Table 1
Source publication
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), a polyester based thermoplastic polymer, is used worldwide for packaging foods and beverages. The sharp rise of PET application has increased potential hazards on human health and environment. The main objective of the study was to determine the amount of plastic waste that was generated from bottled drinking water...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... Tabuk, PET water bottled is produced by 7 companies, and mostly 4 sizes of water bottle are produced by them, such as 250mL, 330mL, 600mL and 1.5L. Initially, median weight of aforementioned bottles as shown in Table 1, was multiplied by the weighted average of survey responses to generate daily plastic water bottle consumption in Tabuk. It is noted that weight of bottles wasn't constraint for a distinctive size of the bottle, and therefore the average dry weight of bottles was adopted in this study. ...
Similar publications
During the last decades, biopolymers experienced a renaissance. The increasing limitation of fossil resources in combination with a public demand for environmental-friendly and sustainable processes has led to the formation of a market for biobased plastics. Especially non-biodegradable bioplastics are very interesting materials, as they combine th...
Citations
... The UAE population is around 10 million [7] and, as discussed earlier, the per capita consumption of bottled water per year is 285 L; thus, the total bottled water consumed is 2,850,000,000 L/year. An average of 30.89 g of PET are needed for each 1 L of bottled water [8]. Consequently, the amount of PET used to manufacture single-use water bottles in the UAE is around 88,000 tons/year. ...
... The weight of PET is then multiplied by the sum of GHG emissions generated due to PET production and incineration. Table 2 shows the average PET weight per PET bottle volume [8]. The last row of Table 2 shows the PET weight for a generic PET bottle, assuming equal consumption of the four types of water bottles. ...
... Equations used in developing the PET consumption SD model. Bottled water/year PET users × Default: bottled water/person year L PET Bottled water/year × PET g/L tonneTable 2. Average weight of PET bottles per capacity based on[8], and a generic PET bottle used for calculations. ...
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles are widely used in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); however, their production and disposal adversely affect the environment. In collaboration with the private sector, the UAE government has taken serious steps to reduce these impacts, including (i) encouraging people to stop using PET water bottles and to separate their waste, (ii) establishing material recovery facilities, (iii) constructing facilities for incineration with energy recovery, and (iv) creating business opportunities to downcycle and recycle PET water bottles. This paper models the PET supply chain (PSC) using system dynamics (SD) to simulate the current PSC in the UAE and to project its possible evolution from 2023 to 2050, taking greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into consideration. For decision-makers, the SD model shows that PET reductions must equal population growth to maintain GHG emissions associated with the PSC for the coming years. In addition, the separation efficiency must exceed 33% of PET consumption to meet the current demand for used PET. Moreover, if PET consumption decreases by more than 1.5%, then businesses relying on used PET will face a supply shortage in the year 2050. As for environmental impacts, it is found that if downcycling and recycling capabilities are fully utilized, GHG emissions will decrease by 35%. Furthermore, if demand for recycled PET reaches 10,000 tons, this reduction will exceed 47%, reaching 177,861MtCO2e.
... They have a production capacity of 1.0 × 10 8 pieces/month [12]. For the production of bottles, the input and outputs are energy (kWh), lorry, preform (1 ton), and drinking water (42 m 3 ) [49]. Due to transportation, the CO 2 emission for 1 ton produce 12.2 kg CO 2 . ...
Over the last several years, the number of concepts and technologies enabling the production of environmentally friendly products (including materials, consumables, and services) has expanded. One of these ways is cradle-to-cradle (C2C) certifiedTM. Life cycle assessment (LCA) technique is used to highlight the advantages of C2C and recycling as a method for reducing plastic pollution and fossil depletion by indicating the research limitations and gaps from an environmental perspective. Also, it estimates the resources requirements and focuses on sound products and processes. The C2C life cycle measurements for petroleum-based poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles, with an emphasis on different end-of-life options for recycling, were taken for mainland China, in brief. It is considered that the product is manufactured through the extraction of crude
oil into ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. The CML analysis method was used in the LCIA for the selected midpoint impact categories. LCA of the product has shown a drastic aftermath in terms of environmental impacts and energy use. But the estimation of these consequences is always dependent on the system and boundary conditions that were evaluated throughout the study. The impacts that burden the environment are with the extraction of raw material, resin, and final product production. Minor influences occurred due to the waste recycling process. This suggests that waste degradation is the key process to reduce the environmental impacts of the production systems.
Lowering a product’s environmental impact can be accomplished in a number of ways, including reducing the amount of materials used or choosing materials with a minimal environmental impact during manufacture processes.
... To do so, a parametric CAD model of the element was done ( Figure 18) by considering the measures of the functional elements included in the device. Available volume validation accounted for 0.8 m 3 of space, in which, translated in waste quantity, values of a maximum number of plastic bottles (0.5 L) was obtained as shown in Table 6 with compacted waste data gathered from the study of Poroschianu et al. [31] and Islam [32]. Designed object volume area was calculated via CAD analysis, as shown in Figure 19. ...
