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This research focused on the use of heterogeneous base catalyst, calcium oxide (CaO), an alkaline earth metal oxide to produce biodiesel. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of commercial calcium carbonate, CM-CaCO3 to be transformed to nanostructured CaO and further used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for single step transes...
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... Figure 6 shows the basicity of the prepared CaO samples at diierent calcination temperatures. Figure 6 shows that higher calcinations temperature gave the higher basicity which achieved maximum value at 700 °C. ...
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... Figure 6 shows the basicity of the prepared CaO samples at diierent calcination temperatures. Figure 6 shows that higher calcinations temperature gave the higher basicity which achieved maximum value at 700 °C. At lower temperature, the CaO nanoparticles surface was mostly covered with the OH centres, thus decreased the basicity. ...
Citations
... Theoretically, the thermal conversion of waste coral will produce calcium salt and oxide potential for catalyzing transesterification. The study on thermal conversion for obtaining a highly active heterogeneous catalyst based on calcium is important for intensive biodiesel production (Sulaiman et al., 2020) . Even though previous work on the use of coral waste for biodiesel production has been reported Moradi and Mohammadi (2014) , studies related to the effect of thermal treatment on the activity have not yet been recorded. ...
This study investigates the thermal conversion of waste coral and its utilization as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. In this work, waste coral is calcined at varied temperatures of 800, 900, and 1000°C, and the effect of the calcination temperature on the physicochemical character of the solid is evaluated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and basicity measurement. The results show that the higher temperature facilitates the conversion of CaCO3 of the aragonite and calcite phases in raw waste coral into CaO, achieving a complete conversion at the temperature of 1000°C. Thermal conversion influences the increased surface basicity of the solid, which is associated with the higher activity for biodiesel production. Further studies on the obtained CaO as a catalyst demonstrate the catalyst dosage and the methanol-to-oil ratio as significant factors for fatty acid methyl ester production. The highest yield of 98.7% is achieved after a 3 hours reaction with 8 wt.% catalyst dosage and 9:1 methanol-to-oil ratio. The catalyst exhibits stability with an insignificantly decreased yield until the fifth usage cycle. The optimum conditions and reusability features of the calcined waste coral suggest that waste coral is a favorable CaO catalyst source for biodiesel production.
... The most beneficial thing about biodiesel production is that it can reduce dependence on fossil energy, reduce air pollution and be able to generate environmentally friendly green energy, and of course this energy is available in nature and can be renewed (Khan et al., 2021) . Apart from that, biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels, including that it can be used directly in diesel engines without requiring modification (Sulaiman et al., 2020) , low dissolved oxygen content, environmentally friendly, and does not produce CO, sulfur, and NO emissions (Buchori et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2020). ...
Kaolin is a natural ingredient that is in abundance and has not been widely used. Kaolin is a source of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) so that it can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. This research aims to examine the influence of using impregnated kaolin as a heterogeneous catalyst on production of biodiesel. Research methods include calcination of natural kaolin, impregnation of kaolin using KI, KIO3, and preparation of kaolin-methoxide in various concentrations, as well as biodiesel production using an impregnated kaolin catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using XRD and SEM. The catalyst was tested for basicity using the Hammet indicator method with acid-base titration. The biodiesel product obtained was analyzed using GCMS. The results of XRD analysis showed that 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst had the highest crystallinity among the others. The crystallinity obtained was 87.84% with a composition of 15.79% SiO2 and 78.86% Al2O3. SEM image results also show a more visible crystal shape. The highest basicity of the catalyst obtained was 0.240 mmol. The highest biodiesel yield using 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst is 99.48%.
... The FTIR spectra for the uncalcined and calcined eggshells are presented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. The strong bands at 1796 cm −1 , 881 cm −1 ,as well as 717 cm −1 are attributed to the out-of-plane bending vibration mode for CO 3 2- [15,16]. The peaks at 881 cm −1 , and 771 cm −1 , respectively, due to C=C bending and C-O bending in CO 3 2were found to disappear in the calcined eggshell spectrum. ...
