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The process of “transitioning” to adulthood for youth with disabilities has long been recognized to be an important but understudied public policy concern. This paper evaluates the labor market effects of Virginia's school-to-work vocational evaluation program, PERT. Using a unique panel data set containing more than a decade of labor market and se...
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Context 1
... there is notable association between PERT, DARS service receipt, and employment, there is no such relationship Figure 3 shows that earnings among employed people are lower for the PERT recipients than non-recipients and that DARS service provision does not seem to be associated with earnings. ...
Context 2
... earnings e¤ects, PERT and all services except short-run restoration and maintenance lead to higher earnings conditional on employment. The structural model estimates presented in this section suggest a much more complex and nuanced picture than found in the simple before-and-after analysis displayed in Figures 2 and 3. Recall that these …gures, which display the unconditional mean employment and earnings outcomes respectively, imply fairly substantial positive post-treatment employment associations, particularly for those receiving PERT, and almost no relationship between services and earnings. ...
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Citations
... Each student with an intellectual disability must have an ITP in his IEP, and it must be written based on the student's needs, goals, and interests (Dean et al. 2019). Based on study results, however, teachers do not write ITPs because, as one teacher argued, "Students have only one or two options for their training, so no point in writing ITPs." ...
... Students with intellectual disability should receive transition services at least as soon as they turn 16 years old, for many studies have found (e.g. Dean et al. 2019, Almalky 2018, Cavendish and Connor, 2018 ) that the sooner students are trained vocationally, the better the result. The current Saudi vocational training system starts providing students transition services too late, around 18 years old. ...
In 2005, Saudi high schools began providing transition services for students with intellectual disability. However, recent studies have found that these services need improvement. Therefore, this study explored current transition services to help identify challenges that weaken these services and to recommend improvements for them. Eleven teachers of students with intellectual disability were interviewed, and data were analyzed qualitatively. Study findings concluded that four main issues must be addressed to advance Saudi transition services: (1) special education teacher preparation programs, (2) transition services’ policies and regulations, (3) Individualized Transition Plans, and (4) collaborative practices.
... However, given recent developments, it would be likely that attaining an adaptive STWT would be fundamentally different for certain groups. For example, young adults with disabilities face truly different challenges compared to those who are relatively healthy (see, e.g., Dean et al., 2019). As an illustration, the increasingly dynamic and flexible world of work as we have described it in this chapter might be especially difficult to successfully enter for young adults with autism spectrum disorder, who face additional barriers, and who have unique needs when starting their careers (see e.g., Griffiths, Giannantonio, Hurley-Hanson, & Cardinal, 2016). ...
School-to-work (STW) pathways and transitions are key developmental processes in young adulthood. During this time, young adults face multiple choices and challenges. Young Adult Development at the School-to-Work Transition describes pathways for students to successfully transition to the work environment. The book examines social, economic, cultural, familial, contextual, and personal factors that shape the processes involved in the school-to-work transition. Internationally renowned scholars in the fields of developmental psychology, applied psychology, counseling, and sociology have contributed chapters focusing on theory, research, and application related to school-to-work and educational transitions. The book also gives attention to groups who have particular transition needs, including young adults with disabilities and special needs, cultural minorities, international students, and migrants.
... However, given recent developments, it would be likely that attaining an adaptive STWT would be fundamentally different for certain groups. For example, young adults with disabilities face truly different challenges compared to those who are relatively healthy (see, e.g., Dean et al., 2019). As an illustration, the increasingly dynamic and flexible world of work as we have described it in this chapter might be especially difficult to successfully enter for young adults with autism spectrum disorder, who face additional barriers, and who have unique needs when starting their careers (see e.g., Griffiths, Giannantonio, Hurley-Hanson, & Cardinal, 2016). ...
In this chapter we have examined the STWT from a sustainable
careers perspective and argued that an adaptive STWT is crucial as
a building block for long- term sustainability of careers. We showed that the
STWT has become more challenging for young adults and we underlined
how individual agency and structural factors can interact to lay an early foundation
for sustainable career development. In particular, career competencies
and employability were highlighted as crucial concepts for today’s STWT.
Finally, we discussed potentially interesting research areas for future research
to further our understanding of the contemporary STWT.
... One exception is research that estimates the relationship between participation in a private vocational train- ing program targeted to urban youth with disabilities and long-term employment and earnings . Although research has documented short-term relationships between adult outcomes and specialized programs like YTD and services available nationwide ( Fraker et al., 2014, Loprest & Wittenburg, 2007, Hemmeter et al., 2009, Dean et al., 2015), short-and long-term relationships likely differ. On the one hand, short-term associations observed in early adulthood may be obscured by continuing edu- cation or regulations and statutes such as Section 301 of the Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980, which allows continued receipt of SSA disabil- ity benefits while participating in special education, vocational rehabilitation, or similar services. ...
