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2 Assumptions and bases of calculating the regionalization of university spending flows in Baden-Württemberg

2 Assumptions and bases of calculating the regionalization of university spending flows in Baden-Württemberg

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The rise of global competition in a knowledge society and budget cuts in public spending have spurred an interest in the effects of universities on their regional economies. In contrast to the legacy of local impact analysis, this study examines the economic impact of an entire university landscape on a large regional economy: the federal state of...

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... In 1971, Caffrey and Isaacs first introduced a standard procedure to measure the economic impact of academia. The procedure consisted of adding together the expenditures of students, scholars, other staff and visitors, and then applying multipliers to account for the interdependency of economic activities within a local economy (Glückler et al., 2018). ...
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... In 1971, Caffrey and Isaacs first introduced a standard procedure to measure the economic impact of academia. The procedure consisted of adding together the expenditures of students, scholars, other staff and visitors, and then applying multipliers to account for the interdependency of economic activities within a local economy (Glückler et al., 2018). ...
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Entrepreneurship education (EE) programmes are booming in Europe at both the university and the vocational-school level. In the post covid-19 pandemic, EE has been promoted even further as a key policy tool to improve the level of competitiveness and innovation of European regions, through the creation of new ventures. Although national and regional governments have invested considerable resources in EE over the last two decades, extant research has reported mixed results about the impact EE exerts on students’ entrepreneurial intention (EI), skills, personal traits and career paths. The literature on EE is also broad and fragmented. Furthermore, there is still not a common framework regarding the design of EE programmes and the tools to assess their effectiveness. This paper offers three contributions to the study of EE. First, it reviews a selection of most cited and relevant articles about the impact of EE on students’ EI, to identify the main theoretical aspects and empirical findings. Second, this review synthesises both the advantages and the disadvantages of the most used empirical strategies and tools in this field of research; then, drawing on the studies reviewed, some methodological suggestions for evaluating EE programmes are proposed. Third, after describing the European and the Italian policyframeworks for EE, this paper presents a selection of recommendations which may inform the design and the implementation of both EE programmes and public policies.
... Drawing on the entrepreneurial paradigm, the potential contribution of the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSHs) to TM has been neglected (Cerver Romero et al. 2021;Schnurbus/Edvardsson 2020). The global financial and economic crises of 2008 have further solicited interest in the economic impact of universities and their TM (Glückler et al. 2018). However, policy makers have usually overstated the role of universities in contributing to their regional economies and the TM has even been criticized as primarily serving the interests of national economies or, even more narrowly, the needs of industry and commerce (Schildermans 2022). ...
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... Attempts have already been made to model and map their spatial strategy, these studies highlighting the geographical-spatial aspect of UIC. Exploration of the territorial effects of cooperation is also a priority aim for research (boDas-frEitas et al. 2013, GlüCKlEr et al. 2018, lillEs et al. 2020. ...
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... Die vorliegende Studie nutzt das Instrument der regionalen Multiplikatoranalyse, um ein detailliertes Modell der wirtschaftlichen Wirkung der kulturellen Arbeit der Mannheimer Philharmoniker zu bestimmen und in Hinblick auf die durch die Stadt eingesetzten Fördermittel zu bewerten. Methodische Grundlage der Analyse ist ein regionalökonomisches Wirkungsmodell , das die Autoren zur Bewertung der regionalökonomischen Wirkung von Universitäten als öffentliche Forschungs-und Bildungseinrichtungen weiterentwickelt haben (Glückler et al., 2015(Glückler et al., , 2018Janzen et al., 2022). ...
... Die vorliegende Analyse fußt auf einer detaillierten Primärerhebung durch das Orchester (Videnoff, 2022), ergänzenden Recherchen amtlicher Statistiken und der erprobten Methodik zur Bestimmung regionalökonomischer Wirkungen von Bildungseinrichtungen (Glückler et al., 2015(Glückler et al., , 2018Janzen et al., 2022). Sie genießt daher eine hohe Validität. ...
