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With the analysis of the middle Bronze Age (2000–1350 BC) Vatya culture findings in Pest county (Central Hungary) comprising of more than 400 polished stone tools and instrument tools this is the first archaeometric study with such scale in Hungary. In order to characterize petrographically the raw-material of the stone tools macroscopic and micros...
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... middle Bronze Age (2000-1350 BC) Vatya culture occupying the central part of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve ( Fig. 1) has special significance from several aspects as it controlled the most important routes in the Carpathian Basin: the Danube and the associated smaller river network in central Hungary. Natural conditions of this area determined fundamentally the lifestyle of the culture in which agriculture had a central role. This is one of the most ...
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... sandstones presumable represent the Balaton Uplands variation (Fig. 16) of the Permian red sandstone formation (Gyalog, 1996;Császár, ...
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... to be probable and the sandstone was reworked several times. Its deposition could have taken place in marine conditions with a slight sorting according to grain-size. This rock type can be identified with the rocks of the Hárshegy Sandstone Formation (Gyalog, 1996;Császár, 1997) exposed in several outcrops in the margin of the Buda Mountains (Fig. ...
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... of the rock type, the mixed composition and age of its constituents, its moderately consolidated calcareous cementing suggest that it could have been a Miocene-Pliocene formation that are generally widespread in the western margin of the Buda Mts. and can be found elevated in the northern edge of the Tétény plateau (e.g. Érd, Diósd) (Hámor, 1998) (Fig. ...
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... on the macro-and microscopic studies and the major element analyses (Tables 2 and Fig. 11) although the basaltic andesite rock versions show differences in their mineral composition they are genetically closely related formations representing subvolcanic and volcanic levels, different lava facies and different volcanic activity phases. Comparing the results of our analyses with the major element composition of the rocks of the region ( Harangi et al, 2007;Karátson et al., 2000Karátson et al., , 2007Korpás, 1998Korpás, , Póka et al., 2004) they show similarities to the Badenian neutral volcanics of the Visegrád and Börzsöny Mts. and some of the Cserhát as well. ...
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... of the rocks of the region ( Harangi et al, 2007;Karátson et al., 2000Karátson et al., , 2007Korpás, 1998Korpás, , Póka et al., 2004) they show similarities to the Badenian neutral volcanics of the Visegrád and Börzsöny Mts. and some of the Cserhát as well. These rocks are classified as Mátra Andesite Formation (Gyalog, 1996;Császár, 1997) (Fig. ...
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... on the material, macroscopic and microscopic conditions and geochemical analysis (Table 4, Fig. 11) of a stone axe (Péteri major-Kb- 83.4.) it is a metamorphosed dolerite. Such Jurassic rocks can be found in smaller outcrops around Szarvaskő (Szakmány, 2009), Bükk Mts. (Fig. ...
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... on the material, macroscopic and microscopic conditions and geochemical analysis (Table 4, Fig. 11) of a stone axe (Péteri major-Kb- 83.4.) it is a metamorphosed dolerite. Such Jurassic rocks can be found in smaller outcrops around Szarvaskő (Szakmány, 2009), Bükk Mts. (Fig. ...
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... material of a stone axe (Szhb-Fv-Kb- SAX-9.) is a dark grey rock with white patches and compact texture that can be polished easily. Based on the major element analysis (Table 2) this rock is diorite. Potential source areas can the localities along the Maros river (Zarand Mts.: Păuliș, Bârzava) ( Ianovici et al., 1976) (Fig. ...
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... are variably altered, sericitized potassium feldspars that enclose other feldspars, some plagioclases and biotite in large amount as inclusions. Larger minerals show the signs of initial perthitic intergrowth. Their extinction shows a slight undulation. The older more acidic plagioclase generation shows myrmekitic intergrowth at places (Fig. 10). Variable altered biotite can be 5-7%. The rock was affected by hydrometasomatic processes. A tiny apatite needle can be observed in the sample as an ...
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... can be related to the palingenetic granites in Transdanubia (Fülöp, 1994, Gyalog & Horváth, 2000) based on the microscopic analysis. The first sample could be originated from the Velence Mts. while the second rather resembles the granites at Mórágy, Mecsek Mts. (Fig. ...
