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This study was conducted to determine the
effects of light intensity on the growth and development as
well as the anthocyanin content of two Echeveria species,
namely Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. Three light
intensity levels (high, 150 μmol･m-2s-1; intermediate, 75
μmol･m-2s-1; and low, 35 μmol･m-2s-1) served as the
treatments, which were rep...
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... Conditions in the climate chamber were 12-h days, with approximately 250 µmol m −2 s −1 of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at leaf height, 25/20°C day/night temperatures, and 20%-35% relative humidity. These conditions have been commonly used for adequate growth of succulent plants in climate chambers (e.g., Cabahug et al., 2017;Griffiths et al., 2008;Li et al., 2015). Plants were acclimated to these conditions for 3 months before the start of the experiment. ...
Hydathodes are usually associated with water exudation in plants. However, foliar water uptake (FWU) through the hydathodes has long been suspected in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula (Crassulaceae), a highly diverse group in southern Africa, and, to our knowledge, no empirical observations exist in the literature that unequivocally link FWU to hydathodes in this genus. FWU is expected to be particularly beneficial on the arid western side of southern Africa, where up to 50% of Crassula species occur and where periodically high air humidity leads to fog and/or dew formation. To investigate if hydathode-mediated FWU is operational in different Crassula species, we used the apoplastic fluorescent tracer Lucifer Yellow in combination with different imaging techniques. Our images of dye-treated leaves confirm that hydathode-mediated FWU does indeed occur in Crassula and that it might be widespread across the genus. Hydathodes in Crassula serve as moisture-harvesting structures, besides their more common purpose of guttation, an adaptation that has likely played an important role in the evolutionary history of the genus. Our observations suggest that ability for FWU is independent of geographical distribution and not restricted to arid environments under fog influence, as FWU is also operational in Crassula species from the rather humid eastern side of southern Africa. Our observations point towards no apparent link between FWU ability and overall leaf surface wettability in Crassula. Instead, the hierarchically sculptured leaf surfaces of several Crassula species may facilitate FWU due to hydrophilic leaf surface microdomains, even in seemingly hydrophobic species. Overall, these results confirm the ecophysiological relevance of hydathode-mediated FWU in Crassula and reassert the importance of atmospheric humidity for some arid-adapted plant groups.
... Various photosynthetic parameters (F v /F m , Φ Do , ABS/RC, DI o /RC, PI ABS , and etc.) enable easy evaluation of plant photosynthetic performance, and its usefulness has been demonstrated in various studies 2022d;Park et al., 2023;Vosnjak et al., 2021). While the conventional methods of assessing plant growth parameters were based on measurements of plant sizes or biomass, recent studies have increasingly also utilized leaf color reading values (such as CIELAB, Hunter Lab, and RGB) and leaf pigments analyses (Cabahug et al., 2017;2019;Nam et al., 2016; as well as chlorophyll fluorescence analysis Oh et al., 2022;Yang et al., 2022) for assessing plants vitality. Therefore, in this study, we selected different Peperomia species and cultivars, P. obtusifolia, P. caperata cv. ...
Peperomia, the commonly cultivated house plants, are known for their superior shade tolerance, and suitability as ornamental indoor plants. Here, the effects of different color temperatures of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were experimentally investigated on Peperomia. Three white LEDs with different color temperatures of 3000, 4100, and 6500 K, respectively, were used in the cultivation of Peperomia species and cultivars namely: P. obtusifolia, P. caperata cv. Napoli Nights (‘Napoli Nights’), and P. caperata cv. Eden Rosso (‘Eden Rosso’) for experimental purposes. Results showed that the sizes of the plants P. obtusifolia and ‘Napoli Nights’ were optimal under 4100 and 6500 K white LEDs, whereas, ‘Eden Rosso’ exhibited optimal growth under 6500 K white LED. Compared to the other plants, P. obtusifolia exhibited superior biomass production under 4100 K white LED. Conversely, ‘Eden Rosso’ and ‘Napoli Nights’ had the highest biomass under 6500 and 3000 K white LEDs, respectively. Regarding the leaf color, L* and b* values demonstrated an inverse relationship with plant biomass, suggesting that leaves turn yellow when the growth of a plant is inhibited. Fv/Fm ranged from 0.77 to 0.81 across all treatments, and these values are generally acceptable. Compared to the other plants, P. obtusifolia and ‘Eden Rosso’ had higher ΦDo, ABS/RC, and DIo/RC under 6500 and 3000 K white LEDs, respectively, contradicting the results observed for plant sizes. In addition, PIABS values were higher for P. obtusifolia under 4100 and 6500 K white LEDs and the highest for ‘Eden Rosso’ under 6500 K white LED. In conclusion, P. obtusifolia can be cultivated under 4100-6500 K white LEDs, whereas, ‘Eden Rosso’ and ‘Napoli Nights’, under 6500 and 4100 K white LEDs, respectively.
