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With the emergence of new applications (eg, extended reality [XR] and haptics), which require to be simultaneously served not just with low latency and sufficient reliability, but also with high spectral efficiency, future networks (ie, 6G and beyond) should be capable of meeting this demand by introducing new effective transmission designs. Motiva...
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Citations
... Although noncoherent-based multiple schemes and systems reduce complexity significantly, their performance in terms of reliability and throughput is usually suboptimal compared to their coherent counterparts [4]. To address the dilemma between coherent and non-coherent designs, the authors have proposed a solution involving Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Subcarrier Power Modulation (OFDM-SPM), and Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) as initially introduced in references [5] and [6]. In [7], OFDM-SPM was generalized to quadrature signal constellations. ...
RedCap devices face challenges related to efficient multiple access techniques that can fully leverage their potential while adhering to their constraints. There are many multiple access techniques proposed in the literature recently, but none of them is deemed a good fit for the multi-facet requirements of RedCap devices. Motivated by that, this paper introduces a new multiple-access technique designed to address these challenges, aiming to optimize the performance and efficiency of RedCap devices in various application scenarios. The proposed technique seeks to enhance data rates, reduce latency, and extend battery life while maintaining the cost-effectiveness and simplicity essential for RedCap devices. Consequently, the proposed design effectively overcomes prior challenges and boosts system throughput by leveraging the power domain to transmit supplementary data bits, all while preserving a streamlined and uncomplicated transceiver design. In summary, with the same time, frequency, space, and power resources, it can be served an additional user with a stream of data bits equal to that of the main user, thus resulting in doubling the system’s spectral efficiency.
... Moreover, according to recent research, OFDM and its derived schemes would play a critical role in attaining 6 G connected world requirements. [15][16][17]. ...
Enhanced orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (eOFDM) is one of the promising multicarrier schemes which uses a unique data-dependent pseudorandom (PN) sequence as a guard interval in each OFDM block. The guard interval of eOFDM provides a unique relation between the guard sequence and user data symbols on different subcarriers of the OFDM block, consequently improving the bit error rate (BER) and capacity performances. This paper proposes the eOFDM technique for a multi-hop wireless system and analyzes its performance in Rayleigh fading channel. Precisely, a closed-form expression for the probability density function (PDF) of end-to-end signal to noise ratio (SNR) of a multi-hop system is derived. The system’s outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity (EC) are analyzed and closed-form expressions for these performance metrics are derived. The simulation results verify the validity of all theoretical derivations. Performance metrics for each hop are investigated over independent Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that the sum capacity of multi-hop eOFDM system is greater than the conventional multi-hop OFDM system in Rayleigh fading channel for any value of SNR. Additionally, eOFDM system shows lower outage probability than OFDM system in multi-hop scenario.
... This process involves the partitioning of a signal into several closely positioned channels, enabling the simultaneous transmission of data across them. OFDM is highly advantageous for digital TV, wireless internet, and other highspeed data services because of its ability to rapidly and accurately convey data [21,22]. OFDM significantly influences the bit error rate (BER) in communication systems by mitigating wireless channel impairments such as multipath fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI) [23,24]. ...
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a crucial modulation method used in contemporary digital communication systems for its significant spectral efficiency, low latency, and robustness in challenging environments. This work examines the novel use of OFDM in quantum communication, an area that offers exceptional security and efficiency in information transfer using quantum mechanics principles. In the rapidly evolving field of quantum computing, understanding, and mitigating quantum bit errors is paramount. This paper presents a rigorous analysis of bit error rates (BER) in quantum circuits, focusing on the impact of the quantum Fourier transform and its inverse, contrasted against quantum circuits employing dynamic gate sequences. Our research methodology encompasses simulations over a diverse set of parameters, including varying qubit counts ranging from 2 to 8 and theta angles (15, 30, 45, and 60°), as well as random theta values, utilizing the advanced capabilities of the Qiskit framework. Our findings indicate that quantum OFDM substantially improves quantum communication, lowering errors and boosting security. The quantum model outperforms the reference model in BER, with further enhancements as qubits increase.
... Multidimensional index modulation (IM) categorization techniques have been suggested by SD Tusha to distribute information bits through multiple domains [14]. Cai et al. [15] proposed a method that used noncoherent OFDM to improve the underwater acoustic OFDM communication system using joint energy and correlation detection. They used the activated subcarriers in the OFDM system to transmit additional bits, which helps to enhance the data rate with less energy used by subcarriers. ...
... where N t is the turbulence noise, N s is the shipping noise, N w is the wind noise and N th is the thermal noise. The noise can be obtained from Eqs. (14,15,16,17). ...
