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The current study analyzed the relationship between reflectance of interior surfaces and distribution of artificial light through visual comfort indices by DIALux evo software. The relationships were assessed through a statistical analysis by SPSS. The quantitative comparison between surface reflectance and these indices showed that wall visible re...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... average illuminance of the room almost varied from 133 lx to 213 lx, while the values gradually reached to the pick by increasing the reflectance values of the interior surfaces. As shown in Fig. 3 there was a different upward trend in increasing the average illuminance according to the surface reflection ...
Context 2
... could be observed that -specially in Fig 3 (a)-the differences between a 10-unit change in surface reflectance for walls is considerably higher than same amount for ceiling and floor in terms of average illuminance values. Similarly, the obvious drops in the average illuminations in Fig 3 (a and b) are related to changing the reflection coefficient of wall. ...
Context 3
... could be observed that -specially in Fig 3 (a)-the differences between a 10-unit change in surface reflectance for walls is considerably higher than same amount for ceiling and floor in terms of average illuminance values. Similarly, the obvious drops in the average illuminations in Fig 3 (a and b) are related to changing the reflection coefficient of wall. Changing the reflection coefficient of ceiling also caused to slightly lower drops in the average illuminance, that were more noticeable by increasing the reflection coefficient of wall. ...
Context 4
... the reflection coefficient of ceiling also caused to slightly lower drops in the average illuminance, that were more noticeable by increasing the reflection coefficient of wall. Likewise, as illustrated in Fig.3 less variation corresponds to the floor reflection coefficients comparing to the wall and ceiling reflectance. ...
Context 5
... UGR, whereas the sensitivity coefficient related to walls is more noticeable than ceiling and floor. In addition, ceiling reflectance slightly influenced the average illuminance while its effects on the uniformity approximately equaled to zero. The findings are well matched with the fluctuations and deviations of output parameters presented in Fig. 3, 4 and 5. Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) ...
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Citations
... The reflectance factors vary for different colors. The specified reflectance factors for these three surfaces are commonly used in developed regions (Makaremi et al., 2017) for efficient lighting system development. In contrast, this is hardly observed in the least developed and developing regions of the world. ...
Purpose
Previous studies emphasized the substantial energy-saving potential of light emitting diode (LED) lighting systems, especially in the clothing industry. However, the specific quantification of energy conservation potential in industrial factories, particularly in Bangladesh’s readymade garment (RMG) sector, remains unexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential energy savings and efficiency improvements of lighting systems in Bangladesh’s RMG sector using LED technology.
Design/methodology/approach
Understanding and optimizing energy consumption is crucial in the RMG sector because this sector contributes significantly to the country’s export earnings. For this, an RMG factory was surveyed and possible lighting system retrofitting was estimated and compared.
Findings
The adoption of energy-efficient lighting options, particularly LED, could decrease the current lighting energy usage from 15% to 7.5% in Bangladesh. First, this study reveals, that the reduction of annual energy consumption was determined to be 18,220 kWh due to the retrofitting of the lighting system with LED tube. Second, it conducts real-time measurements to assess the suitability of in-building lighting systems, providing insights into the current scenario. Lastly, it evaluates the economic and environmental benefits of the proposed lighting system in the RMG industries. Due to the retrofitting of the lighting system, the reduction of equivalent CO 2 gas emissions was found to be 119.896 tCO 2 .
Originality/value
For the first time, this study explored the potential for enhancing energy-efficient lighting system design through retrofitting in the RMG industry, with a focus on Bangladesh. By addressing these aspects, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of energy efficiency and conservation efforts in the RMG sector, ultimately fostering sustainable industrial development in Bangladesh and beyond.
... The interior and physical characteristics of a building can be considered a significant factor in lighting consumption, as the indoor environment has a strong influence on the distribution of light inside the building [76]. Therefore, museums should be optimally lit for the visual comfort of and perception of exhibits by visitors, as well as for spatial orientation [6,77]. ...
The energy design of museums in developing countries is a subject that has been poorly studied, despite its significant implications for heritage preservation, human comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This study introduces a comprehensive framework of Energy Performance Indicators tailored to air-conditioned museums in tropical regions, which represent the most prevalent museum type. These indicators are particularly important as international standards may not be applicable in these contexts. A comprehensive review of the factors and their design implications is provided at the building, system, and component levels. Efficient integration of lighting and air conditioning systems can optimize energy use while maintaining appropriate conditions for both artefact preservation and visitor comfort. Parameters such as average illuminance, uniformity of lighting, lighting power density and lighting energy use intensity are critical in balancing visual quality and energy efficiency. Recommended values and strategies, such as the use of LED lighting and daylight harvesting, help to minimize energy consumption. In addition, parameters such as power density and energy use intensity of air conditioning systems are essential for assessing their efficiency. Techniques such as the integration of solar-assisted, optimized performance indices can effectively reduce energy consumption. Synthetic indicators for assessing lighting quality and overall energy performance are (i) Average Illuminance Ratio, which assesses the adequacy of lighting in a space by comparing the average measured illuminance with the recommended illuminance levels for that space, and (ii) Energy Use Intensity, which represents the total annual energy consumption per unit area of conditioned space. By adopting these indicators, tropical museums can advance energy efficiency and broader sustainability objectives, taking a significant step towards a more energy-conscious and sustainable future.
