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Average size of male and female mannequins. Mean mannequin sizes rated using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (left) and the BMI-based body size guide rating scale (right) are denoted by broken line boxes. For the BMI-based body size guide rating scale: scale points 1 and 2 (underweight), 3 and 4 (healthy weight), 5 (overweight), 6–12 (class I obesity and above)
Source publication
Background
There is concern that the body size of fashion store mannequins are too thin and promote unrealistic body ideals. To date there has been no systematic examination of the size of high street fashion store mannequins.
Methods
We surveyed national fashion retailers located on the high street of two English cities. The body size of ‘male’ a...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... approximately a 3-point BMI difference between scale figures. For the purpose of this study, we included scale ends marked as 'much slimmer' or 'much bigger' than the first and last figures in the series, as during piloting we noticed that a number of mannequins were smaller than the first scale figure. This produced a score between 1 and 12. See Fig. 1. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale is a widely used tool to determine visual perceptions of body size [17]. The scale consists of nine male/male front view contour drawings which increase in body size, ranging from a figure which appears very emaciated to a clearly overweight figure. We again in- cluded scale ends marked as 'much ...
Context 2
... determine visual perceptions of body size [17]. The scale consists of nine male/male front view contour drawings which increase in body size, ranging from a figure which appears very emaciated to a clearly overweight figure. We again in- cluded scale ends marked as 'much slimmer' and 'much bigger' resulting in a rating score between 1 and 11. See Fig. 1. The order in which the two scales were used to make ratings was ...
Context 3
... that the incremental increases in body size across both scales are subtle (see Fig. 1), we examined the percentage of the time that that the two researcher assis- tants made very similar ratings (i.e. both chose the same scale option or within one scale rating). This figure was 93% using the BMI-based body size guide rating scale and 75% for the Contour Drawing Rating Scale. The overall inter-rater agreement was ...
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Citations
... Today is our world full of the ideal body glorification while the ideal measures promoted in fashion are often very unrealistic. Robinson et al. (2017) point to the fact that the average female mannequin body size is representative of a very underweight woman. Also, Campbell (2014) claims that female college students with high levels of exposure to fashion magazines seemed to be less satisfied with their personal physical appearance than those with low levels of exposure to fashion magazines. ...
Background: The problem of the ideal body is very current and one of the ways to reach the ideal body is sporting. Objective: The aim is to compare athletes, recreational athletes and nonathletes aged 18-30 years old in satisfaction with their own bodies, appearance, health, and fitness. Methods: The research group consisted of 408 young adults aged 18 to 30, 117 males and 291 females. Athletes were 115, recreational athletes were in count 145 and nonathletes were in count 148. The MBSRQ was examined to identify health, appearance , and fitness. Nine silhouettes from the Thompson and Gray CDR were examined to identify satisfaction with the body. Results: We found out that athletes are significantly more satisfied with their own bodies and they feel more attractive and healthier compared to nonathletes. Female athletes were less sa-ficant difference in the ideal body assessment between athletes and nonathletes. Conclusion: Sport activity is needful for young adults because it can increase body satisfaction assessment and raise feelings about their health and physical attraction.
... However, despite the importance and ubiquity of mannequin use in fashion retail stores, research on the optimal uses of mannequins is sparse. Specifically, past research has heavily focused on the negative impact of thin mannequins on consumers, resulting in lowered selfesteem and self-satisfaction and increased eating disorders (e.g., Argo and Dahl, 2018;Cohen, 2014;Robinson and Aveyard, 2017), or it has focused on how mannequins function as a visual merchandising tool to decorate a store, create atmosphere, and encourage immediate purchases (e.g., impulsive purchase) (e.g., Grewal et al., 2014;Jain et al., 2012;Lam and Mukherjee, 2005). Scholars have only recently begun to pay attention to how mannequins can be used effectively in a retailing setting to give consumers information and help with decision-making processes. ...