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... structure as a result of compression shows some kind of orientation. On certain samples a lizardite layer can be observed. The rocks are variably serpentinized therefore their texture is variable as well. Optically remnant textures and metamorphic modifications can also be observed. Reticular chrysotile has the most typical appearance (Fig. 12). Some of them have sub- ophitic texture, they are relatively fresh while others are strongly altered tectonite serpentinite that were steatitized at places. Element composition is influenced by hydrothermal and epigene replacements, dissolution and enrichment as well. In certain cases the alteration is of such extent that the original ...
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... magnesium content is found (Table 3) in one sample (Szhb-Fv-Kb-17.) that can be explained by the high baumite content. Cummingtonite and clinozoizite also appear in the mineral composition (Szb-Fv-Kb-130.) (Fig. 13). Table 3 summarizing the major element composition reveals that a significant standard deviation is characteristic for these rocks showing both alkaline and calc-alkaline characters. Based on our analyses this rock series represents the mixed type of ophiolite series in which subvolcanic blocks could have been pressed into the plastic ...
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... Alpine region, the Dinaric Mountains, Slovakia, the Czech Massif or the ophiolites from the Maros valley. Based on our initial studies the samples can be related to certain parts of the greenschist formations (Koller, 1985;Höck & Koller, 1987Höck & Koller, , 1989) in the Mesozoic obducted ophiolite series in the Rohonc window in the eastern Alps (Fig. ...
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... most frequent stone type among handstones, groundstones and smoothing stones is quartzite the initial material of which could be metamorphic sandstone, metamorphic siltstone or the segregational quartz lenses of a parametamorphic series (Fig. ...
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... the Vatya culture, closest source areas could be the Danube load of the Pest Plain (Fig. 16) where gravel pits are numerous even today. The studied tools are made of moderately rounded river gravel. ...
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... with developed stone industry was probably collecting raw-material from nearby sources, mainly in their own dwelling places, however, more distant routes of collection or exchange trade are also possible. Our analyses also support the idea of close raw-material source areas (Buda Mts., Visegrád Mts., Börzsöny, Cserhát, Velence Mts., Pest Plain) (Fig. ...
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... our opinion the distance from which raw- material arrived is around 2-50 km in the case of stones from around their own dwelling places while it would be around 100-400 km in the case of import stones. The latter one indicate mostly E-W movement and trade, however, N-S also seems probable but in more limited volume and extent (Fig. ...
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Citations
... The weapons from Central Hungary(Farkas-Pető et. al., 2014), and stone artefacts of the Sinsongri Site in Korea (Chan HeeLee et. al., 2014), as well as many others. ...
In modern archaeological research, a close multidisciplinary collaboration with other scientific areas is necessary, especially with natural sciences (e.g., anthropology, archaeobotany, and chemistry). This kind of collaboration and mutual evaluation of obtained results provides synergistically a series of important information in the context of prehistoric research nowadays. This systematic cooperation among archaeology, heritage science, anthropology, archaeobotany and analytical chemistry has been intensively developed for last five years at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc. The aim of this short communication is to introduce our workplace and its activities with a focus on the most important outputs from various areas of the archaeometric research.
... o a key to understanding the system of ancient stone mining and its delivery. Examples of recent use of such methods are studies of stone tools from the archaeological IANSA 2022 • XIII/1 • 41-52 Ihor S. Nikitenko, Oleksandr V. Starik, Vladimir I. (Gluhak and Rosenberg, 2018), polished Middle Bronze Age stone tools and weapons from Central Hungary (Farkas-Pető et. al., 2014), and stone artefacts of the Sinsongri Site in Korea (Chan Hee Lee et. al., 2014), as well as many others. ...