... These papers apply econometric methods to program data or use random assign- ment to establish the counterfactual outcomes for service recipients and identify the impact of voca- tional services on studied outcomes. Using program data, Dean et al. (2015) find that the Post-Secondary Education and Rehabilitation Transition program in Virginia, which develops targeted plans for voca- tional rehabilitation and school-based services, has a positive impact on employment rates and quarterly earnings. An evaluation of YTD, which provided up to 18 months of services (along with SSA program waivers) to randomly assigned volunteers, finds evi- dence of positive impacts on paid employment or annual earnings in four of the six sites through the three years after enrollment, when former partici- pants were ages 17 to 28 (Fraker et al., 2014). ...
... In our analysis, we try to explain two labor market outcome variables: employment and log quarterly earnings. 20 Employment is a binary measure of working in a particular quarter in the labor market and is modeled in equation (2). We also measure log quarterly earnings in equation (3). ...
... Our approach for addressing the endogenous selection of services represents a substantial advance over the existing literature where the past research generally relies on limited controls for pre-program earnings and assumes service participation is otherwise exogenous. Along with Aakvik, Heckman, and Vytlacil (2005) and Dean et al. (2015aDean et al. ( , 2015b, this is one of the …rst studies to identify the impact of VR services on labor market outcomes using both a history of pre-program earnings and plausibly exogenous instrumental variables. ...
We construct a structural model of participation in vocational rehabilitation for people with mental illness. There are multiple services to choose among, and each has different effects on employment, earnings, and receipt of DI/SSI. This is the first paper to jointly estimate VR service receipt, employment outcomes, and DI/SSI receipt. We estimate large effects for most of the services implying large rates of return to vocational rehabilitation. © 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University ofWisconsin System.
... With respect to the composition of services within these broad aggregates, the most important change is with training where, as noted previously, we observe a shift away from work adjustment training usually provided as a prelude to sheltered employment (21:7% of training services in the 1988 cohort to 13:5% in the 2000 cohort) and toward job coach training services or supported employment (from 21:3% in 1988 to 32:1% in 2000). 12 As was true in the 2000 cohort, many clients receive multiple services. Relative to the 2000 cohort, diagnosis & evaluation is a much more common service component in the 1988 cohort (because we have similar bene…ts data), and multiple service provision is more common. ...
... ncluding problems caused by censored data, the selection problem, and unaccountedfor heterogeneity among clients and in the services provided. An evaluation of Utah's VR program, for example, found that the public bene…ts of the program, measured in dollars, exceed the cost by a factor of 5:64 (Wilhelm and Robinson, 2010). As in Dean et. al. (2013aDean et. al. ( , 2013bDean et. al. ( , 2013c, our analysis of the Virginia VR program addresses important limitations of these recent studies by evaluating a long panel of labor market outcomes before and after the provision of services; by formally accounting for the possibility that selection into the treatment is endogenous; by focusing on clients with a s ...
... The disability severity measures work as expected: the more signi…cant the disability, the larger the negative e¤ect it has on both labor market outcomes.The measure of local labor market employment rate has a counterintuitive sign. In fact, inDean et al. (2013aDean et al. ( , 2013bDean et al. ( , 2013c, we have consistently found no meaningful e¤ect for local labor market conditions. ...
This article utilizes administrative data to examine both short- and long-term employment impacts for people with cognitive impairments who applied for vocational rehabilitation services in Virginia in 2000. These data provide long-term quarterly information on services and employment outcomes. We model behavior, allow for multiple service choices, use long-run labor market data, and use valid instruments. Results imply that services generally have positive long-run labor market outcome effects that appear to substantially exceed the cost of providing services.
... Importantly, our approach for addressing the endogenous selection of services represents a substantial advance over the existing literature where the past research (often using RSA-911 data) generally relies on limited controls for pre-program earnings and assumes service participation is otherwise exogenous. Along with Aakvik, Heckman, and Vytlacil (2005) and Dean et al. (2010aDean et al. ( , 2010b ), this is the …rst study to identify the impact of VR services on labor market outcome using both a history of pre-program earnings and plausibly exogenous instrumental variables. ...
The public-sector Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) program is a $3 billion federal-state partnership designed to provide employment-related assistance to persons with disabilities. There is, however, relatively little-known about the long-term efficacy of VR programs. This paper utilizes unique and detailed administrative and employment data to examine both short and longer-term employment impacts for all persons diagnosed with mental illness who applied for VR services in the state of Virginia in State Fiscal Year 2000. These data provide quarterly information on VR services and employment outcomes from 1995 to 2010. Estimates from our model of service provision and labor market outcomes reveal that VR services generally have positive long-run labor market outcome effects that appear to substantially exceed the cost of providing services.