... CAM 광 합성은 C 3 나 C 4 광합성에 비해 최대 5배의 수분 활용 효율을 나타내지만 (Drennan and Nobel, 2000), 많은 탄수화물 CIELAB는 원예분야에서 여러 방면으로 사용되며, 각각 명도(lightness)와 적색도, 황색도의 색 좌표를 나타내는 L * , a * , b * 로 표기한다. CIELAB는 엽채류의 품질 평가 (Kim et al., 2022;Lee et al., 2022d), 약용식물의 품질평가 (Lee et al., 2022b), 관상용 식물의 품질평가 (Cabahug et al., 2019;Cabahug et al., 2020;Cabahug et al., 2017;Shim et al., 2021) ...
Phedimus takesimensis is a succulent species indigenous to the Korean Peninsula and is found in Ulleungdo and Dokdo islands. It has potential medicinal properties; thus, it should be protected in South Korea. However, the optimal shading level for mass cultivation of P. takesimensis is unknown. In this study, we subjected P. takesimensis cv. Atlantis, a variegated leaf cultivar, to different shading levels (0, 35, 45, 60, 75, and 99%) and investigated its effect on the growth and leaf color of the plants. The results revealed that the potted plants grown under 45% shading exhibited the highest shoot length, width, and shoot fresh and dry weights. Moreover, the plants grown under 0－45% shading exhibited the highest root length and root fresh and dry weights. However, leaf length and width were higher in the plants grown under 35－60% shading, and the moisture content of the shoot and root was the highest in the plants grown under 60% and 75% shading, respectively. Chlorophyll content analysis revealed a subsequent increase as the shading level decreased; the L* and b* CIELAB values were higher as the shading levels increased. The CIE76 color difference (ΔE* ab) was the highest at 75% shading (ΔE* ab = 7.08) compared to that at 0% shading level. The plants that were grown under 0－45%, 60%, and 75% shading had the following RHS values: 147B and 148A; 147B and 148B; and 147C and 148B, respectively. This suggests that the leaves of the plants were relatively yellow at 60－75% shading. Thus, potted plants of P. takesimensis cv. Atlantis should be grown under 45% shading to attain a significant increase in plant size and improve leaf color.
This study investigates the influence of different light qualities, including red, green, blue, purple, and white lights, on the growth, physiological activity, and ornamental characteristics of two Coleus cultivars. Emphasizing the importance of leveraging phenotypic plasticity in plants within controlled environments, using light quality is a practice prevalent in the ornamental industry. The research explores the varied responses of two Coleus cultivars to distinct light spectra. The key findings reveal the efficacy of red light in enhancing shoot and leaf parameters in C. ‘Highway Ruby’, while red and green light exhibit comparable effects on shoot width and leaf dimensions in C. ‘Wizard Jade’. White light-emitting diodes (LEDs), particularly with color temperatures of 4100 K and 6500 K, promote root length growth in the respective cultivars. Moreover, chlorophyll content and remote sensing vegetation indices, including chlorophyll content (SPAD units), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI), and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), along with the chlorophyll fluorescence, were significantly affected by light qualities, with distinct responses observed between the cultivars. In summary, this study highlights the transformative potential of LED technology in optimizing the growth and ornamental quality of foliage plants like Coleus, setting a benchmark for light quality conditions. By leveraging LED technology, producers and nursery growers access enhanced energy efficiency and unparalleled versatility, paving the way for significant advancements in plant growth, color intensity, and two-tone variations. This presents a distinct advantage over conventional production methods, offering a more sustainable and economically viable approach for increased plant reproduction and growth development. Likewise, the specific benefits derived from this study provide invaluable insights, enabling growers to strategically develop ornamental varieties that thrive under optimized light conditions and exhibit heightened visual appeal and market desirability.
