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This paper analyses the trends of general government expenditures in the European Union. Government expenditure has increased considerably in all industrialized countries since 1870. Although this increase has not been equal in all countries, it is nevertheless remarkable that despite institutional differences, growing public spending has been a ge...
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... crisis has a significant influence on the operation of the welfare states. Well-functioning systems of social protection increase spending in times of recession, and scale it back as the economy recovers (Matsaganis, 2013), therefore the welfare state can operate as an effective "automatic stabilizer" (Basso et al., 2012). ...
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Bu çalışma, güvencesizlik ve eşitsizliğin önemli ölçüde arttığı günümüz koşullarında sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini etkileyen değişkenleri analiz etme amacı taşımaktadır. Son kırk yıldır uygulanmakta olan minimalist sosyal politikalar, küresel düzeyde güvencesizlik, yoksulluk ve eşitsizliğin artmasına neden olmuştur. Yaşanmakta olan pandemi var olan eşitsizliklerin bir yandan daha da artmasına neden olurken, diğer yandan güvencesizliği ve eşitsizliği yönetilebilir olmaktan çıkarmaktadır. Ortaya çıkan güvencesizlik, eşitsizlik ve yoksulluk krizinin çözümü için, sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini güçlendirici yönde yeni bir güvence anlayışı gerekmektedir. Sosyal güvenliğin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini belirleyen değişkenler, sosyal güvenlik politikalarının istihdam, sağlık ve eğitim politikalarıyla birlikte bütünsel bir anlayışla ele alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu çerçeve yapı içerisinde sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini güçlendirici yönde yeni bir anlayışın, toplumsal uzlaşı temelinde acil olarak yaşama geçirilme ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.
We investigate the financial crisis as a cut‐off point in EU financial systems’ evolution and assess its effects on cross‐country convergence patterns. Before the crisis, we observe a rise in the centrality of the financial sector, driven by an upward convergent pattern of bank credit. This inflated leverage ratios across all economic sectors, and a catch‐up phenomenon is retrieved in the leveraging of the real sector. The crisis caused a general deleveraging across all economic sectors, with a downward convergence pattern characterizing the financial sector, and triggered an upward convergent pattern in the level of insurance products in households’ portfolios.