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... can see from figure 4 that 42% of the tourists did not pay any attention to the aural landscape in gardens, 26% of them notice the sound environment occasionally, and only 32% of the tourists really follow and listen the sounds deliberately. As indicated earlier, the public still has not realized the importance and the value of aural landscape heritage. ...
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The 2.02 ha site containing the Category B listed Walled Garden at Benmore is currently the subject of a major redesign proposal and active fundraising programme. The purpose of this article is to raise the profile of the project by investigating and highlighting the historical development of the site. This retrospective study is also intended as a...
Citations
... Heritage landscapes, particularly gardens, are living embodiments of the cultural, social, and historical values that have shaped civilizations for centuries (Zhao, 2017). These landscapes often transcend their aesthetic appeal, functioning as symbols of power, religious devotion, and environmental awareness (Chen et al., 2020). ...
... In addition to visitor management, community engagement is a crucial component of sustainable tourism in heritage gardens (Ivanova, Kozlov, & Belomestnyh, 2019). Involving local stakeholders-such as residents, businesses, and conservationists-in the decision-making process can help ensure that tourism development aligns with the needs of the community and the goals of heritage preservation (Zhao, 2017). Community involvement fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility for the garden's well-being, encouraging local support for conservation efforts and reducing the likelihood of conflict between tourism and preservation interests (Diana et al., 2021). ...
... Shalimar Gardens, one of Pakistan's premier Mughal gardens, restricts access to certain parts of the garden to control visitor numbers and protect historically significant features, such as water channels and terraces (Chen et al., 2020). This strategy prevents overuse and ensures that fragile areas of the garden remain intact, while other sections are developed for higher foot traffic (Zhao, 2017). Such a balanced approach to managing capacity not only enhances the experience for tourists but also maintains the garden's historical authenticity (Hengky & Kikvidze, 2018). ...
Heritage gardens, as integral components of historic landscapes, play a significant role in preserving cultural narratives and offering aesthetic value. The study analyzes heritage gardens across different regions to understand how they are revitalized to meet modern tourism needs without compromising their historical significance. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative data analysis and qualitative assessments, the research examines strategies for balancing conservation, visitor engagement, and sustainability. Findings reveal that successful heritage garden management relies on integrating conservation with tourism development, leveraging technological innovations, and fostering community involvement. Gardens that utilize adaptive management techniques and sustainability practices enhance visitor experiences while preserving their cultural and environmental significance. The study suggests future research on the long-term ecological impacts of tourism on heritage gardens and comparative studies across different regions to enhance garden revitalization practices.
... Aural heritage components of cityscapes have been investigated individually -such as the three tone "dou dou dou" metro signal in Montreal (Canada) being an integral part of the sonic ecology of the city, and having unique value with respect to its lineage (Giuffre and Sharp 2014); and collectively -such as the creation of an "aural landscape" in Chinese classical gardens, comprising of sounds of water, birds, insects, music, and artificial constructions, forming a unique intangible heritage which should be realized and conserved through formal channels (Zhao 2017). Place-specific soundscapes research was often centered in Asia, including at three World Cultural Heritage Sites in China (Zheng 2019), and as an analysis of soundscape change over time at Fatahillah Square in Jakarta (Indonesia) through a soundwalk in comparison with visual analysis of historic photos and historic interviews (Djimantoro et al. 2020). ...
Following the “authorized heritage discourse” in heritage management, visual components have traditionally formed the basis of aesthetic value assessment of heritage assets. Despite being considered important by national legislation and international conventions, other sensory components have been comparatively underresearched and are generally ignored. No research to date has investigated the breadth and depth of these sensory components either individually nor in combination, and a synthesis of the extent and complexity of this intangible heritage is currently lacking. This literature review aims to examine these sensory heritage components in the human environment setting over the last 10 years. Of the 122 articles included in this literature review, the majority of research focused on only one individual sensory heritage component, generally the sense of sight or sound. For research investigating more than one sensory component, visual and aural components were again highly represented. Smell and touch components were comparatively under-researched, and there was a general paucity of multisensory heritage research and investigation of perceived heritage values. This review shows there is vast potential to push past the authorized heritage discourse, to revisit the current processes of heritage assessment and to rethink the constraints of visually centered heritage documentation and management.
