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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors extend,a hearty,MAHALO and,ALOHA to all who contributed to the completion,of this manual. The production,of this handbook,is a combined,effort of three institutions: 1),the United States Department,of Agriculture Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture,(CTSA) through,a grant,from the U.S. Department,of Agricultur...
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... encapsulated bags of nutrients. Two major concerns among aquaculturists are providing organisms appropriate to the size of the larvae at the first feeding stage and then supplying the large numbers of feed organisms necessary to maintain the larvae. two live feeds, the rotifer Brachionus sp. and the nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia (see Fig. 4) satisfy both the dimensional and numerical requirements ( Lubzens et al. 1989;Sorgeloos et al. 1991). The discovery that the nutritional quality of both these food organisms can be manipulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements of larvae has resulted in major strides in the hatchery production of fish. Enrich- ment or ...
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... Due to the small size and sensitivity of the sh at this age, they require special attention to ensure ideal performance and Enriching live foods with dietary sources is essential since it is time-dependent and the composition of enriched fatty acids in Artemia changes as the enrichment period progresses. It has been demonstrated that providing newly hatched artemia with a lipid source for 12 to 24 hours signi cantly boosts HUFA content (Narciso et al., 1999); (Tamaru et al., 2003). Numerous studies have shown that artemia can bioencapsulate (short-term enrich) microorganisms (Gatesoupe, 1994) (Gatesoupe, 1991). ...
The ornamental fish industry faces a major challenge in enhancing the brilliant coloration desired by consumers. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the influence of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin enriched artemia on the efficacy of goldfish pigmentation. Growth, blood analysis, immunity, histology, and the expression of the genes for somatolactin (SL) and growth hormone (GH) of goldfish were also evaluated. Goldfish (N = 225, 1.10 ± 0.02g) were tested with five experimental treatments as follows: (T1) fish fed a basal diet; (T2) fish fed a basal diet and un-enriched artemia (UEA); (T3) fish fed a basal diet and spirulina enriched artemia (SEA); (T4) fish fed a basal diet and canthaxanthin enriched artemia (CEA); and (T5) fish fed a basal diet and spirulina and canthaxanthin enriched artemia (SCA). The experiment lasted for 90 days. The results showed that T5 had the highest carotene concentration (3.446 mg/g), lowest chromatic deformity, and better growth performance and feed utilization ( P ≤ 0.05). The best results in hematology, serum biochemical, and immunological tests were observed in goldfish treated with T5. In addition, histological examination of the intestine in T5 revealed a significant increase in villi length and goblet cells (#/mm2) in the anterior and middle intestine. Dietary effects on SL and GH gene expression in the liver and brain differed significantly among treatments. However, a significant increase in values was observed in all treatments except T1 and T2. The somatolectin alpha (SL-a) gene is expressed in the brain rather than the liver specially in T5.
... In aquaculture, hatched brine shrimp Artemia, which has high nutritional value, 40-60 percent protein with rich amino acid composition (Koru and Turkmen, 2010), is commonly fed to the fish fry. Because of the size of nauplius stage, Artemia also represents the only practical feed source for the early stages of many fish (Tamaru et al., 2001). ...
... A gelatin capsule containing fish lipid oil equivalent to EPA and DHA content of 180 and 120 mg respectively was used to prepare the emulsion using the emulsifier Tween 80 by following a standard protocol (Tamaru et al., 1999). The emulsion of EPA and DHA was -1 added at 2 ml L to the cylindroconical tank having instar I nauplii of Artemia at the density of 100-150 nauplii ml-1. ...
... The Artemia nauplii enriched with the emulsion of n-3 HUFA differed significantly with enrichment hours. The newly hatched nauplii of Artemia had no DHA (Evjemo et al., 1997(Evjemo et al., 1997Shivananda Murthy and Thanuja, 2006;Tamaru et al., 1999); further crustaceans cannot synthesise HUFA (Sargent et al., 1999). The total content of EPA and DHA in Artemia nauplii was influenced by the duration of n-3 HUFA enrichment (Tamaru et al., 1999). ...
