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Batch cultures with the degenerated strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 growing in a defined medium with 9 g/L of glucose (DF9) and in a mixture with 50% v/v of hydrolyzed solution of Eichhornia crassipes (MIX2). a Time variation of cell concentration, with a continuous line indicating simulated data using the logistic model. b Time variation of glucose concentration. c Time variation of organic acids (acetic and butyric) concentration. d Time variation of accumulated fermentation gas, with a continuous line indicating simulated data using the Gompertz model. The data correspond to the mean values of triplicates ± SD (n = 6)

Batch cultures with the degenerated strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 growing in a defined medium with 9 g/L of glucose (DF9) and in a mixture with 50% v/v of hydrolyzed solution of Eichhornia crassipes (MIX2). a Time variation of cell concentration, with a continuous line indicating simulated data using the logistic model. b Time variation of glucose concentration. c Time variation of organic acids (acetic and butyric) concentration. d Time variation of accumulated fermentation gas, with a continuous line indicating simulated data using the Gompertz model. The data correspond to the mean values of triplicates ± SD (n = 6)

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Degenerate strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum lack the ability to produce solvents and sporulate and remain in a permanent acidogenic state, allowing continuous hydrogen and organic acid production through anaerobic fermentation. Eichhornia crassipes, an invasive aquatic plant, emerges as a promising source of fermentable sugars for hydrogen pro...