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Bali Governor's Instruction No. 1545 in 2019 Concerning Socialization of the Krama Bali Family Planning Program
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The Indonesian family planning program has been running for over five decades. Until the present, the implementation of this program still generates debate over important policy issues. On June 14th, 2019, the Balinese provincial government released a new pro-natalist family planning policy No.1545 (Keluarga Berencana Krama Bali) to respond to the...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... conflict occurred when, under the national implementation of the two-child policy, the Balinese government began to consider some of the economic, political, and cultural implications of fertility decline in society, especially for Balinese ethnic identity (11,13). (Figure 2) changes the focus on fertility control by promoting as many as four children in line with 'Krama Bali.' It refers to the local cultural wisdom embedded in the four-child Balinese naming system (14) In addition, the Governor ordered all the local government ranks to stop promoting the twochild policy. ...
Citations
... Additionally, Indonesia's strong son preference is particularly salient in Bali which is significant within the broader context of gender norms and reproductive health (Guilmoto 2015;Titisari et al. 2022). Having a son remains a strong preference because of the patrilineal inheritance in Balinese family structures and ritual responsibilities (Adnyani 2016). ...
As a Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, Bali presents a unique and distinctive culture. Patrilocal ( purusa ) marriage and patrilineal inheritance as a continuation of the patriarchal system puts a male in the key role of family representative and successor. Having a son is a priority for a married couple in Balinese society. As a consequence, Balinese women experience several constraints related to their economic productive, reproductive, and adat (ritual) roles. When a family does not have a male heir, their daughter is pressed to find a spouse willing to accept sentana (daughter succession) marriage. This secondary form of marriage brings another complication for Balinese-Hindu women and does not necessarily relieve their submissive position. This study analyzes Balinese-Hindu women’s perspectives on their marriage experiences and fertility decisions in patrilineal society in changing rural and urban conditions. The data was collected in two areas representing rural (Gianyar) and urban (Denpasar) locations in Bali Province, Indonesia from November 2019 to February 2020. Primary data was based on in-depth interviews of six rural and six urban married Balinese-Hindu women. This qualitative inquiry into Balinese women's experience of the marriage system and fertility options in urban and rural Bali revealed varying degrees of social expectation to provide male descendants for their families. At the same time, economic burdens still haunted them in this development era and manifested conflicting implications for family size. Their stories of purusa and sentana marriage were complex because it has strongly associated with customary law ( adat ) in traditional society. Paradoxically, this study found that it was predominantly rural women who opted for the sentana arrangement and expressed a preference for smaller family sizes. This study explores women's fertility aspirations, notably regarding son precedence. It problematizes the sentana marriage alternative as a potential solution to alleviate the expectations and burdens placed on women.
... Additionally, Indonesia's strong son preference is particularly salient in Bali which is significant within the broader context of gender norms and reproductive health (Guilmoto 2015;Titisari et al. 2022). Having a son remains a strong preference because of the patrilineal inheritance in Balinese family structures and ritual responsibilities (Adnyani 2016). ...
Adolescents worldwide encounter sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges influenced by socio-cultural factors (gender norms and taboos), particularly in low-to-middle-income countries (LMIC) such as those in the South-Eastern Asia region. Indonesia is of special interest in that region, given its heterogeneous island culture. This paper focuses on Bali, an Indonesian province with a unique Hinduism culture and religion distinct from predominantly Muslim regions. Through a systematic literature review of 19 adolescent studies (published between 2012 and 2022), we explore Bali’s SRH landscape. These research and practices primarily emphasise managing adolescent sexual behaviour to align with local socio-cultural norms. Few critically examine these norms concerning Indonesian youth’s human rights. Rigid norms and stereotypes hinder Balinese adolescents’ awareness of SRH information. Social taboos and institutional hurdles related to education, religion, and healthcare contribute to this challenge. Situated within youth studies, this review contributes to the literature by showing that gender norms, political interventions, sexual education institutions, and moral judgments significantly shape young people’s sexual lives in Bali. Under the weight of these norms, young individuals encounter numerous challenges in their pursuit of safe and fulfilling sexual experiences. Integrating insights from various studies, focusing on different aspects of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH), and situating them in an integrative theoretical framework provide a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges to adolescent well-being in relation to their sexual and reproductive development. This review emphasises the need for context-specific interventions and rights-based approaches to the complexities of SRH, including in Bali.
... meaning that if the agreement level with the Krama Bali family planning program decreases by 13.824, the KB duration will decrease by 13.824, assuming other variables are constant. Provincial policies that explicitly prioritize cultural values reduce participation in contraceptive use (Titisari, Warren, Reid, & Swandewi, 2022 . ...
This study aims to: 1) Analyze the influence of women’s employment status, sex preference, the Governor’s instruction on Bali’s Krama Bali family planning (KB) program, and women’s education on the KB duration of women of reproductive age; Analyze the influence of women’s employment status, sex preference, the Gover- nor’s instruction on Bali’s Krama Bali family planning program, women’s education, and KB duration on the desired number of children among women of reproductive age; 3) Analyze the indirect influence of women’s employment status, sex preference, the Governor’s instruction on the Krama Bali family planning program, and women’s education on the desired number of children through KB duration among women of reproductive age. This research utilizes a quantitative method with an associative approach. The sample size is 99 respondents, consisting of women of reproductive age, selected using Snowball Sampling and Accidental Sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out through observation, structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. Path analysis was employed for data analysis. The results of the study indicate: 1) Women of reproductive age who are employed have longer contraceptive use compared to those who are unemployed in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency; 2) Women’s education has a significantly positive impact on KB duration among women of reproductive age in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency; Sex preference and the Governor’s instruction on the Krama Bali family planning program have a significantly negative impact on KB duration among women of re- productive age in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency; 4) Employed women of reproductive age desire fewer children compared to those who are unemployed in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency; 5) Women’s education and KB dura- tion have a significantly negative impact on the desired number of children among women of reproductive age in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency; 6) Sex preference and the Governor’s instruction on the Krama Bali family planning pro- gram have a positive impact on the desired number of children among women of reproductive age in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency; 7) Women’s em- ployment status, sex preference, the Governor’s instruction on the Krama Bali family planning program, and women’s education influence the desired number of children among women of reproductive age through KB duration in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung
Personal tax exemption (Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak - PTKP) can influence fertility choices by changing the costs or benefits of childbearing and increasing family disposable income. This study aims to investigate the impact of personal tax exemption on the addition of children in Indonesia. This study employs secondary data from Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data waves 4 and 5. The estimation, using a linear probability model, is an improvement from earlier studies as it employs a non-linear specification to more effectively capture the pattern of children's desired demand. This study found an inverse U-shaped relationship between the addition of children and personal tax exemption. The inverse U-shaped relationship indicates that the marginal effect of personal tax exemption decreases as the value of personal tax exemption increases. In addition, the probability of adding children is also influenced by the mother’s characteristics (age and working status), other adult female family members in the household, and the number of children. This study reveals that the taxation variable, personal tax exemption, can affect fertility. Thus, birth control should be carried out by considering various aspects other than direct birth control (e.g., family planning), including taxation.