... Akibatnya, mata akan lebih cepat mengalami ketegangan dan kelelahan sehingga menyebabkan penglihatan menjadi kabur atau ganda. Kemudian, hasil studi dari Makaremi et al (2017) menunjukkan bahwa reflektansi dapat mempengaruhi tinggirendahnya tingkat pencahayaan di suatu ruangan. Reflektansi dinding mempengaruhi pendistribusian cahaya di area kerja sehingga meningkatkan pencahayaan rata-rata di area tersebut tanpa harus menambah jumlah cahaya (flux) dari sumbernya (lampu) (Ciampi et al., 2015). ...
Eye strain merupakan kondisi di mana mata mengalami ketegangan akibat terlalu sering digunakan dalam waktu yang lama, terutama pada aktivitas yang melibatkan penggunaan komputer. NIOSH menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 75 – 90% pengguna komputer yang menghabiskan waktu selama tiga jam atau lebih mengeluhkan gangguan penglihatan. Sebuah studi oleh Kowalska et al (2011) terhadap pekerja kantoran yang menggunakan komputer secara intens menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi eye strain pada pekerja wanita sebesar 50,7% dan pada pria sebesar 32,6%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pencahayaan, reflektansi, dan kekontrasan area kerja terhadap keluhan eye strain pada karyawan office di PT. X. Penelitian dilakukan dari April – Juni 2023 dengan total sampel sebanyak 134 orang secara simple random sampling. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu cross-sectional serta pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner, yang diadopsi dari Haeny (2009) dan Ramadhani (2012), dan pengukuran langsung menggunakan lux meter. Hasil uji analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 113 orang karyawan (84,3%) mengalami keluhan eye strain dengan gejala paling sering dirasakan yaitu terasa tegang di leher dan bahu (43,3%) dan gejala paling jarang dirasakan yaitu terasa nyeri di kelopak mata (8,2%). Dari hasil uji analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pencahayaan (p-value = 0,000), reflektansi (p-value = 0,001), kekontrasan (p-value = 0,027), durasi kerja (p-value = 0,000), dan usia (p-value = 0,022), namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara gangguan penglihatan (p-value = 0,749) dan riwayat gangguan kesehatan mata (p-value = 0,918) terhadap keluhan eye strain.
... Built environment factors Day et al., 2020 Occupant factors, Methods, and techniques Pierson et al., 2022 Occupant factors Chiou, Saputro and Sari, 2020 Methods and techniques Fakhari, Vahabi and Fayaz, 2021 Environmental factors Dimara, Krinidis and Tzovaras, 2021 Methods and techniques Indoor environment quality Mathew, Kurian, and Augustine, 2022 Occupant factors, Methods, and techniques Brown et al., 2022 Occupant factors Achsani, Wonorahardjo and Triyadi, 2022 Environmental factors Cadena et al., 2022 Methods and techniques Hakim et al., 2022 Occupant Occupant factors Zomorodian, Korsavi and Tahsildoost, 2016 Built environment factors Ho et al., 2008 Built environment factors Makaremi et al., 2017 Built environment factors ...
... Numerous studies shed light on various aspects of the built environment that contribute to visual comfort summarized in Table 4. Several elements in the built environment significantly contribute to achieving visual comfort. These include the arrangement of openings (Zomorodian, Korsavi, and Tahsildoost, 2016), interior space configuration (Bournas, Dubois, and Laike, 2020), shading device implementation (Ho et al., 2008) (Araji, Boubekri, and Chalfoun, 2007), outdoor views (Gulati et al., 2019), spatial composition, surface color, and texture (Makaremi et al., 2017), furniture selection (Ramprasad and Subbaiyan, 2017), and artificial lighting choice (Fotios and Cheal, 2009) (Veitch et al., 2008). For example, classroom studies have shown that factors like window configuration, window-to-wall ratio, the use of roof monitors, light shelves, and clerestory windows significantly impact daylight intensity, uniformity, and outdoor views, enhancing occupants' connection to nature and their surroundings (Zomorodian et al., 2016). ...