The evolution of innovative and systematic design methodologies over time has widened the design concept involvement from the product development phase, which also includes the production and start-up phases. Literature findings have presented to accomplish a Generative Design (GD) approach through the application of an innovative method called Industrial Structure Design (IDeS), a systematic design method able to discover the customer’s needs and the fundamental technical solutions to obtain a good innovative product, involving the whole organization for this achievement. Nevertheless, there is a social demand for solutions to the dramatic and growing problem of marine pollution from plastic materials, encouraging the designers to conceive a new innovative drone for waste collection at sea. Therefore, this study aims to merge all the most advanced design technologies with IDeS in an integrated way, by generating a structure that can also be adopted to plan the organization of a production company. The approach is validated with the design of the Recovery Plastic Drone (RPD) obtained with the IDeS methodology, combining Design and Product development phases, leading to a better and innovative solution for the market.
... 1 kg or 53 single use bottles were displaced by 0.8 kg or 7.5 pieces of reusable water bottles. Bottle weights and production processes were modelled according Botto et al. (2011aBotto et al. ( , 2011b, Ciafani et al. (2008) and Islam et al. (2018). Single use bottles were made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with a polypropylene (PP) lid, a weight of 19 g per piece and a capacity of 500 ml. ...
Tourism is one of the major economic factors contributing to growth and jobs worldwide. The number of international travellers has increased more than 50-fold in the past 70 years. However, the contribution of tourism to (municipal) waste generation is also large and is increasing, accompanied by an increase in some environmental and socio-economic impacts. An average value of 1.67 kg waste is now generated per tourist (Obersteiner et al., 2017). Waste prevention and recycling should therefore be major objectives in tourist waste management by municipal authorities.
Within the EU H2020-funded project “URBANWASTE – Urban Strategies for Waste Management in Tourist Cities”, eco-innovative waste prevention and management strategies were implemented in 10 pilot cities with high levels of tourism, in order to reduce urban waste production and improve municipal waste management. This study examined the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings for three selected waste prevention and treatment options: food waste prevention, reductions in single use plastic and increased separate collection and recycling of waste. Benefits were expressed per kg waste prevented or diverted higher up the waste hierarchy and per 1000 tourists.
The measures achieved potential GHG emission savings of between 4 and 189 kg CO2-eq. per 1000 tourists, depending on local conditions such as the existing waste management system. Measures tackling food waste reduction and separate collection had low emissions associated with the measure itself, whereas for assessed measures reducing the use of single use plastics by providing reusable alternatives, emissions associated with the measures were relatively high. This was due to the emissions associated with the production of the alternative reusable products. Influencing factors reducing the carbon footprint of waste management in tourism other than the kind of waste focused on were the existing waste management system (especially for biowaste) as well as the practicability and scalability of measures under the divers regional circumstances.
... As such, most of bottles were ended up in landfill or the ocean. Since, PET is considered a non-biodegradable material, it not only remains in nature for a long term, but also it eventually contributes to potential food toxicity and global warming (Islam et al., 2018). To avoid the consequences, researcher from all branch are separately looking forward to increase recycling of PET. ...
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is widely used for packaging foods and beverages in all over the World. The ever-rising growth in the application of PET raises a great concern on potential human health and environmental hazards. In order to reduce its impact, researchers have recently conducted studies on the possible use of used PET in many engineering and non-engineering applications. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of PET as coarse aggregate replacement on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Concrete cylinders were prepared from 0.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0% of PET as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate quarried from Bholagonj, Bangladesh. The cylinder specimens were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28; and splitting tensile strength at 28 days. The results showed that the addition of PET to the concrete has increased the slump, whereas a loss in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were recorded.
Introduction
The use of personal protective equipment, especially medical masks, increased dramatically during the COVID-19 crisis. Medical masks are made of synthetic materials, mainly polypropylene, and a majority of them are produced in China and imported to the European market. The urgency of the need has so far prevailed over environmental considerations.
Objective
Assess the environmental impact of different strategies for the use of face mask.
Method
A prospective analysis was conducted to assess the environmental impact of different strategies for the use of medical and community masks. Eight scenarios, differentiating the typologies of masks and the modes of reuse are compared using three environmental impact indicators: the Global Warming Potential (GWP100), the ecological scarcity (UBP method, from German ‘Umweltbelastungpunkte’) and the plastic leakage (PL). This study attempts to provide clear recommendations that consider both the environmental impact and the protective effectiveness of face masks used in the community.
Results
The environmental impact of single-use masks is the most unfavourable, with a GWP of 0.4–1.3 kg CO 2 eq., depending on the transport scenario, and a PL of 1.8 g, for a 1 month protection against COVID-19. The use of home-made cotton masks and prolonged use of medical masks through wait-and-reuse are the scenarios with the lowest impact.
Conclusion
The use of medical masks with a wait and reuse strategy seems to be the most appropriate when considering both environmental impact and effectiveness. Our results also highlight the need to develop procedures and the legal/operational framework to extend the use of protective equipment during a pandemic.
Most agricultural (agro) waste materials are not being recycled and reused, thus they end up in landfills and pollute the environment. The present study deals with the use of pistachio shells, an agro waste, as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete for the purpose of reduction of the natural resource exploitation, waste landfill, and costs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pistachio shells (PS) as a coarse aggregate replacement by volume on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Four volume fractions of 0, 1, 2, and 4% of pistachio shells were used to prepare concrete cylinders, and they were tested for the compressive and split tensile strengths at 28 days. The results showed that both the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete decreased with an increase of the PS. Furthermore, the influence of PS had an adverse effect on the slump of fresh concrete. However, the optimum PS dosage of 1% can be used in concrete with a minor scarifying of the fresh and hardened properties of concrete.