The genus Sempervivum plants are members of the Crassulaceae family that is widely distributed in Eurasia and North Africa. Various species in Sempervivum have shown the potential to be used as medicinal crops in several studies in the past. Nowadays, succulents under this genus have gained popularity as ornamental plants. To increase its ornamental value and determine proper cultivation practices, a basic investigation of indoor factors, especially on lighting conditions is deemed necessary. This study aims to determine the effects of types of LED light qualities on the growth and leaf color of S. ‘Black Top’ (hereinafter referred to as ‘Black Top’) which could increase its market value. ‘Black Top’ were grown under three types of LED light qualities for indoor cultivation for 18 weeks. Results indicated that the tallest plants were grown under 3000 K white LED (peak 455, 600 nm) while the highest leaf length of plants was grown in purple LED (peak 450, 650 nm) treatments. Leaf width was not significantly affected by treatments. On the other hand, fresh weight was found to be highest under 6500 K white LED (peak 450, 545 nm), while dry weight was found that 3000 K white LED and 6500 K white LED had the same significance level. The highest chlorophyll content was taken from those grown under 6500 K white LED and the lowest in the purple LED, which suggests that balanced spectral distribution relatively produces increased chlorophyll content. In the analysis of CIELAB leaf color reading values, L* (color lightness) was found highest in the purple LED which suggests that if the spectrum was biased to one wavelength, it would produce unfavorable leaf color quality of ‘Black Top’. Based on these results, ‘Black Top’ are recommended to be grown under 3000 K and 6500 K white LED compared to purple LED to increase plant sizes and improve leaf color quality.
Sedum album is a succulent species that has a creeping growth habit and blooms in groups in its native habitat. S. album is known to produce many flavonol glycoside compounds that are useful in the pharmaceutical industry. This succulent also has a high resistance to abiotic stressors and is thus widely used in green roof systems. Aside from its medical use, it has the potential as an ideal ornamental indoor plant due to its high vitality and unique appearance. However, in order to be utilized as an indoor plant, a suitable light quality for the succulent is deemed necessary. In this study, commercially available 3000, 4100, and 6500 K white T5 LEDs were used as artificial light sources to determine the growth and leaf color changes of S. album cv. Athoum. Results indicated that the plant sizes, i.e. shoot length, shoot width, ground cover, root length, and the number of branches, were significantly increased when grown under 4100 K white LED treatment. Likewise, the fresh weight and moisture content of plants increased in 4100 K white LED, however, the dry weight increased in 3000 K white LED. Among CIELAB color values, L* value (lightness), was highest in 4100 K white LED, which may be attributed to the expansion of cells due to the high moisture content of plants or the development of epicuticular waxes. The CIE76 color difference (ΔE* ab) was found highest between 4100 and 6500 K white LED treatments, with ΔE* ab = 5.51. Upon RHS values analysis, all treatment groups were determined to be in color groups N137A and 147A. Based on the results, it is recommended to use 4100 K white LED for the purpose of selling large-sized succulents or to improve its ornamental value. On the other hand, when extracting secondary metabolites for medicinal purposes, it is recommended to use 4100 K white LED for fresh plants, and 3000 K white LED for dried by-products.
There are about 20 known species of Hylotelephium distributed within Eurasia and North America. Some Hylotelephium species have been reported to have a potential medicinal effect and have been used to remove cadmium from soil. Additionally, various cultivars have been sold and used as ornamental plants for aesthetic purposes. Although Hylotelephium species are used as indoor plants and are considered high shade tolerance, literature to support this information is lacking. Hence, this study investigated the growth and leaf color response of Hylotelephium cultivars, namely H. telephium cv. Lajos and H. sieboldii cv. Mediovariegatum (hereinafter referred to as ‘Lajos’ and ‘Mediovariegatum’) are grown under various shading environments using polyethylene shade films. It was shown by the results of the analysis that the use of a 75% shading level significantly affected the highest plant size, including its shoot, root, and leaf parameters for both cultivars compared to other shading levels. For the fresh and dry weight, ‘Lajos’ favored a 45% shading level, while ‘Mediovariegatum’ favored a 75% shading level. The chlorophyll content in ‘Lajos’ showed the highest at 75% shading level, while ‘Mediovariegatum’ showed the highest values at 35% shading level. In the CIELAB analysis of the leaves, L* and b* values of ‘Lajos’ were highest at 99% shading level, which significantly differed from other shading levels indicating a more yellow tint and a lightness of leaf color. On the other hand, ‘Mediovariegatum’ had the highest L* and b* values at a 60% shading level. In the evaluation of the RHS values, 'Lajos' was evaluated as 146A and 147B at the shading levels from 0% to 75%. Therefore, the leaf color can be maintained uniformly in those shading levels. On the other hand, ‘Mediovariegatum’ was evaluated as 194A and 195A at the 0% shading level and 148A and 152A at the 99% shading level. If the light intensity is too high or too low, the distribution rate of the variegated pattern seems to have decreased. The conclusion is that ‘Lajos’ is recommended to be cultivated at shading levels between 45–75%, and ‘Mediovariegatum’ is recommended to be cultivated at a shading level of 75% after the above information was combined.