Petrographic research was undertaken on the second casting moulds complex discovered in 2018 at the archaeological monument Tokivske-1 in Ukraine. Metalworking of the Late Bronze Age in the Northern Black Sea region is known for its utilisation of stone moulds made from meta-ultrabasites (“talc schists”) by representatives of the Sabatynivka culture. Field investigations in the vicinity of Tokivske indicated the probable place of stone mining, from where a considerable part of the casting moulds under study were made. The discovery of the place of stone mining near Tokivske-1 and finds of similar moulds in other regions give grounds for considering the monument to be not only a centre of metalworking but also stone-processing. The obtained data are also the first geologically proved evidence that the Kryvyi Rih area, which was previously considered the main supplier of “talc schists”, was not the only place of mining of raw materials for the manufacturing of casting moulds in the Middle Dnipro area. Both complexes, the second and the previous one, found in 2017, contain matrices made of identical raw materials, namely, the samples made are untypical for the Middle Dnipro area species. This fact indicates the synchronicity of both complexes and a significant volume of casting production in Tokivske-1.
... Манкузі (Aurino and Mancusi, 2015), дослідження колекції кам'яних артефактів, зокрема, кам'яних сокир та інших знарядь, пам'ятки археології Вроцлав-Відава-17 у Польщі (Borowski, 2014). Одним з наймасштабніших досліджень останнього часу стало петрографічне вивчення понад 400 полірованих кам'яних знарядь та інструментів, датованих добою середньої бронзи, з центральної Угорщини (Farkas-Pető, Horváth, Papp and Kovács-Pálffy, 2014). ...
The analysis results of the amphibolite use in the Middle Dnipro area during different
historical epochs are given. The first amphibolite articles found as a result of archaeological excavations in the study area date back to the Upper Palaeolithic. The active use of these rocks in antiquity was primarily due to the manufacture of polished tools applied by ancient people from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age. The physical properties and prevalence of natural outcrops made amphibolites the most widely used material for the manufacture of stone axes, hammers, and other products, which were later, with the development of ancient metallurgy, replaced by metal analogues.
It is determined that the period of the most active use of amphibolites was the Early-Middle Bronze Age, when there were numerous workshops in the Middle Dnipro area, which specialized in the manufacture of polished stone tools and provided these products not only to the local population but also supplied their goods to other regions. Also, amphibolites, starting from the Eneolithic era, have
always been used as building stones along with other rocks. Based on the results of petrographic studies of archaeological monuments and rocks from natural outcrops, it is proved that the Konkska series rocks of the Surska, Verkhivtsivska, Sofiivska and Chortomlytska greenstone structures, Novorkyvorizka suite of Kryvorizka series as well as Aulska series, which forms xenoliths among the granitoids of the Dnipropetrovsk complex, served as a raw material base for the amphibolite extraction in the Middle Dnipro area in ancient times.
... Recently, the materials of research of many such stone artefacts were published in the world literature, particularly stone axes and other tools of the archeological monument Wroclaw-Vidava-17 in Poland (Borowski, 2014), collections of Neolithic polished axes found in the southern Italy near Paestum (Aurino, 2017), basalt artefacts of the Bronze Age from Israel (Gluhak, 2018). One of the most comprehensive studies was the petrographic research of more than 400 polished stone tools and weapons dated to the Middle Bronze Age from central Hungary (Farkas-Pető, 2014). The subject of petrographic research were the altar stones of megalithic monuments as well, in particular, an additional study was recently conducted on the composition and provenance of the altar stone material of the world's most known Stonehenge complex in the United Kingdom (Ixter, 2019). ...