... Shading devices, including dual-layer sun-shadings and deep overhangs, can effectively reduce glare, improve light uniformity, regulate temperature, enhance energy efficiency, and increase overall comfort and aesthetics (Ho et al., 2008) (Araji, Boubekri, Chalfoun, 2007). In the context of interior spaces, room geometry, glass area, and surface textures significantly affect perceived brightness, as demonstrated by Bournas, Dubois, and Laike (2020) and Makaremi et al. (2017). These studies indicate that surface reflectance (Table 2) and material choices can enhance visual comfort and energy efficiency. ...
The importance of lighting in architectural design has evolved from influencing the structure of buildings to giving precedence to energy efficiency and, more recently, emphasizing the well-being, health, and comfort of occupants. This necessitates a fresh perspective on examining lighting and its multifaceted impact on indoor spaces. This paper conducts a systematic comprehensive review of published research to explore and identify the diverse factors that affect visual comfort indoors and the assessment methods and techniques to evaluate it. The paper adopts a systematic literature review as a methodology and explores the relevant papers from the past 15 years in the domain of building sciences, architecture, lighting technology, and chronobiology with a focus on visual comfort and luminous environment. It also includes a few data from some older sources to provide a broader perspective on research in the field. The findings demonstrate current knowledge on visual comfort research and should be a valuable resource for architects, engineers, and building designers seeking to create comfortable, healthy, and wellbeing-promoting environments. It concludes that lighting research has progressed to encompass a holistic approach to indoor visual comfort, considering factors like lighting, environment, human elements, and architecture. Objective assessments now employ innovative techniques like computational simulations and HDR imagery, while subjective assessments concentrate on occupant preferences and eye-tracking methods integrating Building Management Systems (BMS) in buildings. The adoption of the Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) metric by ISHRAE is a positive development in India's context, but there is a need for more diverse research in various settings and populations. Significantly, more studies are required on visual comfort in educational, residential, and commercial settings, indicating the need for immediate attention to better environments.
... Field lighting simulations have limitations in that they require considerable effort and cost owing to the need to build physical mock-up rooms with different lighting conditions [37,38]. Moreover, it is difficult to manipulate design variables affecting lighting conditions, such as the characteristics of lighting fixtures, materials of furniture and walls [74,75], room size [76,77], lighting configuration [78], and the window-to-wall ratio [79]. Given these limitations, a photo-based simulation that investigates the lighting demand of users by using photos of real office lighting designs can be a more effective method because it does not require building physical mock-up rooms [36,80,81]. ...
Optimizing space utilization in buildings is necessary to achieve a sustainable built environment. To this end, accurate space utilization prediction, considering the spatial preference of occupants, is required to design well-utilized spaces in architecture, engineering, and construction projects. However, there is no existing method for quantitatively estimating occupants’ spatial preferences during space planning and design phases to optimize post-occupancy space utilization. Thus, in this study, an immersive choice modeling approach (ICMA) was developed to estimate the spatial preferences of occupants by integrating a discrete choice modeling approach with an immersive virtual environment simulation. The ICMA quantitatively estimates the spatial preferences of occupants in three steps: 1) discrete choice experiment design, 2) immersive virtual environment choice simulation creation, and 3) spatial preference modeling. The ICMA was successfully demonstrated by estimating the spatial preferences of 45 participants for an office. The application of an ICMA was then illustrated through a case example, highlighting its ability to predict space utilization in space planning and design phases.
... Previous studies have also emphasized that residential lighting becomes the second-largest electricity consumer in buildings with about 20%, accounts for about 10% of the household electricity consumptions in the European area and a significant contributor to energy costs in most industrialized countries (Makaremi et al. 2017;EEA 2014;Baloch et al. 2018). Although there are numerous studies evaluating the visual requirements for user comfort and lighting energy consumption in households, there were no direct measurements of the impact of occupancy patterns during and after the pandemic and working from home on lighting energy. ...
... Previous studies have also emphasized that residential lighting becomes the second-largest electricity consumer in buildings with about 20%, accounts for about 10% of the household electricity consumptions in the European area and a significant contributor to energy costs in most industrialized countries (Makaremi et al. 2017;EEA 2014;Baloch et al. 2018). Although there are numerous studies evaluating the visual requirements for user comfort and lighting energy consumption in households, there were no direct measurements of the impact of occupancy patterns during and after the pandemic and working from home on lighting energy. ...