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Die Mannheimer Philharmoniker leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zum kulturellen Angebot der Stadt Mannheim, zur musikalischen Bildung von Kindern und Jugendlichen und zur Förderung exzellenten Nachwuchses von Orchestermusiker:innen. Über die Erfüllung ihrer Kultur- und Bildungsfunktion hinaus erhöht die Arbeit des Orchesters auch die wirtschaftliche Güternachfrage, die sich periodisch, in jedem Jahr, positiv auf die städtische Wirtschaft auswirkt. Die jährlichen Gesamtausgaben der Orchestergesellschaft für den laufenden Betrieb und für die Stipendien der Musiker:innen sowie die Konsumausgaben auswärtiger Konzertgäste in Gastronomie, Einzelhandel und Hotellerie in Höhe von 2,063 Mio. Euro erzielten in der Spielzeit 2021/20221 einen Gesamteffekt der Bruttowertschöpfung von 1,473 Mio. Euro allein in der kreisfreien Stadt Mannheim. Diese Gesamtwirkung setzt sich aus zwei Komponenten zusammen: Ausgaben des Orchesters. Das Orchester der Mannheimer Philharmoniker verausgabte 1,598 Mio. Euro an Betriebskosten und 184 Tsd. EUR für Stipendien der Musiker:innen. Davon wurden 1,345 Mio. Euro allein in der Stadt Mannheim nachfragewirksam und führten zu einem Gesamteffekt der Bruttowertschöpfung von insgesamt 1,326 Mio. Euro. Ausgaben der Gäste. Darüber hinaus verausgabten die auswärtigen Konzertgäste für den mit Konzertbesuchen verbundenen Konsum in Gastronomie, Einzelhandel und Hotellerie mindestens weitere 281 Tsd. Euro, die gänzlich in der Stadt Mannheim nachfragewirksam wurden und die Bruttowertschöpfung um weitere 147 Tsd. Euro erhöhten. Die wirtschaftliche Wirkung der Orchestertätigkeit erzeugt nicht nur zusätzlichen Nutzen für den Arbeitsmarkt und die gewerbliche Wirtschaft, sondern generiert zugleich ein höheres Steueraufkommen für die öffentliche Hand. Unter Anrechnung der Gemeindeanteile an den Einkommens- und Umsatzsteuern konnte die Stadt Mannheim aufgrund der Mannheimer Philharmoniker direkte Mehreinnahmen in Höhe von 28 Tsd. Euro verbuchen. Zudem flossen 253 Tsd. Euro an Mieteinnahmen für die Nutzung städtischer Infrastruktur in die Kassen städtischer Betriebe. Die durch das Orchester angestoßenen Steuer- und Mieteinnahmen überkompensieren die kommunale Kulturförderung in Höhe von 50 Tsd. EUR, welche die Stadt im Jahr 2021 aus öffentlichen Mitteln den Philharmonikern bereitstellte, hierbei deutlich. Jeder Euro, den die Stadt Mannheim im Zuge ihrer Kulturförderung dem Orchester bereitstellte, steht somit einer regionalen Wertschöpfung von 29 Euro durch die Mannheimer Philharmoniker gegenüber. Zugleich generiert der Orchesterbetrieb Mehreinnahmen für die Stadt Mannheim und ihre Betriebe in Höhe des 5,6-fachen der von der Stadt eingesetzten Fördermittel.
... In addition to the impact that universities have on the regional milieu, which can usually only be qualified in the long term (Glückler et al., 2018;Schaffer et al., 2018;Stöver, 2020), regional impact studies also report the effects of other outputs (Cox and Taylor, 2006), including the number of publications (Hamm and Kopper, 2016), the position of a university in international rankings (Grass and Künnemann, 2016), the number of patent applications, or the number of university spin-offs (Feller et al., 2002;Huang and Chen, 2017;Vincett, 2010). All these outputs are considered as proxies for the productivity gains from knowledge creation at universities (Drucker and Goldstein, 2007). ...
... This assumption is problematic because the budget used for funding universities could be used for alternative purposes, which in turn would also generate some regional effect (Drucker and Goldstein, 2007;Siegfried et al., 2007;Stoetzer and Krähmer, 2007). Glückler, Panitz, and Wuttke (2018) offer a solution to this problem by using the method of differential analysis. They compare the absolute incidence of universities with the incidences of alternative uses of state funding to determine the real differential impact. ...
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Although the positive impact of higher education on regional economies is widely recognized, empirical assessment of the magnitude of its periodic financial impact remains a puzzle. Conventional impact studies have focused on the regional effects of periodic university spending, neglecting the core functions of higher education institutions. To overcome these shortcomings, we develop the concept of a differential regional education premium and implement it in an extended regional multiplier model. The new model integrates university expenditures and education into a compound effect on regional gross value added. Empirically, we find that the education premium increases the traditional effects of state universities in Baden-Württemberg by 68 percent. Generally, the model can be applied to other regions internationally by adapting to regional factors, such as graduate retention, tuition fees, wage levels and occupational qualifications in regional labor markets.
... However, this links back to methodological discussions on how to estimate HEI's effects, e.g. on demand and labour, and to greater controversies on how far universities' benefits can really be captured in the region (e.g. Glückler et al., 2018). It has been pointed out (e.g. by De Meulemeester & Rochat, 1995) that increases in public education expenditures and graduates do not automatically result in upgrading human capital and economic growth. ...
