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Baseline characteristics of participants 1

Baseline characteristics of participants 1

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Background: Observational studies suggest an inverse association between whole-grain (WG) consumption and inflammation. However, evidence from interventional studies is limited, and few studies have included measurements of cell-mediated immunity.Objective:We assessed the effects of diets rich in WGs compared with refined grains (RGs) on immune and...

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... baseline and at the end of the intervention, mean 6 SD body weights were 74.7 6 12.0 compared with 74.7 6 12.4 kg in the WG group and 75.4 6 12.0 compared with 74.9 6 11.7 kg in the RG group. There was no difference in energy intake or total fat intake over the study period both within each group and between groups (Supple- mental Table 1). There was a negligible between-group dif- ference in macronutrient intake with a WG-group compared with RG-group increase by 3%, a decrease by 2%, and an in- crease by 0.4% for carbohydrate, protein, and PUFAs, re- spectively. ...
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... = 0.02). There was a difference in the change from baseline to follow-up between the 2 groups in LPS-stimulated TNF-a production (DWG compared with DRG mean 6 SEM: 2131 6 1399 pg/mL; P = 0.04) ( Table 10), which was mainly due to a decrease in the RG group. A partial correlation analysis showed a modest positive correlation between TNF-a and 19:0 (r = 0.23, P = 0.03) or total alkylresorcinols (r = 0.23, P = 0.04), which suggested that the change in LPS-induced production of TNF-a was associated with an increase in WG intake. ...

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... Measuring fecal wet and dry weight can help to assess changes in bowel movement frequency and consistency. 4-6 grains of feces were taken from each rat and weighed wet and then dried at 60° C in incubator, and then dry weight was measured (Vanegas et al. 2017). Fecal water weight = ((Predry weight -postdry weight)/Predry weight) X 100. ...
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... flavonoids, urolithins) ↑SCFAs (193)(194)(195)203) (e.g. butyrate) ↑IFN-g secretion (196) ↑IL-10, TLR2, and/or TLR4-expressing DCs (204) ↑epithelial barrier function (196) ↓fecal + intestinal pH (205) ↓colorectal proliferation (196) ↓dyslipidemia (102) High fiber ↑GMB diversity (57, 83,206) ↑putative health-promoting bacteria (194,207) (e.g. fiber-fermenting Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium, F. prausnitzii, A. muciniphila, Roseburia spp.) ↓pathogenic bacteria (208,209) (e.g. ...
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