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The geographical distribution of the timings of phenological phases is a precondition for
detecting regional trends of the annual timings of phenological phases and finding their relationships
to climate changes. Therefore phenological maps of Europe have been computed showing long-term
means, trends and annual timings of extreme years. In this art...
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... dependences of the beginning and end of the growing season on altitude, longitude and latitude - averaged over the years 1961-1998 -can be derived from the regression coefficients averaged over the in- Fig. 1). Whereas the British Isles with the exception of Scotland, Belgium, The Netherlands, the northern part of France as well as Hungary, Croatia and the former Republic of Yugoslavia show a begin- ning of growing season between April 5 and 15, a beginning before April 5 was calculated for southern France, northern Portugal and Spain and ...
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Phenology-the timing of biological events-is highly sensitive to climate change. However, our general understanding of how phenology responds to climate change is based almost solely on incomplete assessments of phenology (such as first date of flowering) rather than on entire phenological distributions. Using a uniquely comprehensive 39-y flowerin...
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... In these regions, at higher altitudes, flowering started few days later, while the flowering period was shorter due to the difference in climatic conditions. Rötzer and Chmielewski (2001) demonstrated that the phenological phases of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) are dependent on both altitude and latitude. According to their findings, blooming time is delayed by 2.9 days for each 100 m of altitude and by 3.7 days for each latitude degree, while ripening time is delayed by 3.7 and 3.2 days, respectively. ...
Extensive plum production in Serbia has led to a reduction in yield, quality and economic profitability, a transition to intensive production is necessary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different generative (Prunus cerasifera, Prunus cerasifera +Prunus spinosa) and vegetative (WaVit, WeiWa) rootstocks in a dense planting system (4 m × 2 m). The experiment was conducted on early high-quality domestic cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ characterised by high adaptive ability in different agro-climatic conditions. The orchard was established in 2012 at the Experimental Field for Fruit Growing of the Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad at Rimski Šančevi, and the experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2017. Based on the research findings, Prunus cerasifera rootstock induced higher tree trunk cross-section area, while also enhancing the total soluble solids content in the fruit. Trees grafted on Prunus spinosa interstock with Prunus cerasifera as the rootstock exhibited the smallest vigour, cumulative yield and titratable acidity. On the other hand, vegetative rootstocks increased the fruit yield, weight and size.
... However, the inflorescences from higher elevations were still immature, whereas they were already flowering at lower altitude. Flowering of P. abies starts with a delay of three days with every additional 100 m of elevation [83]. Bell et al. [15] found that local environmental constraints mask the effect of altitude. ...
Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of raw pollen sampled from nine abundant tree species growing in natural habitats of central and northern Europe were investigated to understand the intra- and inter-specific variability of pollen-isotope values. All species yielded specific δ¹³Cpollen and δ¹⁸Opollen values and patterns, which can be ascribed to their physiology and habitat preferences. Broad-leaved trees flowering early in the year before leaf proliferation (Alnus glutinosa and Corylus avellana) exhibited on average 2.6‰ lower δ¹³Cpollen and 3.1‰ lower δ¹⁸Opollen values than broad-leaved and coniferous trees flowering during mid and late spring (Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus robur). Mean species-specific δ¹³Cpollen values did not change markedly over time, whereas δ¹⁸Opollen values of two consecutive years were often statistically distinct. An intra-annual analysis of B. pendula and P. sylvestris pollen revealed increasing δ¹⁸Opollen values during the final weeks of pollen development. However, the δ¹³Cpollen values remained consistent throughout the pollen-maturation process. Detailed intra-individual analysis yielded circumferential and height-dependent variations within carbon and oxygen pollen-isotopes and the sampling position on a tree accounted for differences of up to 3.5‰ for δ¹³Cpollen and 2.1‰ for δ¹⁸Opollen. A comparison of isotope ranges from different geographic settings revealed gradients between maritime and continental as well as between high and low altitudinal study sites. The results of stepwise regression analysis demonstrated, that carbon and oxygen pollen-isotopes also reflect local non-climate environmental conditions. A detailed understanding of isotope patterns and ranges in modern pollen is necessary to enhance the accuracy of palaeoclimate investigations on δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of fossil pollen. Furthermore, pollen-isotope values are species-specific and the analysis of species growing during different phenophases may be valuable for palaeoweather reconstructions of different seasons.
... Recently, Naoe et al. hypothesized that the timing of fruiting determines the direction of vertical seed dispersal: uphill seed dispersal occurs in spring-and summer-fruiting plants and downhill seed dispersal occurs in autumn-and winter-fruiting plants because frugivores ascend or descend mountains following food plant phenology in the temperate zone (1), which proceeds from the foot to the top of mountains in spring-summer and from the top to the foot in autumnwinter (11,12). Considering that most animal-dispersed trees fruit in autumn-winter in the temperate zone (10), this hypothesis suggests that populations of autumn-to-winter fruiting trees dispersed by animals may not sufficiently escape from current global warming in the temperate zone (3). ...
