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It is observed that hot weather and violence go hand in hand. This fact can be derived from a variety of sources, from a variety of centuries, and from a variety of continents. The first major review of the empirical literature on temperature effects on aggression relied on two epistemological strategies—namely, triangulation and meta-analysis. How...
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Context 1
... Fig. 3, which is adapted from Cohn and Rotton's Fig. 1. This figure appears to present overwhelming evidence of a significant downturn in assault as temperatures increase from about 75° to 99°F. But think for a minute-of all the 3-h time periods that are at 85°F or hotter in Minneapolis, what proportion occur during the time of day when ...
Context 2
... estimates in the text but did not graph the results. Figure 4 is based on their reported slopes. 1 The shape of the temperature-assault function in Fig. 4 is different from the one presented by Cohn and Rotton's Fig. 1 (our Fig. 3). One can still see a bit of a downturn at the higher temperatures, but it is not nearly so pronounced as in our Fig. 3. Whether the downturn is significant was not reported; it seems unlikely given the relative scarcity of data points at 95°F or above in Minneapolis. But, we believe that even this figure does not give an accurate representation of the temperature effect on assault in Minneapolis. This is because one of the statistical controls used in ...
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Citations
... Weather shocks such as droughts or heatwaves and floods or storms increase the strain on individuals who may cope by committing a crime (Nguyen et al., 2023;Agnew, 2012). This implies that hot weather for example decreases the threshold of aggressive actions by individuals resulting in crime (Anderson et al., 2000). Weather shocks may also weaken formal and informal social controls. ...
... The temperature-aggression nexus (Anderson et al. 2000), which refers to the ubiquitous e ect of heat on the occurrence of human violence, must be studied further to determine whether it occurs through physiological or psychological mechanisms. Group violence may escalate as climate change impacts renewable resources such as fresh water, arable land, forests, and fisheries (Anderson 1989). ...
... Previous studies point to a strong association between global warming, climate change and conflicts (Auliciems and DiBartolo, 1995;Anderson et al., 2000;Bohlken and Sergenti, 2010;Sutton, et al., 2010;Tol and Wagner, 2010;Bergholt and Lujala, 2012;Mares, 2013;Maystadt and Ecker, 2014;Bellemare, 2015;Burke et al., 2015b). For instance, Burke et al. (2009) found that a 1-degree Celsius rise in temperature in African countries south of the Sahara increases the rate of internal armed conflict by 4.5 percent in the same year and 0.9 percent in the following year. ...
The relationship between climate change and violent conflict has been the focus of rigorous scholarly and policy discourse in recent decades. The adverse economic conditions can be a significant conduit that connects the two phenomena. We aim to explore the impact of economic growth and food production indices on conflict. Specifically, the objective is to link the causal path of climatic conditions to economic and food production outcomes and armed conflict. We apply Probit and Instrumental Variable (IV) Probit regressions using a panel of 16 countries in the MENA region, including Iraq and Turkey. We employ weather conditions as instruments for the economic and food production indices. Moreover, we use country dyadic data to examine the impact of shared river basins on conflict. For the incidence of armed conflict, we use the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset in 1960-2022, and for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), food production indices and climatic conditions, we use data from the World Development Indicators. The findings show that international aid, GDP, and food production indices negatively affect the incidence of conflict, while natural resource rents increase the likelihood of conflict. Regarding the river-shared basins, we find that when the rivers cross the borders, and if two or more countries share a river basin, then the incidence of conflict increases. Future research should further explore the interaction between climatic change and conflict and whether is conditioned by economic, social, political, and demographic factors to understand how they contribute to conflict.
... 36 This is particularly important because Tempe is prone to extreme heat, which has been shown to directly affect the brain, mental health, and lead to increased suicide rates and violence. 37,38,39,40 Economic impact Urban agriculture has a positive impact on local economies by creating jobs, stimulating local businesses, and decreasing the cost of purchasing fruits and vegetables. 41,42,43 The City Council's Quality of Life Strategic Priority and its poverty performance measure directly coincides with this benefit. ...
... Thus, TAP Aggression was operationalized as the total number of 10 s and 20 s selected, which our prior analyses suggest is robustly related to measures of physical and verbal aggression in aggressive individuals-even more so than average shock selection (Timmins et al., 2023). Although the first selection of CRTT has been conceptualized as a measure of trait aggression because the first selection is made without any provocation (e.g., Anderson et al., 2000;Elson, 2016), we did not use this as our prior analyses found no difference between aggressive and nonaggressive participants during the TAP (Timmins et al., 2023). ...