... As one of world religious heritage (D. X. Zhang, Liu, Wei, & Xiao, 2011) (Berardi, Iannace, & Ianniello, 2016), (Rafael Suárez, Alonso, & Sendra, 2016), (Zhao, 2017), Buddhist sound plays a critical role in creating the atmosphere of Chinese Buddhist temple, and various Tang Ziqing, Lu Fenghua Smaratungga: Journal of Education and Buddhist Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2022 Buddhist ceremonies and dojos in the Daxiong main hall constitute rich types of Buddhist temple sound, therefore it is necessary to research the inner sound field determined by the structure of the main hall. By simulating the sound field of the main halls in the typical Buddhist temples in China using RAC method in the software, the following conclusions are obtained: "acoustic shadow area" with blank SPL appeared in some parts of the sound field, and the distribution of sound energy was uneven, and the acoustic quality consistency of the meditation area in front of the Buddha statue in the hall was not good. ...
The acoustic analysis plays an irreplaceable role in obtaining information on Chinese Buddhist main halls tradition and relative practice that includes sound, deepening our comprehension of Chinese Buddhist architectural heritage. Various ceremonies and dojos constitute rich types of Buddhist main halls’ sound fields. In this paper, the indoor sound fields of four main halls in the Buddhist temples are researched and compared. This paper used Sketchup to build the models and simulate sound fields when conducting ceremonies and dojos using Comsol Multiphysics software. The four main halls are Chongshan temple main hall, Xiantong temple main hall, Shuxiang temple Manjusri hall and Bodhisattva Top main hall, which are located in separately four temples of Shanxi Wutai mountain in China. Targeting three acoustic parameters including the reverberation time(RT), the first ray arrival time(Re1first) and surface sound pressure level(SPL) distribution, we simulated the acoustic effect of the space occupancy, Buddha realm space and worship space, indicating that the acoustic wave diffusion rate was positively correlated with proportion of hall height to depth, while the first arrival time is exactly the opposite. The largest RT at 2000Hz(about 1.3s)in the shortest period for 500Hz voice was observed in the main hall of Pusa Peak, while T60 even reached 4s in Xiantong temple main hall. The acoustic wave transmission rate was positively correlated with proportion of hall’s height to depth, but the first ray arrival time was the opposite. The main hall of Pusa Peak had the shortest (0.0150s) first ray arrival time，the Shuxiang temple main hall had the longest time(0.0381s). In all the cases, appearing of the "sound shadow area" of the surface SPL distribution and the uneven sound energy distribution showed pillars in the middle space exerting significant impact on the acoustics of the Daxiong main hall.
... Chinese classical gardens refer to Chinese landscape gardens represented by private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and royal gardens in the north, which are unique in the history of garden development in the world [1][2][3][4][5]. Chinese classical gardens are cultural heritage of China. ...
Garden design with healthy psychological characteristics is a design method that mines positive psychological expressions and converts them into garden design elements. Chinese classical gardens are cultural heritage of China. Studying the beauty of space in classical gardens is of great significance to inheriting traditional culture, traditional art, and traditional aesthetics. At present, the research hotspots of garden design with healthy psychological characteristics mainly focus on the construction of relevant research theories and methods with the help of various intelligent tools. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based end-to-end model to recognize the positive psychological design of a Chinese classical garden. The model is designed based on Inception V3 that is proposed by Google. The innovation lies in that transfer learning which is integrated into Inception V3 to improve the generalization ability. Also, it is not necessary to encode the characteristics of the garden design style due to the end-to-end structure used in our proposed model. We design a positive psychological characteristics classification task to recognize high aesthetic feeling and low aesthetic feeling of rockery design. Experimental results indicate that our proposed model wins the best performance compared with other comparison models.
... In a soundscape study of nine classical gardens in Suzhou that are listed as World Heritage Sites (including the Humble Administrator's Garden, which served as the location for this experiment), it was found that only 32% of tourists paid attention to the sounds in a garden, and 42% of them did not even notice. The soundscape in the gardens is overpowered by noise, although said noise is not very loud (Zhao, 2017). In a study on the auditory experience of a Japanese garden, it was found that the horticultural esthetics of the soundscape in the Japanese garden can be used as a model for urban sound design and architecture, which has long-term research significance. ...