Vertical seed dispersal toward higher or lower altitudes has been recognized as one of the critical processes for plants to escape from climate change. Studies exploring vertical seed dispersal are scarce, preventing the prediction of future vegetation dynamics. In the present study, we show that the timing of fruiting, rather than topography, determines the direction of vertical seed dispersal by mammals and birds across mountains in central Japan. We found strong uphill seed dispersal of summer fruiting cherry and weak downhill seed dispersal of summer-to-autumn fruiting cherry, irrespective of mountains and animals. The ascent or descent of animals, following the altitudinal gradients in food plant phenology in the temperate zone, was considered to be a driver of the biased seed dispersal. We found that megafauna (i.e., bears) intensively dispersed seeds vertically. The results suggest that the timing of fruiting and megafauna strongly affect whether animal-dispersed temperate plants can maintain their populations under climate change.
... A part of the spatial variability can be attributed to the relationship between altitude and phenology. However, it was found that the gradient (DOY change/100 m) varies noticeably over different regions, elevation levels, and plant phenophases (e.g., Rötzer and Chmielewski 2001;Dittmar and Elling 2006;Larcher 2007;Schleip et al. 2009;Ziello et al. 2009;Cornelius et al. 2013 and articles cited therein). The same is true for different phenological phases during the vegetation period: spring phases, which mostly depend on temperature, can be assessed quite well, while the modeling of autumn phases is less successful. ...
Plant phenology is well known to be affected by meteorology. Observed changes in the occurrence of phenological phases are commonly considered some of the most obvious effects of climate change. However, current climate models lack a representation of vegetation suitable for studying future changes in phenology itself. This study presents a statistical-dynamical modeling approach for Bavaria in southern Germany, using over 13,000 paired samples of phenological and meteorological data for analyses and climate change scenarios provided by a state-of-the-art regional climate model (RCM). Anomalies of several meteorological variables were used as predictors and phenological anomalies of the flowering date of the test plant Forsythia suspensa as predictand. Several cross-validated prediction models using various numbers and differently constructed predictors were developed, compared, and evaluated via bootstrapping. As our approach needs a small set of meteorological observations per phenological station, it allows for reliable parameter estimation and an easy transfer to other regions. The most robust and successful model comprises predictors based on mean temperature, precipitation, wind velocity, and snow depth. Its average coefficient of determination and root mean square error (RMSE) per station are 60% and ± 8.6 days, respectively. However, the prediction error strongly differs among stations. When transferred to other indicator plants, this method achieves a comparable level of predictive accuracy. Its application to two climate change scenarios reveals distinct changes for various plants and regions. The flowering date is simulated to occur between 5 and 25 days earlier at the end of the twenty-first century compared to the phenology of the reference period (1961–1990).
... The western part of Europe and the Western flyway are generally characterized by oceanic climate with relatively small seasonal temperature fluctuations, whereas the eastern part of Europe, and thus the Eastern flyway, has a noticeably more continental climate with stronger thermal seasonality (Lisovski, Ramenofsky, & Wingfield, 2017;Metzger et al., 2013;Rötzer & Chmielewski, 2001). ...
Aim: Knowledge of broad-scale biogeographical patterns of animal migration is important for understanding ecological drivers of migratory behaviours. Here, we present a flyway-scale assessment of the spatial structure and seasonal dynamics of the Afro-Palaearctic bird migration system and explore how phenology of the environment guides long-distance migration. Location: Europe and Africa. Time period: 2009-2017. Major taxa studied: Birds. Methods: We compiled an individual-based dataset comprising 23 passerine and near-passerine species of 55 European breeding populations, in which a total of 564 individuals were tracked during migration between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, we used remotely sensed primary productivity data (the normalized difference vegetation index) to estimate the timing of vegetation green-up in spring and senescence in autumn across Europe. First, we described how individual breeding and non-breeding sites and the migratory flyways link geographically. Second, we examined how the timing of migration along the two major Afro-Palaearctic flyways is tuned with vegetation phenology at the breeding sites. Results: We found the longitudes of individual breeding and non-breeding sites to be related in a strongly positive manner, whereas the latitudes of breeding and non-breeding sites were related negatively. In autumn, migration commenced ahead of vegetation senescence, and the timing of migration was 5-7 days earlier along the Western flyway compared with the Eastern flyway. In spring, the time of arrival at breeding sites was c. 1.5 days later for each degree northwards and 6-7 days later along the Eastern compared with the Western flyway, reflecting the later spring green-up at higher latitudes and more eastern longitudes. Main conclusions: Migration of the Afro-Palaearctic landbirds follows a longitudinally parallel leapfrog migration pattern, whereby migrants track vegetation green-up in spring but depart before vegetation senescence in autumn. The degree of continen-tality along migration routes and at the breeding sites of the birds influences the timing of migration on a broad scale.