Petrosedum rupestre is a succulent plant growing throughout Europe, except for Western Europe, and is one of the most preferred plants for rock gardens and green roof systems. P. rupestre has a beautiful blue appearance and may be used for medicinal purposes. This study was conducted to determine the optimal light conditions using white LEDs (light-emitting diodes) for indoor cultivation of P. rupestre and P. rupestre cv. Angelina (hereinafter referred to as ‘Angelina’) using three commercial white T5 LEDs with color temperatures of 3000, 4100, and 6500 K, respectively. Shoot length, fresh weight, moisture content, and CIELAB b* values increased under 3000 K white LED due to the relatively large ratio of red to blue wavelengths (approximately 3.3:1), whereas the CIELAB a* value decreased. The 4100 K white LED, in which the ratio of red to blue wavelength was lower by approximately 1.8:1, produced increased shoot width, plant ground cover, and number of branches. The RHS values of P. rupestre were N137D and 147A in the 3000 K white LED treatment, and ‘Angelina’ was evaluated as 146A and 148A in the same treatment, indicating that the leaf color was relatively yellow compared to other treatments. In the Pearson correlation coefficient, P. rupestre showed a positive correlation with fresh weight, and L* value was r = 0.510, and it was found that the more vigorous the plant growth, the higher the leaf lightness. Previous studies have shown that an increase in epicuticular waxes positively affects plant growth and development. Accordingly, epicuticular waxes on the surface of P. rupestre also seem to occur during vigorous plant growth. Taken together, the results suggest that 3000 K white LED is optimal for growing P. rupestre and ‘Angelina’ indoors, whereas 4100 K white LED is preferable for low growth with a creeping type.
Plants under the genus Orostachys have been known as medicinal plants. This study deems to determine the growth and leaf color of Orostachys japonica and O. boehmeri when subjected to various LED light sources. A total of seven LED light treatments were used, i.e. red (630 nm), green (520 nm), blue (450 nm), purple (650 and 450 nm), 3000 K white (455, 600 nm), 4100 K white (455, 590 nm), and 6500 K white (450, 545 nm) LEDs. Results showed that O. japonica plants showed favorable growth under 4100 K white LED, while O. boehmeri plants had a positive growth response under white light LEDs (3000, 4100, and 6500 K). In leaf color analysis, the use of green LED showed the greatest change in CIELAB L * and b * values which were relatively higher compared to other treatments indicating that leaves turned yellowish. Further statistical analysis using Pearson’s correlation also suggested that there is a small negative association between dry weight and b * values of O. japonica, and a negative moderate association between plant weights (fresh and dry weight) and leaf color (L * and b * ) and positive association between said plant weights and a * color values of O. boehmeri. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate O. japonica under 4100 K white LED and O. boehmeri under 3000, 4100, 6500 K white LEDs.
When designing interior spaces, the use of indoor foliage plants is considered as an integral part of providing a wonderful ambiance owing to both their aesthetic and functional properties. Being indoors, these plants are subjected to continuous lighting conditions at high temperatures with varying light intensities, which affect their survival, growth, and leaf color quality. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of different light intensity levels (60, 120, and 180 μmol m-2 s-1) on the growth and leaf color of commonly used indoor foliage plants (Hoya carnosa f. variegata, Epipremnum aureum f. variegata, Rhapis excelsa, Hedera helix, Chamaedorea elegans, and Spathiphyllum wallisii) under high temperature and continuous lighting conditions. The results demonstrated that the growth parameters of the indoor foliage plants, after 4 weeks of treatment, were relatively better when grown under lower light intensity levels (60 and 120 μmol m-2 s-1) compared to when grown under a higher light intensity level (180 μmol m-2 s-1). The CIELAB L * and b * values of a majority of the indoor foliage plants increased proportionally with the light intensity level, indicating that under a higher light intensity, the leaves tend to express yellow tones. In addition, SPAD units decreased as the light intensity increased. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that indoor foliage plants are sensitive to light stress under high temperature and continuous lighting conditions; therefore, it is recommended to cultivate them under relatively low light conditions (60 and 120 μmol m-2 s-1).
