries). ...
... al. [34]; the New Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, and the "Build Back Better" principles Mannakkara et. al. [24]. Hence, this study suggests the disaster reconstruction and recovery processes that comply with the guidelines mentioned above. ...
The post-disaster housing reconstruction (PDHR) is a process discrete from the construction of housing when circumstances are undisturbed because sensitive measures are put in place following disasters occurrence. Most of the time, the successfulness of emergency relief efforts are usually recorded but the same cannot be said of PDHR projects because they often fail to meet sustainability factors. These days, the topic of sustainable building has become a leading concern in the academic, construction industries, and governmental agencies. Sustainability in the building sector has shifted emphasis towards a new concept called net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). Data collection was done through a self-administration of structured questionnaires to 257 flood victims involved in the reconstruction projects. Findings indicated that community involvement in resource mobilisation and reconstruction process was insignificant due to misplacement of reconstruction priorities. This is capable of determining the failure of the project as beneficiaries’ requirements were not considered, and the construction industry is still unaware of NZEBs. This study is vital as stakeholders beginning with flood victims will have a more resilient housing, the government will be updated with robust strategies to solving resourcing and reconstruction issues, and donors will have value for their money.
... The Building Authorities use the adopted codes to outline the permitting and the required technical details [7]. The enforcement of the applied building code and design standards in the rebuilding process is obligatory to minimize any future destruction and to avoid what has happened in countries such as Haiti, for instance Ref. [8]. The permit process is more complicated during Post-Disaster redevelopment than it is during pre-disaster due to the additional responsibilities imposed on the building officials to assess the damages and uphold the federal and state government requirements. ...
... The management of the Post-Disaster recovery process can be slowed down because of poor management of the permitting process. Incorporating a fast-tracked approach and enhancing the collaboration with other stakeholders can reduce repair and new construction permit delays [8]. There are insufficient efforts highlighting such problems when preparing a Post-Disaster management plan. ...
In the state of Florida, climate change and unpredictable weather disasters have put pressure on the state and local decision-makers to adopt swift and efficient Post-Disaster recovery plans. Part of such recovery plans includes rebuilding businesses and housing. However, projects that include the reconstructing and restoring of the damaged buildings are complicated and time-consuming. Throughout the state of Florida, the Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) currently assist with the inspections of existing structures' safety and also issue construction permits for rebuilding or repairing. Regardless of the adaption of various policies and strategies by many governmental entities, innovative methods must be developed to reduce further risks after disasters by creating resilient built environments. This paper seeks to address the issues of Post-Disaster rebuilding. The research presents the significance of adopting a new Virtual Permitting Framework (VPF) to improve the efficiency of obtaining the construction permit in Post-Disaster recovery efforts. The paper explores the current permitting process during Post-Disasters, the impact of the permitting process on the progress of recovery strategies and proposes an innovative system to enhance the rebuilding process using Building Information Modeling (BIM).