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In the absence of a desired first choice medicinal herb, classical Ayurveda recommends use of a functionally similar substitute. Post 16th century Ayurvedic texts and lexicons give specific examples of possible substitutes. Here we report a preliminary study of one such Ayurvedic substitution pair: Musta (Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperaceae), a common...
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Authentic Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum) is a rare, endangered, Himalayan species. Ayurveda classical texts of c. 15th–16th century, introduced “abhava-pratinidhi dravya” concept, wherein Ativisha was categorized as an abhava dravya (unavailable drug) and Musta (Cyperus rotundus) was suggested as a pratinidhi dravya (substitute) for it. C. rotun...
Citations
... The medicinal properties of these plants have been known for a long in traditional medicine, hence, understanding the drug-likeliness of the phytochemical would prove beneficial in supporting their potential as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. [79][80][81][82][83] The drug likeliness and ADMET properties were calculated for these phytochemicals. Table 5 shows these The surface area of a small molecule refers to the sum of the exposed outer surface area of all its atoms. ...
Background
Balachaturbhadra Churna (BC), Ayurvedic powder dosage form, has four ingredients ( Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle, Pistacia integerrima stew. Ex brandis, Piper longum Linn., and Cyperus rotundus linn.), which is commonly prescribed for treating fever, cough, and diarrhea in a pediatric setting.
Aim
The present study evaluates the possible antiviral effect of phytochemicals from the ingredients of BC on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M Pro ), Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA) dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), and spike-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (SA) complex through in silico evaluation.
Materials and methods
X-ray crystal structure of M Pro and Spike-Ace (SA) complex with Protein Data Bank (PDB) IDs 6LU7 and 6LZG and the SWISS model of RdRP were used as the drug targets. An enhanced docking methodology has been implemented to perform the molecular docking of these phytochemicals against the above-mentioned drug targets of SARS-CoV-2. DOCK6 was used to perform the docking of these phytochemicals. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) and drug likeliness properties for these selected phytochemicals were performed using SWISS ADME.
Results
The ensemble docking studies suggest that aconitine, lappaaconitine from Aconitum heterophyllum Wall . Ex Royle, 2’-hydroxyisorientin from Pistacia integerrima stew. Ex brandis, and guineesine, pipercide and piperoic acid from Piper longum Linn. hold the potential to bind favorably with the SARS-CoV-2 drug targets. The drug-likeliness and ADMET properties were calculated for these phytochemicals indicating that all three phytochemicals from Piper longum were observed to have considerate drug-likeliness and ADMET properties. Aconitine has a molecular weight slightly higher than 500 kDA and has more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors.
Conclusion
The in silico study demonstrates that phytochemicals present in BC viz., aconitine, lappaaconitine from Aconitum heterophyllum , 2’-hydroxyisorientin from Pistacia intergerrima and guineesine, pipercide, and piperoic acid from Piper longum hold the potential to bind favourably with the SARS-CoV-2 drug targets. The study also provides evidence for drug likeliness and ADMET properties for these phytochemicals suggesting that BC can be further studied as a potential drug of choice for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection to avert post-infectious disease, characterized by multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in rare cases and other similar conditions in the pediatric setting.
... pneumoniae) and nil against other organisms and extracts manifested prominent action by inhibiting the growth of organisms up to the max zone of 16mm to a minimum of 7 mm. (Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010) found that methanolic extract was generally successful in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and B. subtilis. A solvent is considered one of the significant parameters given similar extraction conditions. ...
... Therefore, practitioners of Ayurveda often use substitute ingredients (due to limited availability), which should have similar pharmacological activity to the original botanical ingredient. One example is Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum), which is used for treating a variety of ailments, but has limited availability [46]. Coco grass (a substitute for Ativisha) is considered one of the world's worst weeds, known for infecting crops and other plants. ...
There has been interest in the history of cosmetics for the last several decades. In part, this renewed curiosity is probably due to the revolutionizing natural movement in the cosmetic industry. In this article, we provide an overview of the historical aspects of the use of natural ingredients in cosmetics, which mostly come from botanical and mineral sources. We begin with an introduction to the art and science of cosmetics in the ancient world, which includes accounts of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman cosmetics as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic Medicine. These dermatological and cosmetic practices, which were advanced for the time, paved the way for the current revolution of natural ingredients in cosmetic products. Without providing a comprehensive historical account, we surveyed selected cultures during different periods of time to provide some perspective of our current understanding of natural ingredients in cosmetics. Attention is also given to the rich contributions of body art by tribal societies to our knowledge base, especially in the areas of dyes and pigments. Finally, we offer some perspective of natural ingredient cosmetics in the Information Age.