Aggression refers to a wide range of behaviors with lasting individual and societal consequences. Recurrent, unplanned aggressive behavior is the core diagnostic criterion for intermittent explosive disorder (IED). In this study, we compared two behavioral measures of aggression in the laboratory: the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) and the Point‐Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). This sample ( n = 528) included community participants who met DSM‐5 criteria for IED ( n = 156), met DSM‐5 criteria for a nonaggressive psychiatric disorder ( n = 205), or did not meet DSM‐5 criteria for any psychiatric disorder ( n = 167). All participants completed the TAP, a single‐session PSAP, and relevant self‐report measures. MANOVA analyses demonstrated differences between IED participants and nonaggressive participants; however, these group differences were no longer significant for the PSAP after including demographic variables. Correlation analyses found that the TAP and PSAP were positively related to one another and the composite variables associated with aggressive behavior (i.e., history of aggression, impulsivity, and propensity to experience anger) and; dependent correlations revealed that past aggression and trait anger were more strongly related to the TAP. Differences in TAP and PSAP outcomes may be partially attributed to operationalizations of aggression and methods of aggression and provocation. Further, as aggressive and nonaggressive participants differed on the PSAP somewhat mirroring the TAP, our results add to growing evidence of the validity of a single‐session PSAP; further research is needed to fully establish single‐session PSAP as a laboratory aggression task compared to the multi‐session PSAP.
... Weather shocks increase the strain on individuals who may cope by committing a crime. This implies for example, that uncomfortable temperatures at times of heatwaves make people more aggressive which decreases the threshold of aggressive actions and may result in crime (Anderson et al., 2000). Furthermore, the routine activity approach suggests that in case of hot weather, routine activities alter (Cohen & Felson, 1979) because people tend to spend more time in outdoor public spaces, leaving their homes unprotected and thus reducing guardianship. ...
... e temperature-aggression thesis posits that there is a positive relationship between high temperatures and human aggression. According to this hypothesis, as temperatures increase, so do the frequency and intensity of aggressive behaviour in humans (Anderson et al., 2000). ...
... ere also abound in the conflict literature a number of causal factors linking climate changes with conflict. Climate can potentially worsen a number of existing threats but that will depend on a number of contextual factors-levels of socioeconomic development, robustness of governance institutions, capacity of security service and the nature of the governance system (Anderson et al., 2000). e northwest geopolitical zone is one of Nigeria's two geopolitical zones at the edge of the Sahara and the site of an ongoing ruinous conflict between the Nigerian state, rural communities and armed groups referred to as bandits. ...
The northwest region, Nigeria’s geopolitical zone at the edge of the Sahel is the epicentre of a ruinous security crisis driven by armed groups, often described as bandits. Attention of the research community and policy makers have generally been directed towards investigating the possible nexus between climate change and the escalating violence from armed banditry in northwest Nigeria. With the region considered one of the most environmentally blighted regions within the central Sahel, the climate-induced precariousness of northwest Nigeria has been further exacerbated by poor socioeconomic outcomes, weak state capacity and incessant conflicts that continue to aggravate the country’s various ethnic and political fault lines. To date, extant literature about this phenomenon have rarely linked metrological and climate variability data in understanding the relationship between climate change, fragility and conflict. This study investigates the role of climatic variability in the formation and evolution of this rapidly escalating conflict. Using precipitation data and temperature data between 2010 and 2021, the study observed a reduction in precipitation and an increase in the temperature recorded as an indication of likely drought in the study area. A negative relationship between precipitation and bandit attacks was identified with a correlation coefficient (R-value) of −0.01 implication of which shows that as the precipitation reduces bandit attack increase. Likewise, the increase in temperature shows a positive relationship with an R-value of 0.25 which implies an increase in temperature influences bandit attack. Therefore, from the findings of this chapter, it can be inferred that climate is one of the most critical variables that have triggered a cyclical conflict of mutual destruction between farming communities and pastoralists in the region and created pastoralists cum ethnic-dominated criminal groups that have threatened the viability of the Nigerian state. The study suggested the need for rapid climate action to help reduce the occurrence of armed conflict (banditry) in the study area.
... Several psychological heat-aggression theories exist for heat and aggression, which were reviewed thoroughly by Anderson 13,14 . For example, the "simple negative affect model" assumes that aggressive behaviors occur at temperature extremes (e.g., extremely cold, extremely hot) due to the consequence of hostility and aggression led by uncomfortable feelings. ...