This study examines how mannequins' physical conditions of display height and distance are related to consumers' shopping motivations in generating mental simulation resulting in purchase intention. A 2 × 2 x 2 between-subjects lab experiment (n = 249) was conducted to address this question. The results reveal a significant three-way interaction effect of display height, distance, and shopping motivation. Specifically, it is found that for those with a dominant hedonic shopping motivation, a mannequin displayed up high generates greater mental simulation than one displayed down low, but for those with a dominant utilitarian shopping motivation, a mannequin displayed high and close to consumers generates greater mental simulation than one displayed low and close to them. This study also reveals that mental simulation mediates the influence of the interaction effect of "display height x distance," moderated by shopping motivation, on purchase intention. Important theoretical and practical implications for retail managers are discussed.
... This discrepancy between the effect on the body satisfaction of ownership over real and mannequin bodies is likely to be a result of mannequins being designed specifically to encapsulate unattainable social ideals. Average shop mannequins portray unhealthy body sizes and shapes, particularly for females [46,47]. Our previous study also systematically ensured that the mannequin body was 15% slimmer than the participant's body [44], such that ownership over a slim mannequin is likely to reflect these unattainable social ideals more so than a slim real model. ...
Dissatisfaction with one’s body is a widespread issue in modern society and has been linked to vulnerability for developing eating disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between body perception and body satisfaction by manipulating perceived body size using multisensory body illusions. However, how these body size illusions influence implicit affective experience has not previously been examined. The current experiment used an established full-body ownership illusion paradigm to induce feelings of illusory obesity in male and female participants. The effects of illusory obesity on explicit and implicit body satisfaction were measured in naïve participants across two separate experiments. In terms of explicit measures, owning an obese body decreased body satisfaction, and owning a slimmer body increased body satisfaction in females but not in males. However, implicit feelings regarding the body were only influenced by the synchrony of the touch and not the size of the body in the illusion. These results suggest that implicit and explicit affective experiences of the body may be mediated by different factors. In addition, these findings may have clinical implications because both implicit and explicit changes in affective experience of the body were related to behaviours and thoughts associated with disordered eating in a non-clinical sample.
Per every 100,000 persons internationally, 9.4 healthy life years were lost due to Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa requires intensive care from a multitude of healthcare professionals; however, while occupational therapists are distinctly suited to assist, a paucity of literature exists that articulates the profession’s role. This paper presents a conceptual model of occupational therapy practice for individuals with Anorexia Nervosa informed by multidisciplinary literature. Guided by the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance Model, an analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic factors’ impact on occupation provides the basis for model development. Implications for occupational therapists are offered across processes of eating disorder assessment and intervention.
Compulsive eating is prevalent in binge-type eating disorders, present in some obese individuals, and often conceptualized in relation to the recently operationalized construct of food addiction. Compulsive eating putatively involves escalated intake of highly preferred foods, finickiness toward otherwise acceptable alternatives, increased effort and time spent to obtain preferred foods, eating behavior despite incorrect or adverse outcomes, and eating of palatable food in order to soothe abstinence- and stress-induced negative emotional states. We review theoretical and empirical bases for an opponent-process affective dysregulation model of compulsive eating, adapted from the addiction field, whereby intermittent, extended access to palatable food progressively dampens reward circuitry and potentiates activation of stress circuitry. We then detail corresponding protocols for two rodent models of intermittent, extended access to palatable food, describe methods for assessing compulsive-like outcomes, and discuss possible adaptations that can be used to understand better the prevention, biology, and treatment of compulsive eating.