... Additionally, treatment of malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation, and menstrual associated issues are also treated with the plants. Moreover, Aconitum heterophyllum is also a Himalayan medicinal specie, beneficial against, fever, diarrhea, digestive problems, nervous system, rheumatism issues and reported to possess antifungal, antiviral, and immune-stimulant attributes (15). Furthermore, in the traditional medicine of China, India, and Pakistan, the plant is beneficial for treating sciatica and rheumatic pain and can also be used against body lice (16,17). ...
In the current study, cornstarch-based antimicrobial and edible films were designed using solution-casting methods. The medicinal plants (Acontium heterophyllum, Artemisia annua, and Thymus serpyllum) reinforced the gelatinized solution in different concentrations as fillers. The effect of plant extracts on antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, microstructure, barrier, thermal and mechanical properties of cornstarch-based films (SBFs) was investigated using antimicrobial activity, DPPH free radical scavenging values, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, water vapor transmission rate, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile strength. Likewise, it was depicted that the geometric and crystalline structures of medicinal plants’ reinforced films remained the same even after processing. The mechanical tests indicated that the plant extracts effects are associated with reduced elongation, increasing tensile strength, and Young’s modulus. Morphological analysis revealed the generation of uniform and the compact surfaces. However, films with 10% concentration of plant extracts have the lowest water vapor permeability values, and emerged better barrier properties. Moreover, these films showed the significant antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity.
... Daswani et al. [81] studied the role of decoction of C. rotundus against diarrhea and in the absence of antimicrobial activity due to the mechanism of bacterial virulence. Venkatasubramanian et al. [82] reported 46% inhibition of the diarrheal activity of methanolic extract of C. rotundus. ...
Background: Since time immemorial, humans have identified several herbs to treat various ailments. With the advancement of science and state-of-the-art technologies, different herbal extracts and chemical constituents of herbs were identified as therapeutic targets. Cyperus rotundus, also called mustaka, is one of the most ancient herbs widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. The tuberous and aerial parts of the herb were identified to possess various pharmacological properties. Objectives: This review focuses on the various phytocompounds of mustaka and how these compounds exert pharmacological effects and their mode of action. The molecular and cellular effects of mustaka were also discussed based on the preclinical and clinical reports available using an array of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo methodologies. Methods: The information from Google Scholar, Science direct, PUBMED, were reviewed with a special focus on the mode of action of C. rotundus from the data on animal and preclinical experiments to treat various diseases. Conclusion: Based on the literature available on C. rotundus in Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, the pharmacological properties of mustaka were reviewed with a particular focus on its neuropharmacological activities. The mode of action of C. rotundus and its bioactive metabolites at the molecular biology level were demonstrated based on animal and preclinical experiments to cure various ailments. These diverse effects prove C. rotundus as a valuable traditional medicine for treating various disorders.
... Such studies may pave way for a paradigm shift in the treatment of RP. [5]. Musta has grahi property (fluid absorbing property) [6]. Triphala and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) ...
Vaidya Manorama is a folklore Kerala Ayurveda literature that encompasses time- tested low-budget formulations that can be prepared from easily available resources. Ayurveda Ophthalmology has been described in Chapter twenty-eight of the literature. Many unique formulations like eating firefly (khadyota), preparing ghee from fresh-water shellfish (tadaka-shuktika), Kadali phala (a special type of banana) bidalaka, dropping of juice of palasha (Butea monosperma) into eyes for various clinical conditions are described. We review the unique ophthalmology formulations in this chapter to bring them to limelight. Few herbo-mineral formulations are also described for which toxicity and safety studies are warranted. All these handy formulations may help clinicians in day-to-day practice or may be a lead for novel research.
... Here too, Ayurveda classical texts suggest plant species that are taxonomically different but having similar pharmacological function. The chemical basis of one such substitution, Cyperus rotundus for Aconitum heterophyllum has been studied 19 . Together, these studies highlight the potential of understanding natural products chemistry and pharmacology using drug principles established in Ayurveda. ...
... The first one Cyperus rotundus L. (Musta) can be used in place of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (Ativisha) based on the approach and theory concerning phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation [7]. The latter example is where, Ayurvedic practitioners use Cyperus scariosus R. Br. (Nagaramusta) as alternates for Musta [8]. ...
Background
In Ayurveda, “Dashamoolarishta” is one of the important composite herbal formulations. Mainly, the root and root bark of Oroxylum indicum are used as one of the ingredients in its preparation. This leads to over exploitation of medicinal plants owing, to excessive demand due to population expansion and its perceived importance in traditional herbal remedies.
Objective
For the conservation of biodiversity, the present investigation had an objective to prepare the extracts of different parts of O. indicum plant and to, compare the chemo-profiles as well as to study the biological activities of the prepared extracts.