... The newly hatched nauplii of Artemia had no DHA (Evjemo et al., 1997(Evjemo et al., 1997Shivananda Murthy and Thanuja, 2006;Tamaru et al., 1999); further crustaceans cannot synthesise HUFA (Sargent et al., 1999). The total content of EPA and DHA in Artemia nauplii was influenced by the duration of n-3 HUFA enrichment (Tamaru et al., 1999). In the present study, the total EPA and DHA content were increased into 4.09 and 6.05% after 12 and 24 h of enrichment respectively. ...
Nutritional quality of Artemia used in prawn hatchery determines the quality of seed output and its performance in the culture. The present study aimed at determining the effect of n-3 HUFA enriched Artemia feeding on growth and survival of postlarvae (PL) of M. rosenbergii. The Artemia were fed with n-3 HUFA emulsions at 2 ml L-1 and samples were taken at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 h for analyzing fatty acid profile. Results exhibited that 24 h enriched Artemia had a significantly higher level of EPA (3.76±0.11%) and DHA (2.29±0.01%) and it declined after 24 h. The PL of M. rosenbergii were fed with freshly hatched (T1), 12 h enriched (T2), 12 h un-enriched (T3), 24 h enriched (T4) and 24 h un-enriched (T5) Artemia during initial 10 days and reared for 40 days with commercial diet. The highest SGR (3.21% day-1) and survival (83.33 ± 3.34 %) was observed in T4 compared to other treatments. Data of the present study suggest that 24 h is an optimum duration for the enrichment of Artemia and feeding it for short duration enhanced the growth and survival of M. rosenbergii.
... A variety of enrichment methods, including the addition of soluble amino acids to the culture medium water, the use of liposomal and phospholipid membranes, and the use of commercial enrichment solutions, exist for the A. franciscana body's amino acids, but these methods are not recommended due to their reducing the quality of the culture, low enrichment efficiency and high cost (Hawkyard, Laurel, & Langdon, 2014). In general, in fish enrichment methods, the cost and duration of the enrichment process are very important (Tamaru, Ako, Paguirigan, & Pang, 2011). For this reason, and due to their compatibility with the environmental stress, methods based on zooplankton enrichment can have a significant effect on reducing the costs associated with the larval feeding. ...
The effects of different salinity levels, including 10–15, 30–35, 70–75, 110–115 and 150–155 ppt, were evaluated on survival and the body amino acids (BAA) of Artemia franciscana. The results were expressed as total essential (TE), non‐essential (NE) and total amino acids (TAA); also, the ratio of the TE to NE (ENAA) on days 3 and 13 of the culture is reported. The study of changes in Artemia BAA showed that with the increase in the water salinity, the TE, NE and TAA increased significantly on days 3 and 13 of the culture. However, the highest ratio of ENAA was observed in the 110 gL⁻¹ salinity treatment on day 3 (1.067 ± 1.25). Regarding the effects of different salinity treatments on the survival rate of Artemia, it was observed that, generally, an increase in the water salinity would reduce the survival rate of this species. This reduction was observed on day 3 of culture in the salinity treatments above 120 (66.66 ± 1.68%) and below 30 gL⁻¹ (89.66 ± 0.34%) and on day 13 of culture in the salinity treatments below 30 (11.86 ± 0.13%) and above 70 gL⁻¹. Basically, it can be concluded that A. franciscana culture at a salinity of 110 gL⁻¹ can lead to the biological enrichment of Artemia in terms of amino acid profile.
... With regard to the incorporation of the unenriched Artemia, the positive effects have been reported in shrimp (L. vannamei) broodstocks (Naessens et al., 1997), Carassius auratus, Pterophyllum leopoldi broodstocks (Tamaru and Ako, 2003), and L. vannamei broodstock (Wouters et al., 2002). They suggested that on-grown Artemia acted as a transferor for essential nutrients that were able to increase the reproductive performance in term of the fertilization rates, the number of spawning events, female's fecundity, sperm counts, and spermatophore weight. ...
... They suggested that on-grown Artemia acted as a transferor for essential nutrients that were able to increase the reproductive performance in term of the fertilization rates, the number of spawning events, female's fecundity, sperm counts, and spermatophore weight. In line with our work, the positive effects of adult Artemia in diets on reproductive performance of ornamental fish broodstocks has been well-documented in the golden corydoras catfish, Corydoras aeneus (Tamaru et al., 2000), the goldfish, Carassius auratus (Tamaru and Ako, 2003), the severum cichlid Cichlasoma severum (Langroudi et al., 2009), and angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Langroudi et al., 2009). ...