... Highly biased seed dispersal towards the foot of the mountains, coinciding with the known descent of temperate frugivores including our target mammals during the autumn-to-winter season 19 , was probably due to the autumn-to-winter phenology of the food plants of mammals (Fig. 1). The autumn-to-winter phenology of plants, including fruit production, proceeds from the top to the foot of mountains in the temperate zone 16,18,29,30 . Furthermore, temperate mammals and birds are highly dependent on plants during autumn and winter, when fruits are abundant [31][32][33] . ...
Vertical seed dispersal, i.e. seed dispersal towards a higher or lower altitude, is considered a critical process for plant escape from climate change. However, studies exploring vertical seed dispersal are scarce, and thus, its direction, frequency, and mechanisms are little known. In the temperate zone, evaluating vertical seed dispersal of animal-dispersed plants fruiting in autumn and/or winter is essential considering the dominance of such plants in temperate forests. We hypothesized that their seeds are dispersed towards lower altitudes because of the downhill movement of frugivorous animals following the autumn-to-winter phenology of their food plants which proceeds from the mountain tops to the foot in the temperate zone. We evaluated the vertical seed dispersal of the autumn-fruiting wild kiwi, Actinidia arguta, which is dispersed by temperate mammals. We collected dispersed seeds from mammal faeces in the Kanto Mountains of central Japan and estimated the distance of vertical seed dispersal using the oxygen isotope ratios of the dispersed seeds. We found the intensive downhill seed dispersal of wild kiwi by all seed dispersers, except the raccoon dog (bear: mean −393.1 m; marten: −245.3 m; macaque: −98.5 m; and raccoon dog: +4.5 m). Mammals with larger home ranges dispersed seeds longer towards the foot of the mountains. Furthermore, we found that seeds produced at higher altitudes were dispersed a greater distance towards the foot of the mountains. Altitudinal gradients in autumn-to-winter plant phenology and other mountain characteristics, i.e. larger surface areas and more attractive human crops at lower altitudes compared to higher altitudes, were considered drivers of downhill seed dispersal via animal movement. Strong downhill seed dispersal by mammals suggests that populations of autumn-to-winter fruiting plants dispersed by animals may not be able to sufficiently escape from current global warming in the temperate zone.
... In Ireland, it is projected that there will be an increase of 1.5˚C in mean temperatures by 2050, mostly as a result of warmer winter nights (McGrath et al., 2008;Nolan, 2015). The date of budburst may be advanced due to the increase in temperature (Lieth, 1974;Rötzer and Chmielewski, 2001;Fu et al., 2014a). For example, Chmielewski and Rötzer (2000) found that the date of budburst has advanced almost 8 days in several species in the past 30 years across Europe. ...
Environmental factors affect phenological responses in trees and are considered of adaptive significance. A combination of chilling temperatures in the winter, followed by warm weather, releases shoot dormancy in the spring. Low temperatures and short photoperiods then induce shoot growth cessation and dormancy in the autumn. It is important to understand the effects of these factors on tree phenological responses, with the aim of assessing the potential effect that climate change may have on these events. In this study, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings were subjected to a combination of both natural and artificial chilling treatments beginning in November, to assess their effects on the timing of budburst. The effect on leaf senescence in the autumn was also assessed in the broadleaved species. After each treatment, the seedlings were potted and placed in a semi-controlled polytunnel on three separate dates. Prolonged chilling reduced the thermal requirement (temperatures >5˚C) necessary to break bud in Sitka spruce, but not in the broadleaves. The timing of leaf senescence differed between the broadleaved species, which may indicate that they respond differently to photoperiod. Leaf senescence also appeared to be associated with low temperatures (<5˚C) in the autumn. In a separate study of Sitka spruce planted in field trials, the date of budburst was assessed from 2013 to 2019. Data from nearby meteorological stations were used to calculate a range of temperature accumulations for each site. These temperature accumulations were used to develop a model that predicts budburst in Sitka spruce and to estimate the date of budburst in response to several expected climate change scenarios predicted for Ireland in the future. Both chilling and warm temperatures affected the timing of budburst in Sitka spruce in the field.
... He proposed a "Bioclimatic Law" to estimate the offset in onset of spring as a function of latitude, longitude and elevation in the eastern U.S. [12]. Subsequently, multiple regression equations among average phenological dates and geo-location factors were constructed to estimate phenological gradients, along with latitude, longitude and elevation in different regions [13][14][15][16]. As geo-location factors are not climatic elements, they could not explain the essential environmental causes of spatial difference of phenological occurrence dates or examine the spatial responses of phenological occurrence dates to climatic difference. ...