Materials and methods
Hydro-alcoholic (HA) and aqueous (Aq) extracts of various plant parts were prepared and chemical investigation was done with the help of (LC-MS/MS). Further, in vitro biological activities such as immuno-stimulation (IS) using a cytokine bioassay in RAW264.7 and in vitro anticancer in TNF-α ELISA in THP-1 cells were studied.
Results
The mass spectral profile of the plant revealed the presence of markers such as oroxylin A and chrysin in HA and Aq extracts of stem, leaf, bark and root. Cytokine release and TNF-α secretion was observed in both hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts.
Conclusion
Based on the results from the present study, it can be concluded that it is possible to replace the roots and the bark of O. indicum with the stem of young plants and leaves. It paves a way for the conserving the medicinal plants without uprooting and extinguishing the whole plant.
... A. heterophyllum has been substituted by Cyperus rotundus, commonly called "Musta," in herbal-processing methods, thus affecting the quality of the herbal drug formulations (Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010;Adams et al., 2013;Kumar 2014b;Seethapathy et al. 2014Seethapathy et al. , 2015. Being a low-cost substitute (w₹30e50 per kg), it shares similar biological functions like antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, and treatment of urinary tract infections (Mitra et al., 2003;Uddin et al., 2006;Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010;Nagarajan et al., 2015b). ...
... A. heterophyllum has been substituted by Cyperus rotundus, commonly called "Musta," in herbal-processing methods, thus affecting the quality of the herbal drug formulations (Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010;Adams et al., 2013;Kumar 2014b;Seethapathy et al. 2014Seethapathy et al. , 2015. Being a low-cost substitute (w₹30e50 per kg), it shares similar biological functions like antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, and treatment of urinary tract infections (Mitra et al., 2003;Uddin et al., 2006;Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010;Nagarajan et al., 2015b). Seethapathy et al. (2014) differentiated A. heterophyllum and C. rotundus by using nrDNA ITS sequencee based sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for validating adulteration in herbal drugs. ...
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall (Ranunculaceae), also called “Atis,” is a high-value biennial herb native to northwest and east Himalayan regions of Indian subcontinent. Its nontoxic tuberous roots are commonly used as therapeutic ingredient in the Traditional Indian and Chinese Medicinal System for curing dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diabetes, and diarrhea. The aconites, including atisine, represent major constituents as well as marker compounds of A. heterophyllum. This chapter presents a rationalized summary and critical evaluation of progress made in this medicinal herb pertaining to past and present research along with future prospects. This will act as a baseline data as well as valuable source for different stakeholders and researchers working on various aspects of A. heterophyllum and/or genus Aconitum in times to come.
... While, since ancient times, the C. rotundus rhizomes and tubers have been used as an herbal remedy to treat intestinal, stomach, inflammatory and menstrual irregularities in Asian countries (Gupta et al., 1971;Das and Misra, 1988;Kamala et al., 2018). Ayurvedic doctors make use of nut grass preparations to treat numerous skin conditions such as itching and rashes, as well as to lighten skin and reduce aging effects (Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010;Sharma et al., 2015). Indeed, studies show that C. rotundus essential oil has analgesic, anthelmintic and antifungal activity (Biradar et al., 2010, Duarte et al., 2005, Kasala et al., 2016. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is considered one of the most widely distributed plant species in the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, it is commonly used in India, China and Japan in traditional medicine to treat different diseases, including dermatitis and other skin disorders.
Aim of the study:
To investigate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of C. rotundus rhizome ethanolic extract in models of acute and chronic dermatitis.
Materials and methods:
Phytochemical analysis was carried out using High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) to determine the presence of quercetin and chlorogenic acid in C. rotundus extract. Topical anti-inflammmatory effects of C. rotundus extract were evaluated on arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in mice. Skin biopsies were collected and submitted to histological and enzymatic analysis to evaluate the C. rotundus effect in leukocyte migration into inflamed tissue. Antiproliferative activity of C. rotundus was confirmed by PCNA immunostained cell analysis. Systemic and possible adverse effects of topical treatment with C. rotundus were evaluated by the skin atrophy and same organ weights. In addition, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone was used to investigate possible GR-mediated mechanisms of action.
Results:
The phytochemical analysis show that C. rotundus ethanol extract contains 45 μg/g of chlorogenic acid. Topical treatment with C. rotundus extract reduced ear edema and cellular infiltrate in acute and chronic skin inflammation models. Moreover, mice topically treated with C. rotundus exhibited decrease in TPA-induced keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Relevantly, topical treatment with C. rotundus did not caused skin atrophy or changes in lymphoid organ weight. The anti-inflammatory effect of C. rotundus was not influenced by the GR antagonist.
Conclusion:
The results here demonstrate for the first time the topical anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative efficacy of C. rotundus extract, suggesting that the extract could be a potential new therapeutic tool for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