This study assesses residential areas which have been converted into workplaces and are still used after the Covid-19 in terms of visual, non-visual, and energy performance requirements of lighting. We proposed a lighting design using LED systems with dimmable and tuneable features. Circadian factors in WELL Building Standard are analyzed for compatibility with the current visual requirements for indoor workplaces and residential areas. The impact of various design parameters on lighting energy consumption, including daylight availability, occupancy-based lighting schedules, lighting control strategies, and light reflectance value of walls is evaluated through a case study in Turkey. Although the annual lighting energy consumption is higher than it was before the pandemic, building energy simulation results show that the application of LED systems with lighting energy measures can improve lighting energy performance by up to 38%. From the non-visual dimension of light, our data indicates that higher melanopic illuminance and/or colour temperature of light sources are necessary to entrain and sustain the circadian rhythm under overcast sky conditions in winter months. On the other hand, an increase in luminous intensity can lead to glare and higher energy consumption while a higher colour temperature may affect the physiology and psychology of occupants negatively.
... DIALux software assists the users in designing lighting systems both indoors and outdoors. This software is used to build a lighting in a three-dimensional display, predict the lighting, and provide the of calculation results of lighting levels based on the input parameters [2]- [10]- [1]. ...
Lighting is one of the important factors in a room design. The intensity of lighting that does not meet the standards can affect eye health and work activities. In this study, measurements of the lighting intensity were carried out at Pekanbaru College of Technology (STTP) i.e., in classroom 01A and library. Lumen method is one of the calculation methods to determine the number of luminaires required to improve the lighting quality in the room. For the lighting in classroom 01A, the mathematical calculations result in 363.23 lux while the DIALux evo 9.2 software obtained 375 lux. There is 3.1% difference in these results This might occur because the condition of the room, supporting equipment, and color has an influence on the results of calculations and the spread of light, while the effect of color is not considered. However, in calculations using DIALux evo 9.2 software, surface color has an influence on the results obtained.by changing the specifications of the lamp using the type of LED lamp. The lighting standard to improve the lighting system refers to SNI 6197:2011.
... There are 16 luminaries in the classroom and 8 luminaries in the laboratory. They are uniformly placed at a longitudinal distance of 3 feet and a breadthwise distance of 8 feet from each other [21]. Except for the overcast sky and at night, the other two natural lighting conditions are more than sufficient for the classroom. ...
Lighting is one of the dominant electricity demand factors in the building energy sector and has huge potential for demand reduction. However, concerning the efficacy of energy consumption, this potential energy-saving option entails further investigations, particularly for developing countries. This study addresses the issues of an efficient lighting system design for educational institutions with particular attention to classroom and laboratory lighting systems for a university in Bangladesh as a case study. Measurements show that during the daytime, under clear and average sky conditions both rooms received sufficient natural light (>300 lx) for educational activities, whereas under an overcast sky, only 50% space receives sufficient natural light. At night, the installed fluorescent tube lights illuminance level was found insufficient (<300 lx) for educational activities. The inefficient lighting system design was found to be the main reason for this illuminance level. Simulation results reveal that light emitting diode (LED) tube lights with a maintenance factor of 0.8 could save 10,080-15,120 kWh, 91,929-137,894 BDT (1USD=84BDT), and 6,753-10,130 kgCO2-eq, energy, cost, and, greenhouse gas emissions respectively per year for the classrooms.
... In this case, the reflectance of interior surfaces is the crucial variable to be addressed. 20 The ASHRAE/IES standard for K-12 schools recommends the reflectance values for classrooms shown in Table 5. However, the classroom in this study has many types of material on each surface, as shown in the photograph of the classroom in Figure 10. ...
This paper analyzes the energy‐saving potential of lighting, including its effect on heating and cooling, and analyzes the effect of the thermal performance of a building on the annual energy consumption of a classroom actively using daylighting. The subject of this study is M Junior High School, located in Gifu, Japan. This school has a classroom design with a sloping roof, allowing the installation of large windows from north to south. The window‐to‐wall ratio of 56% for the south wall and 41% for the north wall takes advantage of daylight. Simulation results of illuminance in the classroom were validated through comparison with field measurement data. The result demonstrated that daylight utilization decreases lighting electric power consumption by 66.6% when artificial lighting is controlled in the classroom. The results confirmed that there was no significant heat load increase for heating and cooling even though the window surface area was larger than that of a typical classroom. The sensitivity study showed that the thermal performance of the building envelope mainly affects the heating energy consumption, but it has no significant effect on cooling and lighting energy consumption. In terms of the thermal performance of the building envelope and the amount of energy saving by daylight utilization, it is necessary to consider the appropriate thermal performance to determine cost‐effectiveness. This paper analyzes the energy‐saving potential of lighting, including its effect on heating and cooling, and analyzes the effect of the thermal performance of a building on the annual energy consumption of a classroom that actively utilizes daylighting.