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B/G choice tests. (A) Contribution of R7; panR7-Gal4/UAS-shi ts flies showed preference for green. (B) Contribution of R8p. Flies in which R8p function is impaired (rh5 2 and sev) preferred green. sev flies showed a stronger preference for green over blue than panR7 > shi ts or rh5 2 alone. (C) Contribution of R8y. Flies in which R8y function is impaired (rh6, melt GOF , and sev melt GOF ) preferred blue. (D) Flies lacking functional R8; rh5 rh6 mutant flies showed a preference for blue, whereas sev rh6 and sev rh5 rh6 flies showed no obvious preference. In B–D, the results from each mutant were compared to the wild type in B. (E) Contribution of the R1–R6 system in differential phototaxis . Both ninaE 17 and sev ninaE 17 flies preferred green, without detectable differences. ninaE 17 P[rh1 > 3] flies showed a preference for blue. As in UV/B choice, both ninaE 17 rh6 1 and ninaE 17 rh5 2 rh6 1 showed a strong blue preference . n = 5–10. Error bars are SEMs.
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The visual systems of most species contain photoreceptors with distinct spectral sensitivities that allow animals to distinguish lights by their spectral composition. In Drosophila, photoreceptors R1-R6 have the same spectral sensitivity throughout the eye and are responsible for motion detection. In contrast, photoreceptors R7 and R8 exhibit heter...
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We previously showed that impressions of nine semantic words expressing abstract meanings (like “tranquil”) can be expressed by 12 hues in a paired comparison method; in this study, White, Gray, and Black were added (Exp. 1) to the previous 12 hues. Color impressions were also estimated using a set of 35 paired words by a semantic differential (SD)...
Citations
... Drosophila suzukii is highly sensitive to temperature, humidity, and light (Tochen et al. 2014(Tochen et al. , 2016Guédot et al. 2018), and suboptimal conditions can impact development, behavior, and survival of all developmental stages (Kinjo et al. 2014;Ryan et al. 2016;Tochen et al. 2016;Zerulla et al. 2017;Evans et al. 2018). Light is a major driver of D. suzukii behavior, since the flies are sensitive to wavelengths between 300 and 660 nm (Hardie 1979;Yamaguchi et al. 2010;Kelber and Henze 2013;Schnaitmann et al. 2013;Fountain et al. 2020) and attracted to or repelled by different wavelengths (Lee et al. 2013;Rice et al. 2016;Little et al. 2018Little et al. , 2019. Ultraviolet (UV; < 400 nm) light may be especially important, since it is used by insects for navigation through vegetation and orientation relative to the sky (Weir and Dickinson 2012;Cronin and Bok 2016). ...
... Radiance data were analyzed between 330 and 680 nm, which spans the spectral sensitivity of D. suzukii (Hardie 1979;Yamaguchi et al. 2010;Kelber and Henze 2013;Schnaitmann et al. 2013;Little et al. 2019;Fountain et al. 2020). To identify whether the mulch treatments affect radiance visible to D. suzukii in the UV (330-400 nm) and visible (401-680 nm) spectra, we averaged the data for each combination of measurement date, treatment, side of row, logger height, and wavelength. ...
Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is one of the most detrimental pests of small fruit crops worldwide and its control relies heavily on pesticides, so there is a need to develop alternative management practices. Cultural practices that make the microclimate hotter, drier, and brighter than optimal conditions for the pest may be highly effective. In this two-year study, we evaluated how black, white, and metallic plastic mulches influence the raspberry plants’ microclimate to reduce D. suzukii larval infestation of fruit in the canopy and increase mortality of fallen larvae and pupae on the ground. All three plastic mulches reduced D. suzukii larval infestation of fruit by 40–72% and killed 80–100% of larvae and pupae placed on the mulch surface. The mechanisms at play are likely the compounded effects of increased ultraviolet (UV) light, hotter and drier conditions in the low canopy, and hot mulch surface temperature. UV light may be especially important since it reduced D. suzukii oviposition in the lab. Overall, plastic mulches can effectively modify the microclimate to make it less favorable for D. suzukii, reducing infestation in fruit and on the ground.
... Typically, butterflies have nine photoreceptors in their ommatidium with eight elongated cells (R1 to R8) and an additional small basal photoreceptor cell (R9) beneath which is the basement membrane (Stavenga and Arikawa, 2006;Frentiu et al., 2007;Briscoe, 2008 Koshitaka et al. (2008) ommatidium and may contribute to the richness of spectral colour vision of butterflies (Katz et al., 2009;Yamaguchi et al., 2010;Arikawa, 2017). ...