Psychological theories on heat-aggression relationship have existed for decades and recent models suggest climate change will increase violence through varying pathways. Although observational studies have examined the impact of temperature on violent crime, the evidence for associations is primarily limited to coarse temporal resolution of weather and crime (e.g., yearly/monthly) and results from a few Western communities, warranting studies based on higher temporal resolution data of modern systemic crime statistics for various regions. This observational study examined short-term temperature impacts on violent crime using national crime data for the warm months (Jun.–Sep.) across South Korea (2016–2020). Distributed lag non-linear models assessed relative risks (RRs) of daily violent crime counts at the 70th, 90th, and 99th summer temperature percentiles compared to the reference temperature (10th percentile), with adjustments for long-term trends, seasonality, weather, and air pollution. Results indicate potentially non-linear relationships between daily summer temperature (lag0–lag10) and violent crime counts. Violent crimes consistently increased from the lowest temperature and showed the highest risk at the 70th temperature (~ 28.0 °C). The RR at the 70th and 90th percentiles of daily mean temperature (lag0–lag10), compared to the reference, was 1.11 (95% CI 1.09, 1.15) and 1.04 (95% CI 1.01, 1.07), indicating significant associations. Stratified analysis showed significant increases in assault and domestic violence for increases in temperature. The lagged effects, the influences of heat on subsequent crime incidence, did not persist 21 days after the exposure, possibly due to the displacement phenomenon. We found curvilinear exposure–response relationships, which provide empirical evidence to support the psychological theories for heat and violence. Lower public safety through increased violent crime may be an additional public health harm of climate change.
... Perhaps tree coverage stimulates mental restoration through the aesthetically pleasing sights and sounds of nature (Summers & Vivian, 2018;Ulrich, 1984), or by providing comfortable outdoor settings for exercise (Cohen-Cline et al., 2015;Das & Gailey, 2022). It is also possible that tree coverage reduces crime through improved climate mitigation, as research reveals an association between uncomfortably hot (or cold) temperatures and increased aggressive behavior (Anderson et al., 2000). Known as the urban heat island effect (Ziter et al., 2019), temperatures tend to be higher in urban areas than rural environments. ...
... Equally so, increased tree presence brings other environmental features to an area, expressly the calming sights and sounds of nature (Summers & Vivian, 2018;Ulrich, 1984). Relatedly, the heat-mitigating effects of tree coverage are particularly beneficial in curbing some of the urban heat island effect (Declet-Barreto et al., 2013;Shepley et al., 2019;Ziter et al., 2019), given the established association between extremely hot temperatures and aggressive behavior (Anderson et al., 2000). In these ways, tree canopy cover encourages greater exposure to nature among neighbors and locals alike, resulting in numerous improvements in mental well-being (Zhang et al., 2021), and reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression (Beyer et al., 2014;Hazer et al., 2018;Jones et al., 2021;Mennis et al., 2018), thereby reducing precursors to violent behavior (S. ...
A bourgeoning area of research suggests that tree canopy coverage can reduce crime in neighborhoods. However, nearly all prior studies have analyzed the effects of tree canopy coverage on crime across neighborhoods at a single timepoint. Thus, it is necessary to examine change within neighborhoods of the relationship between tree canopy coverage and aggregate crime outcomes. For the present study, we conduct a longitudinal block group analysis of tree canopy coverage, sociodemographic characteristics, and crime in Washington, DC. To model within-neighborhood change, we employ an unconditional Poisson-based regression estimator with dummy variables to represent fixed-effects. The findings show that tree canopy coverage can indeed reduce crime within neighborhoods over time, and with substantive magnitude. Yet, these salutary effects pertain to violent crimes only. In fact, we determine that tree canopy coverage leads to more motor vehicle thefts. The implications of these findings for criminology, urban studies, and public policy are discussed.
... Climate change leads to more gradual and less immediate disruptive changes than hurricanes or storms, which can nevertheless alter the psychological and physical well-being of humans. Global warming has also been linked to increased rates of aggression, both hetero-directed and self-directed (88,89), suicide rates (43,90) and hospitalizations related to mental issues (91,92). ...
Background:
The world is currently facing a process of climate change, which may adversely impact human health in many different ways. The safety of food, water and urban environments is endangered by the consequences of climate change. Sea level and temperature rise, along with more frequent and longer heat waves, represent only a few of the effects of climate change. The increased risk of extreme climate events (e.g., cyclones, droughts and floods) is another serious public health issue. These adverse effects are enhanced in areas and countries not having the capacity to effectively deal with climate change.
Study design:
We primarily aimed at summarizing the impacts of climate change on public health. A further aim was to identify the most concerning consequences of this phenomenon and the vulnerability factors that amplify the negative effects of climate change.
Methods:
PubMed and other literature databases were used as literature sources for this narrative review based on the search terms 'climate change' and 'diseases categories' up to January 2024, in order to assess the most recent and relevant scientific evidence about the relation between climate change and public health, identify knowledge gaps and priorities for future research. We also screened the websites of major agencies devoted to human health protection and environmental health.
Results and conclusions:
Climate change appears to induce a broad spectrum of generally adverse effects on public health. It may increase the risk of infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, cancer and other diseases. Currently, we are not effectively counteracting this phenomenon, since pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing alongside temperatures. A host of measures are required in order to prevent and fight climate change and related health effects. These include the adoption of a holistic approach and the collaboration of different kinds of expertise in order to design more effective strategies. Special attention should be paid to those who live in disadvantaged countries, and those who are more vulnerable to the adverse health consequences of climate change.