... Since underwater acoustic communication has a low bandwidth range with a low data rate, the importance of a noncoherent OFDM system lies in doubling the data transmission rate within the same range of the available (15) 10 log N s (f ) = 40 + 20(S − 0.5) + 26 log (f ) − 60log(f + 0.03) (16) 10log To enhance the underwater acoustic communication performance, the OFDM-SPM with a QPSK modulation scheme is proposed. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the proposed underwater communication system. ...
Underwater communication is one of the most important and difficult challenges facing researchers due to the high attenuation of the signal, communication with the surface because of the harsh medium of water, and data transmission performance degradation as a result of various effects. Underwater acoustic communication (UWA) has a low data rate, which describes the disadvantage of this type of communication. In addition, it has a low bandwidth range and high latency but has a long transmission range as an advantage. Multicarrier wireless transmission systems increase the data rate by sending the data using more than one carrier. We proposed a noncoherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) method to increase the data rate in UWA communication systems. In addition, doubling the data rate in the OFDM using Subcarrier Power Modulation (OFDM-SPM) system can save half of the bandwidth. The MATLAB simulation program was used to implement the system in the underwater acoustic environment to increase its throughput. The proposed design uses Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) with power control, and the data stream is transmitted through two-dimensional modulation schemes, the DPSK, and the power level of each subcarrier in the OFDM system with cyclic prefix (CP). The underwater channel was designed using a Rician fading multipath with a spreading loss formula as a function of distance and frequency. We designed an equalizer at the receiver side to recover the original signal as a function of three parameters which are: the channel effect as a rate between transmitting and receiving symbols, the Rician channel response, and the UWA spreading loss. OFDM-Subcarrier Power Modulation (OFDM-SPM) using the proposed equalizer performed better than the theoretical OFDM-SPM in the Rayleigh channel. The designed equalizer increased the performance of the OFDM-SPM system by 25% which helped to enhance the system’s throughput and doubled the data rate compared with the OFDM system, doubling the data rate using OFDM-SPM had been validated in laboratory experiments in the Time domain.
... Simultaneously, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and its variants like Coded OFDM (COFDM) have gained widespread adoption in wireless networks [4][5][6][7][8]. When coupled with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing, these systems deploy multiple antennas at each end, enhancing capacity and spectral efficiency [9][10][11][12][13]. ...
This study explores the enhancement of wireless communication through the integration of OFDM with MIMO and advanced techniques like COFDM, adaptive MIMO, and beamforming. It evaluates a 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-DWPT-COFDM system, considering modulation (BPSK and QPSK) and equalization (ZF-SIC and MMSE-SIC) over a Rayleigh fading channel. MATLAB results reveal that more antennas, BPSK modulation, and MMSE-SIC equalization significantly improve BER performance. Specifically, for a BER of 10 ⁻⁴ , the 2×2 MIMO system requires E b / N 0 values of 10.4 (MMSE-SIC) and 11.4 (ZF-SIC), while the 4×4 MIMO system needs 5.5 (MMSE-SIC) and 5.9 (ZF-SIC). These findings emphasize the need for thoughtful system design and parameter optimization in achieving reliable and efficient wireless communication.
... The proposed technique uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is a promising method for wideband transmission that can overcome the effects of multipath fading and achieve high spectral efficiency [15]. The technique also incorporates novel elements such as pseudo-random permutation, Walsh sequence, pilot symbols, and delay discrimination to reduce peak-to-average power ratio, frequency offset, inter-carrier interference, and bit error rate [16]. ...
This paper proposes a new technique for wideband transmission and direction-finding using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for wearable devices in noisy Rician channels. The technique uses a coded OFDM signal combined with a pseudo-random permutation and a Walsh sequence to mitigate inter-carrier interference, peak-to-average power ratio, and frequency offset. The technique also inserts a pilot symbol into each OFDM block and uses it for frequency offset estimation, channel estimation, message detection, and angle of arrival estimation. The technique employs a delay discrimination algorithm to extract the first arriving impulse from each antenna channel and then applies a direction-finding algorithm to estimate the angle of arrival. The technique is evaluated through rigorous simulations using MATLAB. It shows superior performance and reliability compared to existing methods in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, bit error rate, and angle error.
... The proposed technique uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is a promising method for wideband transmission that can overcome the effects of multipath fading and achieve high spectral efficiency [15]. The technique also incorporates novel elements such as pseudo-random permutation, Walsh sequence, pilot symbols, and delay discrimination to reduce peak-to-average power ratio, frequency offset, inter-carrier interference, and bit error rate [16]. ...
