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... Renaissance brought a real wealth of water motifs which were further enhanced by the Baroque. Renaissance cascades, 1 for example, at Villa Lante in Italy, and water jets splashing out of sculptures or directly from the water surface, for example, at Villa d'Este in Italy (e.g., Figure 1), were common garden features which later, in the Baroque period, grew in magnitude, as evidenced by, for example, the cascades in the German Kassel (e.g., Figure 2) or the pompous fountains with ruler iconography in Versailles (e.g., Figure 3; [6,10]). However, even if these motifs seem to be suitable only for aristocratic gardens and are a remnant of past ages, contemporary landscape architectural projects indicate the opposite. ...
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... Horticulture is a branch of agricultural science dedicated to the cultivation and care of garden plants (rana et al., 2021). Horticultural plants were initially defined as crops produced within enclosures and historically grown in gardens surrounded by walls (Babnik, 2020). over time, as the demand for food increased, horticultural production expanded into open fields for commercial purposes (eigenbrod & Gruda, 2015). ...
Agriculture, including horticulture, can support and provide food for the global population, meeting both nutritional and economic needs. However, plant diseases induced by phytopathogens result in enormous losses in horticultural crop production through decreasing yields and the quality of crops. Notably, fungal phytopathogens are responsible for over 40% of these diseases. Among them, Fusarium represents a significant group of pathogenic fungi that inflict damage and reduce crop yields, thereby contributing to declines in food supplies. Conventional approaches to addressing these issues involve methods such as intercropping, crop rotation, soil solarization, and the use of synthetic fungicides. However, these methods may cause environmental problems, increase disease resistance, and result in the emergence of new pathogens with elevated resistance levels. Furthermore, the use of gene editing technology to prevent Fusarium diseases faces regulatory approval challenges and health risks. Biological control is recognized as an efficient strategy for managing a wide array of plant diseases by employing bacteria and fungi as agents to combat phytopathogens. Trichoderma is a widely recognized fungal genus employed as a biological control agent, with the potential to be a commercial biological control agent to suppress the growth of Fusarium. This article explores Trichoderma’s role in managing Fusarium-related diseases in horticultural crops, highlighting its potential as a biocontrol agent and the challenges in scaling up its utilization.
... It delineates historic gardens as 'living monuments' and irreplaceable heritage sites that are testimony to a specific culture, a style, an era, and the artistic endeavor of the creator. Since the ancient times, gardens have been an integral and indispensable part of different aspects of human life, offering valuable insights into the deep and inspirational kinship between mankind and nature Babnik (2020). With the growth of cities and urban life, spaces were culled from natural scape and manipulated in different garden styles and design, reflecting the unique ideologies, culture, aesthetic preferences, identity and lifestyle of different communities or societies Dasgupta (2016). ...
Historic gardens are a precious component of our cultural heritage and a valuable resource for understanding the past. They are tangible reflections of a society's values, beliefs, and practices offering glimpses into the aesthetic preferences, horticultural practices, and social values of bygone eras. These gardens often reflect the fusion of different cultural influences, acting as a visual tapestry of human creativity and ingenuity. To highlight the significance of historic gardens with regard to cultural diversity, this study examines the historical, cultural, botanical and architectural aspect of five famous royal gardens of Punjab that were originally created as private retreats of the Monarchs but now have been transformed into public spaces. Drawing upon archival research, scholarly literature, and site visits, the study delves into the architecture, symbolism, and historical context of each garden, revealing their unique cultural expressions. The argument put forth in the paper is that historic gardens are not just physical spaces but cultural artifacts that serve as a testament to the rich cultural diversity of the region, exposing visitors to a plethora of different artistic and cultural influences. This research highlights that historic gardens significantly contribute to cultural diversity and further facilitate cultural exchange and cultural education. The study further emphasizes the importance of valuing, preserving and valorizing historic gardens, not only for their continued relevance but for fostering cultural sustainability and enriching our collective heritage.
The present study aims to present the investigation results on the importance of water in the landscape and to present a brief history of the use of the water element. The study took into consideration calm waters, falling waters, running waters, water for fountains. There have been included also a landscaping analysis - composition for the seven parks listed in the historical objectives in Bucharest, namely Cişmigiu Garden, Kiseleff Park, Carol I Park, Herastrau Park, Botanical Garden, Ioanid Square, and Agronomy Garden - UASMV. A questionnaire was used to track the importance of water in public spaces, whether visitors are aware of the water element in parks, gardens, and identifying what every visitor feels when he/she is next to the water element (lake, pond, waterfall, well, etc.). Also, the frequencies of visitors to historic parks and gardens in Bucharest was tracked, the questions identified if they knew historical parks and gardens or not, and also the visitor's awareness of the importance of water in Bucharest's historic parks and gardens have also been pursued.