The present study investigated the effects of soybean lecithin bioencapsulated in adult Artemia franciscana and unenriched Artemia in combination with an inert diet on digestive enzymes activity and reproductive performance in Aequidens rivulatus (green terror cichlid). Eight hundred and ten fish (3.1 ± 0.2 g) were randomly allotted into glass tank (80 L) and assigned to ten dietary treatments with 5 different levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of either lecithin-enriched Artemia (EA) or unenriched Artemia (UA) over a period of 90 days. The amount of total polar lipid increased from 39.2% in the unenriched Artemia to 43.7% in the lecithin-enriched Artemia (P < .05). The fish fed with 50% EA had higher total weight, and total length compared with other groups (P < .05). The peculiar functions of total alkaline proteases, α-amylase, and lipase in green terror increased in the groups fed with lecithin-enriched Artemia, compared to the un-enriched groups (P < .05). The highest total alkaline proteases activity was observed in the fish fed with 75% EA treatment. In comparison to the other groups, fish fed 100 and 0% levels of Artemia replacement had significantly highest and lowest α-amylase activity values, respectively. Concerning reproductive performance, the highest average fecundity, egg diameter, egg weight, fertilization, hatching, and larval survival rates, as well as the lowest time between two spawning episodes, were obtained in fish fed 50% EA. In conclusion, this feeding strategy is advisable for a proper nutritional management of broodfish of green terror cichlid.
... For instar-II Artemia, they were reared for another 7 h when they started to develop a complete digestive tract ready for the enrichment (Stappen, 1996). Instar-II Artemia was then enriched with the freeze-dried AL for 4 h at the ratio of 400,000 individuals per 600 mg of AL in 1 l of 30-ppt water (adapted from Harel et al., 2002;Song et al., 2007;Tamaru et al., 1999). Non-enriched instar-II Artemia was also prepared in parallel by raising similarly for another 4 h but without the A. limacinum enrichment. ...
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have been shown to promote growth and health of many larval marine animals. Producing high amounts of LC-PUFAs, thraustochytrids are potential alternatives to fish oil as feed supplement for marine larviculture. Their applications have been assessed in many larval aquatic species but not yet in larval and post-larval (PL) shrimp. Here, growth performance and health of Penaeus vannamei PL were evaluated when fed with a thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium limacinum BCC52274 (AL), via enrichment in instar-II Artemia. Instar-II Artemia was enriched with AL for 4 h at the ratio of 400,000 individuals: 600 mg of freeze-dried AL per 1l of 30-ppt water. The feeding experiment consisted of treatment groups fed with varied proportions (from 0 to 100%) of the number of meals offering the non-enriched and enriched instar-II Artemia. Additionally, a reference group was included, in which PL were fed only with instar-I Artemia, the stage commonly used in commercial practice. AL enrichment replenished DHA deficiency in Artemia and increased LC-PUFA content in the fed PL. Increased feeding amounts of the enriched Artemia yielded positive effects on increased biomass gain, longer average length and decreased length variation coefficient of the PL (P < 0.05). The highest growth performance was from the group fed with the highest amount of the enriched Artemia and comparable to that of the instar-I reference group. The supplement resulted in an evident effect on hypo-salinity tolerance of the PL. PL fed with AL were more tolerant to hypo-salinity than those fed with no AL (P < 0.05). From our standardized swimming test, PL fed only with the enriched Artemia also exhibited no negative-rheotaxis swimming, different from the other groups (P < 0.05). AL had no effect on immunology of the PL when evaluated via Vibrio harveyi challenge, phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activities (P > 0.05). These findings suggest benefits of AL on growth performance, increasing hypo-salinity tolerance and swimming strength of shrimp PL.
... Skjermo and Vadstein (1999) described a technique for controlled transfer of immunostimulants to marine larvae through incorporation of Artemia and rotifers in live feed. Tamaru et al. (2003) reported that with 12-to 24-hr enrichment of newly hatched A. franciscana with a lipid source, a significant increase in the highly unsaturated fatty acid content is detectable. Esteban (2012) reported that Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii achieved good results against vibriosis. ...