... Consequently, four combinations of signals from the two types of ommatidia (p+y+, p+y−, p−y+ and p−y−) allow the assignment of four colour categories. This visual system seems to be conservative in the suborder Brachycera, because Musca domestica (Hardie and Kirschfeld, 1983), Calliphora erythrocephala (Hardie, 1985), Eristalis tenax (Bishop, 1974;Horridge et al., 1975) and Drosophila melanogaster (Yamaguchi et al., 2010) share the same system. The detailed visual systems of the suborder Nematocera have never been investigated. ...
Background and aims:
Dipteran insects are known pollinators of many angiosperms, but knowledge on how flies affect floral evolution is relatively scarce. Some plants pollinated by fungus gnats share a unique set of floral characters (dark red display, flat shape and short stamens), which differs from any known pollination syndromes. We tested whether this set of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with pollination by fungus gnats, using the genus Euonymus as a model.
Methods:
The pollinator and floral colour, morphology and scent profile were investigated for ten Euonymus species and Tripterygium regelii as an outgroup. The flower colour was evaluated using bee and fly colour vision models. The evolutionary association between fungus gnat pollination and each plant character was tested using a phylogenetically independent contrast. The ancestral state reconstruction was performed on flower colour, which is associated with fungus gnat pollination, to infer the evolution of pollination in the genus Euonymus.
Key results:
The red-flowered Euonymus species were pollinated predominantly by fungus gnats, whereas the white-flowered species were pollinated by bees, beetles and brachyceran flies. The colour vision analysis suggested that red and white flowers are perceived as different colours by both bees and flies. The floral scents of the fungus gnat-pollinated species were characterized by acetoin, which made up >90 % of the total scent in three species. Phylogenetically independent contrast showed that the evolution of fungus gnat pollination is associated with acquisition of red flowers, short stamens and acetoin emission.
Conclusions:
Our results suggest that the observed combination of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with the parallel evolution of pollination by fungus gnats. Although the role of the red floral display and acetoin in pollinator attraction remains to be elucidated, our finding underscores the importance of fungus gnats as potential contributors to floral diversification.
... Visual cues were minimized by conducting the assay in near-complete darkness. Illumination of 850 nm, to which the fly's visual system has no measurable sensitivity [53][54][55] , was provided from below for tracking (1 µW mm -2 at the agarose beneath the fly). Fly-to-fly communication was minimized by assaying individual flies in isolated chambers separated by an opaque Delrin plastic spacer. ...
... For CsChrimson 18 optogenetics experiments, a 660 nm LED coupled to a 1-mm-wide fibre-optic cable (M660F1 and M35L01, Thorlabs) was focused on the front midpoint of the fly's head using a lens set (MAP10100100-A, Thorlabs). This wavelength is at the tail end of the sensitivity of the fly visual system [53][54][55] , which helps to minimize light-related confounds. Two longpass filters-OD 4 550 nm and OD 4 575 nm (Edmund Optics)-minimized the ability of LED light to enter the two-photon detector path, which collected the GCaMP signal. ...
Whereas progress has been made in the identification of neural signals related to rapid, cued decisions1–3, less is known about how brains guide and terminate more ethologically relevant decisions in which an animal’s own behaviour governs the options experienced over minutes4–6. Drosophila search for many seconds to minutes for egg-laying sites with high relative value7,8 and have neurons, called oviDNs, whose activity fulfills necessity and sufficiency criteria for initiating the egg-deposition motor programme⁹. Here we show that oviDNs express a calcium signal that (1) dips when an egg is internally prepared (ovulated), (2) drifts up and down over seconds to minutes—in a manner influenced by the relative value of substrates—as a fly determines whether to lay an egg and (3) reaches a consistent peak level just before the abdomen bend for egg deposition. This signal is apparent in the cell bodies of oviDNs in the brain and it probably reflects a behaviourally relevant rise-to-threshold process in the ventral nerve cord, where the synaptic terminals of oviDNs are located and where their output can influence behaviour. We provide perturbational evidence that the egg-deposition motor programme is initiated once this process hits a threshold and that subthreshold variation in this process regulates the time spent considering options and, ultimately, the choice taken. Finally, we identify a small recurrent circuit that feeds into oviDNs and show that activity in each of its constituent cell types is required for laying an egg. These results argue that a rise-to-threshold process regulates a relative-value, self-paced decision and provide initial insight into the underlying circuit mechanism for building this process.