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... Merlevede et al., 2014), research infrastructures (Giffoni et al., 2018) and universities (Bleaney et al., 1992). Especially in the case of universities, a fundamental actor of RIS, the estimation of regional economic impacts is challenging because it requires extensive accounting for various types of economic flows such as students' expenditures and staff salaries (Hermannsson et al., 2013), university suppliers (Glückler et al., 2018) and renting (Perry & Wiewel, 2005). All these dimensions represent a significant share of the local economy, explaining the policy interest (Harris, 1997;Hermannsson, 2016;Zhang et al., 2017). ...
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The paper proposes a policy evaluation approach to estimate the local multiplier effect of (public) R&I expenditures in the context of regional innovation systems (RIS). Starting from input-output tables and recent improvements in local multipliers, the proposed approach tracks all economic flows generated by the initial public R&I expenditures, distinguishing direct impact and subsequent effects on the supply chain, consumption, fiscal flows and interregional spillovers. The main interest of this approach is the focus on the 'certain' returns occurring within a RIS, irrespective of their 'uncertain' innovative outcomes, i.e. this approach tracks the economic flows of R&I expenditures even if innovation-oriented activities should fail to provide the expected benefits for regional productivity. The case of Innoviris, the Brussels regional R&I agency, is discussed to validate this approach unpacking the economic flows in a context of strong interregional linkages showing the spatial distribution of economic returns generated by R&I-oriented public expenditures. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Merlevede et al., 2014), research infrastructures (Giffoni et al., 2018) and universities (Bleaney et al., 1992). Especially in the case of universities, a fundamental actor of RIS, the estimation of regional economic impacts is challenging because it requires extensive accounting for various types of economic flows such as students' expenditures and staff salaries (Hermannsson et al., 2013), university suppliers (Glückler et al., 2018) and renting (Perry & Wiewel, 2005). All these dimensions represent a significant share of the local economy, explaining the policy interest (Harris, 1997;Hermannsson, 2016;Zhang et al., 2017). ...
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The paper proposes a policy evaluation approach to estimate the local multiplier effect of (public) R&I expenditures in the context of regional innovation systems (RIS). Starting from input-output tables and recent improvements in local multipliers, the proposed approach tracks all economic flows generated by the initial public R&I expenditures, distinguishing direct impact and subsequent effects on the supply chain, consumption, fiscal flows and inter-regional spillovers. The main interest of this approach is the focus on the ‘certain’ returns occurring within a RIS, irrespective of their ‘uncertain’ innovative outcomes, i.e. this approach tracks the economic flows of R&I expenditures even if innovation-oriented activities should fail to provide the expected benefits for regional productivity. The case of Innoviris, the Brussels regional R&I agency, is discussed to validate this approach unpacking the economic flows in a context of strong interregional linkages showing the spatial distribution of economic returns generated by R&I-oriented public expenditures.
... The immobile conferences might thus have needed more time than the mobile conferences for gaining a larger geographical reach, but the biannual academic conferences in Santa Cruz do Sul enabled, just as outlined by Latour's (1987) notion of cycles of mobilization in scientific centres of calculation, the creation of cumulative processes of mobility and networking among postgraduate students and academics that have contributed to the emergence of a well-known centre of regional development research at the University of Santa Cruz do Sul. Based on existing empirical findings about important regional economic impacts resulting from a university's personnel and material expenses (Glückler et al., 2018:497) and from C.F. Momm and H. Jöns Geoforum xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx conferences and other business tourism events (Bathelt et al., 2014:10), we suggest that the SIDR meetings, because they have been hosted every second year in the same place, not only impacted on the increase of postgraduate students, academic staff, and scientific expertise in SIDR's host university but also brought considerable economic benefits to the host city and the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Motoyama, 1985(Motoyama, , 2004Cunha, 2007;Sá et al., 2015). C.F. Momm and H. Jöns Geoforum xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx ...
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This article advances research on the geographies of science, higher education, and knowledge production by analysing how the material, social, and intellectual geographies of academic conferences have shaped capacity-building in Brazil. Drawing upon debates about conferences as temporary and cyclical knowledge clusters, mobilities of knowledge, and triadic thought, we present the first longitudinal and comparative geographical analysis of academic conferences by examining Brazil's two major biannual conferences on urban and regional development and planning—the mobile ENANPUR events and the stationary SIDR meetings—over a ten-year period. Our multi-dimensional and multi-scalar comparative analysis of ten events with more than 1600 conference papers and 2600 contributing authors reveals that in the context of an expanding Brazilian higher education system, both conferences acquired national reach of paper authors and study sites but with persisting east-west and south-north disparities. We discuss how ENANPUR and SIDR contributed to national capacity-building through 'decentralized concentration' of knowledge production and exchange, mitigating regional disparities via the decentralization of epistemic communities but reinforcing regional imbalances through the concentration of resources in conference locations, coastal states, and the two southern regions. We argue that conferences are an important tool for urban and regional development because they put places and people 'on the map' of epistemic communities and policy agendas, thereby helping to provide expertise for local and regional problem-solving.