The exponential rise in world population, the depletion of fossil fuels resources, and the severe environmental consequence of petroleum-based fuels have initiated an enormous search for renewable fuel as a substitute for petroleum fuel. In line with that, this study reports the use of a calcium oxide catalyst derived from waste guinea fowl eggshells in the transesterification of coconut oil for biodiesel production. The calcium oxide catalyst was prepared through the calcination of the eggshell at 950 oC for three hours and then characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red FTIR and basic back titration methods. The activity of the catalyst was evaluated in the transesterification of coconut oil with methanol by varying the reaction conditions to optimize the biodiesel conversion. The catalyst’s Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis revealed a peak equivalent to the Ca-O bond at 665 cm-1, indicating eggshell conversion into CaO. This is justified by the appearance of a Ca(OH)2 peak around 3640 cm−1due to surface water attached to Ca2+. While to the basic back titration yielded a value of 2.933 mmol/g, indicating a high number of basic sites. Consequently, the activity test for the catalyst signified that one hour reaction time, 1:18 oil to methanol molar ratio, 1% catalyst loading, and 60 oC reaction temperature gave the best yield, with a conversion of 85.81%.
... The decrease in the surface area and pore volume at higher calcination temperature was possibly due to the structural modication of the catalyst, whereby the catalyst particles began to agglomerate. 22 In contrast, the pore diameter of the catalyst increased from 14.26 to 17.68 nm by increasing the calcination temperature from 700 to 800 C. ...
This paper reports the synthesis of new transition metal oxide-modified CaO catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. CaO is a well-known base catalyst for transesterification. However, its moderate basicity and low surface area have restricted its catalytic performance. Therefore, a new attempt was made to modify the CaO catalyst with transition metal oxides, including Ni, Cu and Zn oxides,viasimple wetness impregnation method. The catalytic performance of the resulting modified CaO-based catalysts was evaluated through the transesterification reaction using refined waste cooking oil. The results showed that the NiO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES) catalyst calcined at 700 °C, demonstrated being highly potential as a catalyst. It gave the highest biodiesel production (97.3%) at the optimum conditions of 1 : 18 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 6 wt% catalyst loading and 180 minutes reaction time as verified by response surface methodology (RSM). The high catalytic activity of NiO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES)(700 °C) was attributed to its high basicity (8.5867 mmol g⁻¹) and relatively large surface area (7.1 m²g⁻¹). The acid value and free fatty acids of the biodiesel produced under optimal process conditions followed the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 limit with 0.17 mg KOH per g (AV) and 0.09 mg KOH per g (FFA), respectively.
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, offering environmental benefits but facing challenges such as low energy density, poor oxidative stability, and high emissions. Nanotechnology has emerged as a solution, with nanoparticles improving biodiesel properties. This review examines the synthesis, characterization, and application of metal-based, carbon-based, and hybrid nanomaterials in biodiesel. Notable enhancements include an 18% increase in brake thermal efficiency with aluminum oxide and a 20% reduction in NOx emissions with cerium oxide. Hybrid nanoparticles, like graphene oxide with carbon nanotubes, have achieved a 25% decrease in hydrocarbon emissions. Despite these advancements, concerns regarding nanoparticle toxicity, environmental impact, and stability remain. Future research should focus on eco-friendly synthesis, integration with second-generation biodiesel, and multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials. This review highlights the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing biodiesel performance, paving the way for cleaner and more efficient energy solutions.
This paper explores the engine performance characteristics of rice bran biodiesel fuel and its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional diesel fuel. The study investigates the composition and properties of blended rice bran biodiesel, conducts experimental tests on a single-cylinder engine, and optimizes the biodiesel blend for improved engine performance. The study also analysed the characteristics, performance experiments, and optimization of rice bran biodiesel blends. The experimental work has been carried out to assess rice bran biodiesel blends at different ratios, particularly for B10, B20, B30, and B40. According to the study’s results, optimizing the combustion processes for each fuel blend is essential to lower emissions, improve engine performance, and reduce combustion emissions. As the world explores more sustainable and renewable energy sources, rice bran biodiesel promises a more efficient and environmentally friendly future, particularly in regions with abundant rice bran resources.