The purpose of the work was to determine the provenance of the raw materials of ancient stone products, found during the excavations of the Bronze-Early Iron Age monument Tokivske-1, with the aim to establish connections of the ancient population of the area with residents of other regions. The archaeological monument Tokivske-1, located in the northern outskirts of the village Tokivske, Apostolove Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, has been explored by the expedition of Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. Yavornytskyi since 2012. The authors of this article already carried out petrographic study of stone artefacts from this monument, which had been found during the first five years of excavations. However, over the past two years, a number of stone and other items were found that could expand our knowledge of the links of Tokivske-1 with ancient industrial centers of other regions. To carry out the petrographic analysis, six artefacts were taken, mainly those made from macroscopically different rocks. Most of them can be related to metalworking. The analyzed samples are represented by an amphibolite hammer for forging jewels or peening sheet copper, a dolerite anvil-prop for a specified hammer, a fragment of an abrasive stone made of ferruginous quartzite, a quartz tile, which is a fragment of an altar, and fragments of an anvil and a scepter-pestle made of sandstone. Petrographic analysis of artefacts allowed determining the probable provenance of their raw materials. Amphibolites are quite common in the territory of the Middle Dnipro area, but by the color of the hornblende, the predominance of epidotization processes over sericitization and macrostructural features, the studied rock is more similar to the amphibolites from the middle stream of the Bazavluk River. Dolerites, similar to the raw material of the anvil-prop, are also common in the area of excavations, and by the presence of the micropegmatite in its composition, its origin can be localized in the middle stream of the river Bazavluk or in the valley of the river Mokra Sura. Magnetite quartzite-the raw material of the abrasive stone-most likely comes from the territory of the city of Kryvyi Rih. Quartz tile-a fragment of an altar-is a quartz vein, similar to those that intersect granites of the Tokivskyi massif directly near the village Tokivske. Sandstones, from which the anvil and the scepter-pestle were produced, appeared to be very similar in their petrographic features. They are represented by quartz sandstones with fragments of rocks and polymineral cement with the predominance of quartz regenerative and porous sericite cement. Also, the relic chalcedony and, more rarely, clay cement are present in the pores. In the territory of Ukraine, the most similar to them, according to petrographic characteristics, are the sandstones of the Carboniferous system, which crop out in the Donbas. Thus, the obtained data testifies to the connection of the Tokivske-1 archaeological complex with other parts of the Middle Dnipro area, such as the middle stream of the Bazavluk River and the Kryvyi Rih area, as well as with more distant regions such as the Donbas. It should be noted that scepter-pestles, similar to the one studied by us, are associated with metalworking, and the Donetsk basin, where the raw material of the indicated tool originates from, was the copper production center of the Late Bronze Age.
... Recently, the materials of research of many such stone artefacts were published in the world literature, particularly stone axes and other tools of the archeological monument Wroclaw-Vidava-17 in Poland (Borowski, 2014), collections of Neolithic polished axes found in the southern Italy near Paestum (Aurino, 2017), basalt artefacts of the Bronze Age from Israel (Gluhak, 2018). One of the most comprehensive studies was the petrographic research of more than 400 polished stone tools and weapons dated to the Middle Bronze Age from central Hungary (Farkas-Pető, 2014). The subject of petrographic research were the altar stones of megalithic monuments as well, in particular, an additional study was recently conducted on the composition and provenance of the altar stone material of the world's most known Stonehenge complex in the United Kingdom (Ixter, 2019). ...
The purpose of the work was to determine the provenance of the raw materials of ancient stone products, found during the excavations of the Bronze-Early Iron Age monument Tokivske-1, with the aim to establish connections of the ancient population of the area with residents of other regions. The archaeological monument Tokivske-1, located in the northern outskirts of the village Tokivske, Apostolove Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, has been explored by the expedition of Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. Yavornytskyi since 2012. The authors of this article already carried out petrographic study of stone artefacts from this monument, which had been found during the first five years of excavations. However, over the past two years, a number of stone and other items were found that could expand our knowledge of the links of Tokivske-1 with ancient industrial centers of other regions. To carry out the petrographic analysis, six artefacts were taken, mainly those made from macroscopically different rocks. Most of them can be related to metalworking. The analyzed samples are represented by an amphibolite hammer for forging jewels or peening sheet copper, a dolerite anvil-prop for a specified hammer, a fragment of an abrasive stone made of ferruginous quartzite, a quartz tile, which is a fragment of an altar, and fragments of an anvil and a scepter-pestle made of sandstone. Petrographic analysis of artefacts allowed determining the probable provenance of their raw materials. Amphibolites are quite common in the territory of the Middle Dnipro area, but by the color of the hornblende, the predominance of epidotization processes over sericitization and macrostructural features, the studied rock is more similar to the amphibolites from the middle stream of the Bazavluk River. Dolerites, similar to the raw material of the anvil-prop, are also common in the area of excavations, and by the presence of the micropegmatite in its composition, its origin can be localized in the middle stream of the river Bazavluk or in the valley of the river Mokra Sura. Magnetite quartzite-the raw material of the abrasive stone-most likely comes from the territory of the city of Kryvyi Rih. Quartz tile-a fragment of an altar-is a quartz vein, similar to those that intersect granites of the Tokivskyi massif directly near the village Tokivske. Sandstones, from which the anvil and the scepter-pestle were produced, appeared to be very similar in their petrographic features. They are represented by quartz sandstones with fragments of rocks and polymineral cement with the predominance of quartz regenerative and porous sericite cement. Also, the relic chalcedony and, more rarely, clay cement are present in the pores. In the territory of Ukraine, the most similar to them, according to petrographic characteristics, are the sandstones of the Carboniferous system, which crop out in the Donbas. Thus, the obtained data testifies to the connection of the Tokivske-1 archaeological complex with other parts of the Middle Dnipro area, such as the middle stream of the Bazavluk River and the Kryvyi Rih area, as well as with more distant regions such as the Donbas. It should be noted that scepter-pestles, similar to the one studied by us, are associated with metalworking, and the Donetsk basin, where the raw material of the indicated tool originates from, was the copper production center of the Late Bronze Age.