... Other sensory modalities, such as temperature sensing also provide further cues. Similarly, light choice behavior, expressed as phototaxis versus photoavoidance, also relies on the combination of external rhodopsin photoreceptors in the eyes and HB eyelets and the deep-brain neuronal photopigments CRY and Rh7 (Heisenberg and Buchner, 1977;Miller et al., 1981;Gao et al., 2008;Yamaguchi et al., 2010;Schlichting et al., 2016;Baik et al., 2017Baik et al., , 2018. Recent work shows that light choice behavior varies by time of day and that the LNvs are a point of convergence for multiple light input channels that modulate light choice behavior (Baik et al., 2019b). ...
Lateral ventral neurons (LNvs) in the fly circadian neural circuit mediate behaviors other than clock resetting, including light-activated acute arousal. Converging sensory inputs often confer functional redundancy. The LNvs have three distinct light input pathways: (1) cell autonomously expressed cryptochrome (CRY), (2) rhodopsin 7 (Rh7), and (3) synaptic inputs from the eyes and other external photoreceptors that express opsins and CRY. We explored the relative photoelectrical and behavioral input contributions of these three photoreceptor systems to determine their functional impact in flies. Patch-clamp electrophysiology measuring light evoked firing frequency (FF) was performed on large LNvs (l-LNvs) in response to UV (365 nm), violet (405 nm), blue (450 nm), or red (635 nm) LED light stimulation, testing controls versus mutants that lack photoreceptor inputs gl60j, cry-null, rh7-null, and double mutant gl60j-cry-null flies. For UV, violet, and blue short wavelength light inputs, all photoreceptor mutants show significantly attenuated action potential FF responses measured in the l-LNv. In contrast, red light FF responses are only significantly attenuated in double mutant gl60j-cry-null flies. We used a light-pulse arousal assay to compare behavioral responses to UV, violet, blue and red light of control and light input mutants, measuring the awakening arousal response of flies during subjective nighttime at two different intensities to capture potential threshold differences (10 and 400 μW/cm²). The light arousal behavioral results are similar to the electrophysiological results, showing significant attenuation of behavioral light responses for mutants compared to control. These results show that the different LNv convergent photoreceptor systems are integrated and together confer functional redundancy for light evoked behavioral arousal.
... In flies, phototactic behavior has been used extensively to dissect phototransduction and the neural mechanisms underlying spectral preferences (Hadler 1964;Benzer 1967;Pak et al. 1969). Given the choice between colored and white light of the same intensity or between 2 lights of different colors, flies show preferences for green (∼485 nm) and near-UV (∼365 nm) wavelengths (Bertholf 1932;Schümperli 1973;Hu and Stark 1977;Fischbach 1979;Gao et al. 2008;Yamaguchi et al. 2010;Karuppudurai et al. 2014;Otsuna et al. 2014). Overall, UV light attracts flies most strongly, but becomes aversive at high intensity. ...
Originally a genetic model organism, the experimental use of Drosophila melanogaster has grown to include quantitative behavioral analyses, sophisticated perturbations of neuronal function, and detailed sensory physiology. A highlight of these developments can be seen in the context of vision, where pioneering studies have uncovered fundamental and generalizable principles of sensory processing. Here we begin with an overview of vision-guided behaviors and common methods for probing visual circuits. We then outline the anatomy and physiology of brain regions involved in visual processing, beginning at the sensory periphery and ending with descending motor control. Areas of focus include contrast and motion detection in the optic lobe, circuits for visual feature selectivity, computations in support of spatial navigation, and contextual associative learning. Finally, we look to the future of fly visual neuroscience and discuss promising topics for further study.
... Light is an important ecological factor, which is of great significance to the growth and development, tropism behavior and population reproduction of insects [24,25]. For example, Hori et al. [26] reported that the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of Drosophila melanogaster died under the radiation of short-wavelengths visible light, with the highest lethality under the blue light. ...
Light is a crucial environmental factor implicated in the temporal regulation of important biological events of insects, and some insects are usually sexually active in dark periods. However, the effects of light during dark periods on the growth, development, and fecundity of Spodoptera frugiperda, an important agricultural pest, remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of lighting in dark periods on the biological parameters of S. frugiperda in laboratory conditions. Our results showed that lighting in dark periods significantly prolonged the pre-adult stage and reduced the pupal survival and emergence rate. Moreover, the results indicated that the adult stage is the photoperiod-sensitive stage of S. frugiperda, and the fecundity and longevity of adults significantly reduced under lighting in dark periods, and the number of eggs per female moth decreased by 99% compared with the control. The mean generation time (T) of S. frugiperda population was the longest, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were the smallest under lighting in dark periods, and the population growth of S. frugiperda was significantly limited. Our findings may provide valuable insights to develop effective integrated pest management strategies to control S. frugiperda.