Soundscape has been valued and practiced in classical Chinese garden designs. Some authentic patterns were even mentioned and used in gardening books hundreds of years ago. Though these patterns are well-known, how they work in a classic Chinese garden is still unclear. In this study, we chose one of the most famous soundscapes called Tingyuxuan (Listening to the Sound of Rain Hall) in Zhuozhengyuan (Humble Administrator’s Garden), Suzhou as the object. A video of the Tingyuxuan was captured on a rainy day, along with its sound. Twenty-four participants were asked to view this video twice (once with audio, once muted, in a random order). Eye-movement data and the subjective evaluation of participants were collected. The results showed that the participants’ visual attention is influenced by the sound of rain and helps them identify and observe the main element of the soundscape. Furthermore, participants experienced more positive feelings when viewing the video with the audio on.
... The attackers lavishly praised the garden, like Baron Montoubon of France who had spoken of how he could not manage to describe 'the splendour of [the garden's] formation especially under the impression of bewilderment caused by my view of these marvels.' 6 And from the British perspective, General Grant's interpreter, Robert Swinhoe, admired the garden's beauty, observing, 'Here a solitary building would rise fairy-like from the centre of a lake, reflecting its image on the limpid blue liquid in which it seemed to float, and then a sloping path would carry you into the heart of a mysterious cavern formed of rockery, and leading out on to a grotto in the bosom of another lake. The variety of the picturesque was endless, and charming in the extreme; indeed, all that is most five site visits over four centuries 3 lovely in Chinese scenery, where art contrives to cheat the rude attempts of nature into the bewitching, seemed all associated in these delightful grounds.' 7 They praised it, then razed it. Buildings were looted and set alight. ...
The place of historic gardens within contemporary cities is a challenge for
landscape architecture, particularly in relation to the experiential potential of
heritage interpretation. How can the stories of the past be revealed in places
which are often fragmented, abridged and largely erased? Within the palimpsest
of the city of Beijing, China, the historic garden of Yuanming Yuan,1 known in
English as the Old Summer Palace, can still be traced within the vast urban
landscape. However, appreciating this garden as a coherent whole, and gaining
insights into its historical significance and evolution, is challenging. On-site
interpretation is only found in the form of occasional signs, and elements such
as the boundaries of the site are submerged under the urban fabric.
Purpose of Review
The response to COVID-19 in the global community resulted in a disruption of usual sensory experiences associated with quotidian life and special events. While research has investigated urban and rural soundscape alteration/change during COVID and post-COVID, no summative work has focused on soundscapes of traditional (heritage) festivals. Research is warranted as cultural heritage festivals are significant and fundamental for human societal functioning, and associated soundscapes are a key aural reflection of these. This paper aims to critically review literature published from 2020 on the effect of COVID-19 on heritage festival soundscapes, with a particular focus on the loss of aural experience examined from a community perspective.
Recent Findings
We identified fourteen articles which covered heritage festival sounds or soundscapes, with the resultant aural experience being transformed, postponed or discontinued due to pandemic restrictions. There was a distinct lack of formal research investigating how communities perceived these changed soundscapes, with perceptions generally based on researcher’s own perspectives, either through informal conversations with community members or through content analysis. Furthermore, we identified no research which specifically targeted community perceptions of transformed heritage festival soundscapes.
Summary
In recognising and understanding both the importance of sensory components in creating a festival atmosphere and the significance of heritage festivals to the community as a cultural signature, the COVID-19 pandemic gives us a chance to pause and consider festival sensory components as an experienced intangible form of heritage and to question how alteration of these sensory heritage experiences concerns the communities affected.
Graphical Abstract
Visual collage of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on heritage festival soundscapes
The response to COVID-19 resulted in a disruption of usual sensory experiences. In recognising the importance of festival sensory components in creating an atmosphere and the significance of heritage festivals to the community, the pandemic gives us an opportunity to consider festival sensory components as an experienced intangible form of heritage.