... Prehistoric stone tool technology evolved independently within local populations. Farkas-Petö et al. (2014) mentions the selection made by the tool making man of the most suitable stones to produce the tools according to the desired function, such as the polished stone tools of the Vatya culture (Pest County, Central Hungary). According to Farkas-Petö et al., (2014), these populations, known for their developed stone industry, probably collected raw-material from nearby their own dwelling places, but it is possible that other more distant sites of collection were visited, and this practice already existed in 2000 -1350 BC, as suggested by the presence of stone axes of Ophiolites, since these were not available at Pest County (Central Hungary). ...
... Farkas-Petö et al. (2014) mentions the selection made by the tool making man of the most suitable stones to produce the tools according to the desired function, such as the polished stone tools of the Vatya culture (Pest County, Central Hungary). According to Farkas-Petö et al., (2014), these populations, known for their developed stone industry, probably collected raw-material from nearby their own dwelling places, but it is possible that other more distant sites of collection were visited, and this practice already existed in 2000 -1350 BC, as suggested by the presence of stone axes of Ophiolites, since these were not available at Pest County (Central Hungary). In the opinion of Farkas-Petö et al., (2014), these populations collected raw-material from around 2 to 50 km in the case of stones from their own dwelling places and could travel between 100 and 400 km to look for different stones. ...
... According to Farkas-Petö et al., (2014), these populations, known for their developed stone industry, probably collected raw-material from nearby their own dwelling places, but it is possible that other more distant sites of collection were visited, and this practice already existed in 2000 -1350 BC, as suggested by the presence of stone axes of Ophiolites, since these were not available at Pest County (Central Hungary). In the opinion of Farkas-Petö et al., (2014), these populations collected raw-material from around 2 to 50 km in the case of stones from their own dwelling places and could travel between 100 and 400 km to look for different stones. ...
Stones play an important role in the construction of landscapes. Stones are a relict and a testimony of ancient or modern territorial processes that dictated their genesis and hold records of past climate changes that give us evidences about the development of the Earth. Stones are also one of the most common materials used by humans in different contexts. This paper illustrates the potential of stone landscapes as catalysts for territorial change and sustainable development even in remote areas experiencing community problems. The results presented here stem from a project carried out at e-Geo (Centre of Research in Geography and Regional Planning, now CICS.NOVA) - HOPE (Hope on People's Efforts), within the Municipality of Almeida (North Portugal). The ultimate aim of the HOPE project is to promote the area in sustainable touristic terms, providing evidence of the granite landscapes not only as a scenic resource but also as a basis for future innovative initiatives, such as a geopark for children, since many of the monoliths look like animals. An interpretation centre could be built, supplying information about the stones and the minerals extracted, such as wolfram which was intensively exploited in the area during the Second World War. These projects could target additional categories of people as tourists which could benefit from the infrastructure locally available. The creation of a specialized hub for tourists with specific needs in the municipality of Almeida could demonstrate new opportunities for local and regional development, including the local community in the process of achieving sustainable development.