This paper proposes a new technique for wideband transmission and direction-finding using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for wearable devices in noisy Rician channels. The technique uses a coded OFDM signal combined with a pseudo-random permutation and a Walsh sequence to mitigate inter-carrier interference, peak-to-average power ratio, and frequency offset. The technique also inserts a pilot symbol into each OFDM block and uses it for frequency offset estimation, channel estimation, message detection, and angle of arrival estimation. The technique employs a delay discrimination algorithm to extract the first arriving impulse from each antenna channel and then applies a direction-finding algorithm to estimate the angle of arrival. The technique is evaluated through rigorous simulations using MATLAB. It shows superior performance and reliability compared to existing methods in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, bit error rate, and angle error.
... In that case multicarrier modulation have been adopted, in order to respond to these requirment, a wellknown multicarrier modulation orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed for 4G wirless network. The OFDM technology involes dividing a high data rate stream into a number of lower rate streams [3], [4], which are then transmitted synchronously on a number of orthogonal subcarriers. Consequently, robusstness against multipath fading and resistant to frequency selective fading, high data-rate, are the major benefits of OFDM systems [5]. ...
Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is a generation of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and is considered as a candidate for next-generation wireless communications systems, thanks to its several advantages such as adequate and suitable construction, based on circular convolution and sub-symbol structure, low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), low out-of-band (OOB) emission, low latency, relaxed requirements of time, frequency synchronization and high data rate. Due to its spectrum efficiency, the GFDM is an excellent mutli-carrier modulation for a wide range of cognitive radio (CR) systems (For example, machine-to-machine communication using CR techniques, the internet of things (IOT), satellite, military, and so on.). The main component that drives the performance of a GFDM system is the prototype filter design. The present work aims to test, on the one hand, the influence of the pulse shaping filter on the performance of the GFDM system in terms of spectral efficiency and OOB emission for different values of the attenuation factor, and on the other hand the impact of the number of sub-carriers on the GFDM spectrum. The simulation results show that GFDM allows considerable OOB reduction and improved spectral efficiency compared to OFDM modulation.Keywords5G Wireless Communication SystemsSpectrum EfficiencyRoll-Off FactorOut-Of-BandOrthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingGeneralized Frequency Division Multiplexing
... Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation (OFDM-SPM) is a new method developed by [11], [12] to enhance the OFDM system. It stands for orthogonal frequency division 168 multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation. ...
This study investigates a new technique known as "orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation" (OFDM-SPM) when compounded with a "multiple-input multiple-output" (MIMO) system. This combination of the two wireless technologies offers additional benefits and characteristics, such as increased spectrum efficiency (SE), increased energy efficiency (EE), and decreased transmission latency, among others. However, as compared to a traditional MIMO-OFDM system, the system's bit error rate (BER) show degradation. In this paper, turbo code is proposed as a coding technique to enhance the system performance with three-power reallocation policies (PRPs). The simulation results show that the BER and throughput performance has gotten better, where the throughput is doubled and the BER achieves about 10 dB gain by utilizing the proposed methods and compare to the classical MIMO OFDM, which makes the system more suitable for use in future wireless systems.
... The apparent importance of OFDM is also evident in the adoption of OFDM and OFDM-based multicarrier schemes for the efficient implementation of the current fifth generation (5G) networks [1] and its supporting technologies [2][3][4][5]. In addition, recent research geared towards the standardization of sixth generation (6G) and beyond networks suggests that OFDM and its optimized modulation variants will not be neglected in the actualization of a 6G connected world [6,7]. Therefore, there is no gainsaying the number of immeasurable opportunities that abound if OFDM and its variants are leveraged by current and future wireless communications. ...
... Each of the sequences in {x d } are generated using P j (Z), j = 1, . . . , 2 G , which fulfills the necessary condition mentioned in (6). The probability of the correct detection of y d approaches unity at SNR ≥ −15 dB, as mentioned in [36]. ...
... Hence, as a first step, all the possible PN sequences of degree R are generated to form a very large set of PN sequences. This initial large set is then scrutinized according to (6), and most of the PN sequences, which do not fulfill the cross-correlation condition of (6), are dropped. This results in a small subset of PN sequences that fulfill the conditions stated in (6). ...
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multicarrier scheme that uses different types of guard intervals such as cyclic prefix (CP) and known symbol padding (KSP) (zero padding (ZP), unique word (UW), etc.) in block formation. Among these guard intervals, CP varies for each block, while other guard intervals remain fixed from block to block. These guard intervals efficiently perform channel estimation, synchronization and remove inter-block interference (IBI); nevertheless, none of the existing schemes develop any relationship between the guard interval (sequence) and the data symbols on different subcarriers of the OFDM block. We present a new idea of selecting the guard interval based on the data symbols of a subset of subcarriers in the block and exploit the high auto-correlation of the selected guard sequence to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The results based on a fair comparison show that our enhanced orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (eOFDM) scheme inherits significant improvements in BER and the capacity of a multicarrier system as compared to the existing techniques.
