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This report focuses on understanding how civil protection organizations learn from direct or indirect experiences(events), and planned learning processes (exercises). The work is based on information gained from desktop analysis and interviews with civil protection representatives or researchers from the case study countries concerning internationa...
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Context 1
... process elements must be coupled with a purposeful modifica- tion of routine and behaviour that reflects new knowl- edge and the organization's stated objective (Garvin 2000). Figure 1 captures the basic components of this process. Depending on whether learning experiences lead only to a modification of routine, or to more pro- found changes in the goals and parameters of an organi- zation, one can differentiate between single-loop learn- ing and double-loop learning. ...
Context 2
... learning based on daily routine might be sufficient in fields where processes and challenges are frequent and similar, for all other conditions exercises are irre- placeable for testing civil protection mechanisms. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the cycle of continuous organizational improvement in an emergency management organization, and the process of exercise management as established by the Australian Institute of Emergency Management (AEMI). While the incident loop of the cycle (hopefully) is brought into ac- tion relatively regularly, the exercise can be substituted more frequently to ensure that the organization can test and manage emergency operations and processes in a controlled situation. ...
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... Results show the importance of analyzing long-term impacts from the perspective of the type (e.g., disaster associated with natural hazards or human-made disaster) and characteristic (e.g., duration and extent) of a disaster, as well as the regional context where a disaster took place. The effectiveness of disaster management procedures is dependent on a number of contingencies (e.g., not only how accurately one system is implemented, but also how well aligned a system is with cultural subsystems) [5,38,39]. As became apparent in Galtuer, the inhabitants applied coping strategies that are rooted in local traditions (e.g., importance of spiritual support). ...
... It might prove difficult to compare different individual disaster-management cases in order to elect one best practice example. However, the use of historical lessons can be a valuable source for improvements regarding disaster preparedness [38]. Gaining insights from out-of-sector lessons is often overlooked or considered as not relevant [42]. ...
As past events have shown, disasters can have a tremendous impact on the affected population’s health. However, research regarding the long-term impact on a systems level perspective is still scarce. In this multi-case study, we analyzed and compared the long-term impacts on the public health system of five disasters which took place in Europe: avalanche (Austria), terror attack (Spain), airplane crash (Luxembourg), cable-car tunnel fire (Austria), and a flood in Central Europe. We used a mixed-methods approach consisting of a document analysis and interviews with key stakeholders, to examine the various long-term impacts each of the disasters had on health-system performance, as well as on security and health protection. The results show manifold changes undertaken in the fields of psychosocial support, infrastructure, and contingency and preparedness planning. The holistic approach of this study shows the importance of analyzing long-term impacts from the perspective of the type (e.g., disasters associated with natural hazards) and characteristic (e.g., duration and extent) of a disaster, as well as the regional context where a disaster took place. However, the identified recurring themes demonstrate the opportunity of learning from case studies in order to customize the lessons and apply them to the own-disaster-management setting.
... From point of view learning of security officers, there is no big difference between a prepared event and a real incident. 8 Executions of exercises can support verification of security procedures and plans. Also security policies can be validated and checked in the simulated environment. ...
Cyber security is one of the prominent global challenges due to significant increase in the number of cyberattacks over the last few decades. Cybersecu-rity awareness and cyber security training are promoted by hyper-realistic virtual environments termed as cyber ranges. This article highlights the concept of a cyber range. Cyber range for educational purposes in the armed forces has been proposed taking into account the important parameters a cyber range should incorporate. The author takes into account the use cases, the topology and software tools of the newly created cyber range.
The resilience of critical infrastructures in cities is key to being prepared for future crises. The challenge of enhancing critical infrastructure resilience addresses a multitude of actors. However, we lack conceptual, as well as empirical, understanding of how these different actors are coordinated. Therefore, this contribution asks how the different actors involved in critical infrastructure governance are coordinated at the local level. With the help of a typology of network governance coordination (political leadership, mutual exchange, and positive coordination), we look at the critical infrastructure crisis management in major German cities based on survey data with the scenario of a long-lasting, supraregional power outage. The results show that political leadership coordination, as a unilateral and information-based way of addressing public and private actors, is the dominant type. Only a quarter of the cities have chosen measures of mutual exchange coordination based on the consultation in an ad hoc manner. Measures of positive coordination where institutionalized joint planning is central are taken up only by a minority of German cities. Assuming that positive coordination is particularly important in dealing with unexpected events, positive coordination emerges as the missing piece of the resilience puzzle for many German cities.
Cybersecurity is one of the prominent global challenges due to a significant increase in the number of cyber-attacks over the last few decades. To protect enterprises, personal data, and productivity and to ensure a safe working environment, cybersecurity awareness is crucial. For the successful prevention and mitigation of sophisticated cyber-attacks and minimization of cyberthreat risks, engagement in training activities is vital. Cyber ranges are environments offering tools and services to support cybersecurity and forensic simulation and training experience. Therefore, the design and development of cyber ranges have become a necessity for many governmental bodies and organizations such as law enforcement and defence agencies. In other words, a cyber range allows the reproduction of IT and/or OT systems execution in a simulated environment (composed by both virtual and physical components). In this way, this chapter highlights the concept of cyber ranges, mainly giving a well-defined overview of them, focusing on two types of stakeholders, LEAs and defence. First, several cyber ranges have been taken into consideration to identify significant attributes as well as categorization based on several properties. Finally, the ambition of the chapter is to provide a projection of the future capabilities and potentials about cyber range design, implementation, and execution of training, targeting the improvement of the involved end-users.
What are the range of Disaster education, communication, and engagement (ECE) methods from which to choose? This chapter provides a typology of 100 methods that can be used in the design of tailored Disaster ECE plans and programmes. There are four categories in the typology: Information, Interactions, Skills and Capabilities, and Creative Expression. Some Disaster ECE programmes and campaigns use several methods from across the four categories.
Collaborations of civic society and public administration play a key role for successful emergency and disaster management. However, factors including new technologies, large-scale disaster events, and a differently engaged population are combining to bring new, spontaneous or emergent forms of volunteerism to official disaster management activities. This report addresses the challenges and opportunities of integrating such volunteers in disaster management and civil protection. Further, it details 1) the relationships between state crisis management and the social environment in which these relationships take place; and 2) the instruments available to support volunteerism in the context of disaster management and civil protection.