En étudiant le marché de la mode, cette recherche analyse les enjeux de légitimité existant entre deux catégories de marché : le marché principal de la mode conventionnelle et le marché secondaire de la mode grande taille. En nous appuyant sur la Consumer Culture Theory, nous observons les dynamiques à partir des pratiques et dispositifs matériels, qui créent l’(in)visibilité symbolique, physique et sociale des catégories de marché. Notre travail doctoral ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur la compréhension des dynamiques de marché. La première contribution met en évidence quatre types de dynamiques (dynamiques d’attractivité, d’opposition, circulaires et systémiques), qui permettent de renforcer la légitimité de la catégorie de marché de mode conventionnelle au détriment de la catégorie de marché de mode grande taille. La deuxième contribution montre que la catégorisation n’est pas seulement une question de représentations, de discours ou d’interactions sociales, mais implique aussi des dispositifs matériels. La matérialité apparaît comme un dispositif de visibilité et d’invisibilité. Enfin nous mettons en avant les enjeux de la visibilité sociale. Derrière l’invisibilité physique (ne pas être vu, être caché…) se cache l’invisibilité sociale (ne pas exister socialement). Les consommatrices rondes se sentent alors illégitimes, et exclues du marché de la mode.
In this article, fashion is understood as a means by which an individual gains access and gradual establishment as a participant in a social environment. Fashion can be seen as the evolution of the expression of specific views on the external expression of a person’s common understanding. Then it is perceived too as an element of clothing and a person’s overall wardrobe. In a broader sense, as shown here, fashion is thought of as a social standard that is fulfilled only when it corresponds to a common cultural perception of the social order. The relevance is determined in particular by the fact that fashion is part of the mass culture and can form the appearance of a person.
Thus we understand fashion as part of mass culture, and its impact on the personal formation and development of people in the modern society becomes the subject of study. In particular, the set of fashion elements of youth is taken, in addition to development in the social environment itself.
The novelty of this study lies in determining that a person perceives fashion not only in the process of his/her professional development but also in the processes of developing their own emotional and personal status. Youth is most vulnerable to this. We have studied university students who were born during the phase of the post-Soviet state’s formation. For the first time results can be presented on the basis of the analysis of that generation, which determines their way of life after the transition period. A further direction and application of this study are in forming a link that will create a correlation between current fashion trends and the opportunities young people have for social adaptation.
The transition from casual drug use to dependence involves a shift from positive to negative reinforcement. This “dark side” shift also is implicated in food addiction. Palatable food intake initially has pleasurable and comforting effects that can normalize stress responses. But, repeated, intermittent intake can downregulate brain reward pathways and recruit brain circuitry, yielding negative emotional behavior when the food is not eaten, tolerance, palatable food-seeking despite aversive consequences, and heightened stress-induced relapse to palatable food-seeking. The results support an affective dysregulation model whereby intake becomes obligatory to prevent negative emotions, which show high comorbidity with addiction-like eating. Such negative emotions also may trigger impulsive palatable food intake via negative urgency. Neurobiological changes resemble many from substance-use disorders, including corticotropin-releasing factor, hypocretin, dopamine, opioid, and endocannabinoid systems in mesolimbic, extended amygdala and inhibitory frontal circuitry. We synthesize conceptual and empirical contributions to illuminate the “dark side” in food addiction.
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is a widely used assessment of eating disorder psychopathology; however, EDE-Q norms are yet to be provided within a non-clinical UK adult sample. Secondly, there is considerable disagreement regarding the psychometric properties of this measure. Several alternative factor structures have been previously proposed, but very few have subsequently validated their new structure in independent samples and many are often confined to specific sub-populations. Therefore, in the current study, we provide norms of the original four-factor EDE-Q structure, and subsequently assess the psychometric properties of the EDE-Q in females and males using a large non-clinical UK sample (total N=2459). EDE-Q norms were consistently higher in females compared with males across all samples. Initial Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) did not support the original four-factor structure for females or males (Phase 1). However, subsequent Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) revealed a three-factor structure as being the optimal fit for both females and males, using an 18-item and 16-item model, respectively (Phase 2). For females, the newly-proposed 18-item structure was validated within an independent student sample and further validated in an additional non-student sample. The 16-item three-factor male structure was also validated within an independent non-student sample, but was marginally below accepted fit indices within an independent student sample (Phase 3). Taken together, the above findings suggest that the EDE-Q factor structure may require further reassessment, with greater focus on the qualitative differences in interpretation of EDE-Q items between females and males.