... Moreover, it is shown that the temperature will affect the contour and peak position of response in the frequency band [31,32]. With the 2 mm silica aerogel pad, the surface temperature was reduced to 25-30 • C. In addition, it was proved that 510 nm green light produces the greatest signal in Drosophila [33,34]. Therefore, in our experiments, light stimulation was introduced into the shield through a green LED light with a central wavelength of 510 nm by an optical fiber. ...
An atomic magnetometer (AM) was used to non-invasively detect the tiny magnetic field generated by the brain of a single Drosophila. Combined with a visual stimulus system, the AM was used to study the relationship between visual salience and oscillatory activity of the Drosophila brain by analyzing changes in the magnetic field. Oscillatory activity of Drosophila in the 1–20 Hz frequency band was measured with a sensitivity of 20 fT/Hz. The field in the 20–30 Hz band under periodic light stimulation was used to explore the correlation between short-term memory and visual salience. Our method opens a new path to a more flexible method for the investigation of brain activity in Drosophila and other small insects.
... Opsins covalently bind to small molecular chromophores to form light-sensitive photopigments-rhodopsins-which initiate the phototransduction cascade [2,4]. Opsins contribute to phototactic behaviors in insects, such as Drosophila [13], Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler, 1896) (rice green leafhopper, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) [14], Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) (beet armyworm, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [15], Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1908) (Asian citrus psyllid, Hemiptera: Liviidae) [16], and Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (diamondback moth, Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) [17]. These studies, however, only focus on the function of opsin, and research is lacking on changes in the expression levels of other genes in the phototransduction pathway caused by an opsin mutation. ...
Plutella xylostella is a typical phototactic pest. LW-opsin contributes to the phototaxis of P. xylostella, but the expression changes of other genes in the phototransduction pathway caused by the mutation of LW-opsin remain unknown. In the study, the head transcriptomes of male G88 and LW-opsin mutants were compared. A GO-function annotation showed that DEGs mainly belonged to the categories of molecular functions, biological processes, and cell composition. Additionally, a KEGG-pathway analysis suggested that DEGs were significantly enriched in some classical pathways, such as the phototransduction-fly and vitamin digestion and absorption pathways. The mRNA expressions of genes in the phototransduction-fly pathway, such as Gq, ninaC, and rdgC were significantly up-regulated, and trp, trpl, inaD, cry1, ninaA and arr1 were significantly down-regulated. The expression trends of nine DEGs in the phototransduction pathway confirmed by a RT-qPCR were consistent with transcriptomic data. In addition, the influence of a cry1 mutation on the phototaxis of P. xylostella was examined, and the results showed that the male cry1 mutant exhibited higher phototactic rates to UV and blue lights than the male G88. Our results indicated that the LW-opsin mutation changed the expression of genes in the phototransduction pathway, and the mutation of cry1 enhanced the phototaxis of a P. xylostella male, providing a basis for further investigation on the phototransduction pathway in P. xylostella.
... Each photoreceptor cell expresses one type of Rhodopsin (R1-6 expresses ninaE, R7 expresses either Rh3 or Rh4, and R8 expresses Rh5 or Rh6) [6][7][8][9][10][11] . The outer photoreceptors (R1-6) are specialized to detect motion while the inner photoreceptors (R7 and R8) are specialized for color vision 12,13 . Briefly, in Drosophila phototransduction, light first activates Rhodopsins 14 . ...
... In the adult eye, R1-6 photoreceptors are needed for motion detection while pale and yellow R7s and R8s are needed for color detection 12,13 . Pale and yellow R7 and R8s are used to detect different colors and UV light (Rh3:~345 nm UV light, Rh4: 375 nm UV light, Rh5: green, Rh6: blue) 76,77 . ...
The adult Drosophila eye is a powerful model system for phototransduction and neurodegeneration research. However, single cell resolution transcriptomic data are lacking for this tissue. We present single cell RNA-seq data on 1-day male and female, 3-day and 7-day old male adult eyes, covering early to mature adult eyes. All major cell types, including photoreceptors, cone and pigment cells in the adult eye were captured and identified. Our data sets identified novel cell type specific marker genes, some of which were validated in vivo. R7 and R8 photoreceptors form clusters that reflect their specific Rhodopsin expression and the specific Rhodopsin expression by each R7 and R8 cluster is the major determinant to their clustering. The transcriptomic data presented in this report will facilitate a deeper mechanistic understanding of the adult fly eye as a model system. Single-cell RNA sequencing of early to mature adult Drosophila eyes reveals new cell type-specific marker genes and a full set of transcriptomic data for this tissue.