Shrimp aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food producing sectors in the world due to its high demand in developed countries; however, they are affected by diseases mainly caused by opportunistic pathogens results in huge economic losses. Today preventive and management measures are central concern to overcome such outbreak of diseases. The adverse effect of chemotherapeutics in shrimp farming has drawn attention for the development of non-antibiotic and environment friendly agents, which is one of the key factors for health management in shrimp aquaculture. In recent years, application of probiotics against virus and bacteria in shrimp farming had been a novel and safe approach since they promote the innate immune response. Probiotics for bacterial diseases like vibriosis is well reported, but for viral diseases, the authentic strains still need research. Apart from the discovery of new or better formulations, improvement in the probiotic benefits may be helpful. Thus, better and economic production methods, administration ways or combination with other preventive/therapeutic measures are welcomed. Further studies are still necessary to increase the knowledge about use of probiotics to control bacterial infections in shrimp but much more efforts are needed in the case of viral diseases. In this review, potential application of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture: importance, mechanisms of action and methods of administration are being focused. The article also explains the limitations and prospects of probiotics in sustainable and ecofriendly shrimp culture to augment the total shrimp aquaculture production.
... They can tolerate temperature of between 15 to 31 0 C and optimum Ph is 6-8 at 25 0 C [29]. Brachionus plicatilis forms the best starter-live food organisms for the early stages of ornamental fishes that can not ingest the larger Artemia nauplii [2,3,30]. Rotifers in small length (50-I00µm) as well as larger one (100-200µm) can be used for feeding of cultured ornamental fish larvae based on the mouth size of that species . ...
... The brown discus larvae could be reared by using rotifers in the absence of the dependence of body slime of parents as nutrient source during exogenous feeding period [1]. The rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp, Artemia are the two vehicles by which the nutritional components are delivered to the fish larvae and satisfy the dimension and numerical requirements [32,33,30]. As the rotifers could be kept alive in the aquarium, only one feeding per day is needed. ...
Ornamental fish are being kept for more than three centuries, particularly in Europe since the early 17 th century. The culture of larvae of many species of ornamental fish is precariously dependent upon the availability of live foods, whether plant or animal. Although the recent progress in the production of artificial feeds for ornamental fish larvae, feeding of most species still relies on live foods during the early life stages. Besides their nutritional value, live foods are easily detected and captured, due to their swimming movements in the water column, and highly digestible. The present paper reviews the main types of live foods used in ornamental fish larviculture, their advantages and deficiencies, with a special stress on their nutritional value. The most frequently used live foods in ornamental fish larviculture are rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.). Though, both rotifers and Artemia have nutritional deficiencies for marine species, mainly in essential n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Enrichment of these live foods with HUFA before using them as live food appears to increase growth and survival of a variety of larvae. Several species of microalgae are also used in larviculture. These are used as feed for culture of other live food organisms in the green water technique in larval rearing of ornamental fish, with presumed beneficial effects on feeding behaviour, digestive function, nutritional value, water quality and micro flora. Copepods and other natural zooplankton organisms have also been used as live foods, normally with significantly better results in terms of larval survival rates, growth and quality, when compared with rotifers and Artemia. However, research on nutritional requirements of ornamental fishes is required in order to determine optimal dietary inclusion levels.
... However, the enrichment process in live feeds using dietary sources is very important, because it is time dependent and the enriched fatty acid profile in Artemia is subjected to change according to the enrichment duration. It was reported that during 12 to 24 h enrichment of newly hatched A. franciscana with lipid source, a significant increase in HUFA content may be detectable [17,30]. Until recently bio-enrichment studies in Artemia or rotifer were done with reference to the concentrations of various nutrients, especially fatty acids. ...
... Skjermo and Vadstein (1999) described a technique for controlled transfer of immunostimulants to marine larvae through incorporation of Artemia and rotifers in live feed. Tamaru et al. (2003) reported that with 12-to 24-h enrichment of newly hatched A. franciscana with a lipid source, a significant increase in the highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content is detectable. Esteban (2012) reported that Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii achieved good results against vibriosis. ...
Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.