Autumn vegetation phenology plays a critical role in identifying the end of the growing season and its response to climate change. Using the six vegetation indices retrieved from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data, we extracted an end date of the growing season (EOS) in the temperate deciduous broadleaf forest (TDBF) area of China. Then, we validated EOS with the ground-observed leaf fall date (LF) of dominant tree species at 27 sites and selected the best vegetation index. Moreover, we analyzed the spatial pattern of EOS based on the best vegetation index and its dependency on geo-location indicators and seasonal temperature/precipitation. Results show that the plant senescence reflectance index-based EOS agrees most closely with LF. Multi-year averaged EOS display latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal gradients. The altitudinal sensitivity of EOS became weaker from 2000 to 2012. Temperature-based spatial phenology modeling indicated that a 1 K spatial shift in seasonal mean temperature can cause a spatial shift of 2.4–3.6 days in EOS. The models explain between 54% and 73% of the variance in the EOS timing. However, the influence of seasonal precipitation on spatial variations of EOS was much weaker. Thus, spatial temperature variation controls the spatial patterns of EOS in TDBF of China, and future temperature increase might lead to more uniform autumn phenology across elevations.
... The typical decrease in XCO 2 found over the course of a day is about 2 to 3 ppm. This decrease could be driven by (natural) sinks of CO 2 , which can be expected to be very strong as our campaign took place after the start of the growing season in Europe for most of southern and central Europe (Rötzer and Chmielewski, 2001). ...
Providing timely information on urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and
their trends to stakeholders relies on reliable measurements of atmospheric
concentrations and the understanding of how local emissions and atmospheric
transport influence these observations.
Portable Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers were deployed at five stations
in the Paris metropolitan area to provide column-averaged
concentrations of CO2 (XCO2) during a field campaign in spring of
2015, as part of the Collaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON).
Here, we describe and analyze the variations of XCO2 observed at
different sites and how they changed over time. We find that observations
upwind and downwind of the city centre differ significantly in their
XCO2 concentrations, while the overall variability of the daily cycle
is similar, i.e. increasing during night-time with a strong decrease
(typically 2–3 ppm) during the afternoon.
An atmospheric transport model framework (CHIMERE-CAMS) was used to simulate
XCO2 and predict the same behaviour seen in the observations, which
supports key findings, e.g. that even in a densely populated region like
Paris (over 12 million people), biospheric uptake of CO2 can be of
major influence on daily XCO2 variations. Despite a general offset
between modelled and observed XCO2, the model correctly predicts the
impact of the meteorological parameters (e.g. wind direction and speed) on
the concentration gradients between different stations. When analyzing local
gradients of XCO2 for upwind and downwind station pairs, those local gradients are found to
be less sensitive to changes in XCO2 boundary conditions and biogenic
fluxes within the domain and we find the model–data agreement further
improves. Our modelling framework indicates that the local XCO2
gradient between the stations is dominated by the fossil fuel CO2
signal of the Paris metropolitan area. This further highlights the potential
usefulness of XCO2 observations to help optimize future urban GHG
emission estimates.
... Summit, that has the earliest harvest date. Rötzer and Chmielewski [2001] described the dependence of tree phenological phases on latitude and altitude in Europe. In wild cherry (Prunus avium L.), flowering begins 2.9 days later per 100 m altitude and 3.7 days later per 100 km from south to north, while ripening begins 3.7 days later per 100 m altitude and 3.2 days later per 100 km from south to north. ...
Growing the sweet cherry on different vigor rootstocks, such as Colt and Gisela 5, in a high-density orchard, causes differences in growth and productivity and later imposes the need to change the growing system including pruning, flower and fruit thinning, irrigation and fertilization. In the present research, four sweet cherry cultivars (Summit, Kordia, Lapins and Regina) grafted on Colt and Gisela 5 rootstocks were assessed for morphological traits and productivity. The parameters investigated were: vegetative growth, bearing potential, fruit set, precocity, productivity, fruit growth habit and quality attributes. Compared to Colt, the trees on Gisela 5 had smaller TCSA and the length of two-year-old branches, in the fifth season after planting. Trees on Gisela 5 had a higher number of flower buds per may bouquet compared to Colt, which confirms that bearing potential is highly affected by the rootstock. Growing the sweet cherries on Gisela 5 induced a higher fruit setting in all cultivars except in Kordia. Fruit physical attributes were affected by the cultivar, growing system and experimental year. For all tested cultivars, the yield per tree was significantly lower on Colt compared to Gisela 5. Gisela 5 performed better than Colt, which suggests that Gisela 5 should be used as a rootstock in high density sweet cherry production systems.
