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Area‐normalized Ragone plot of energy and power density showing the estimated performance of MSCs (marked by the violet rectangle), MBs (marked by the orange rectangle), and some of typical electronic components such as sensors and communication transmitters. MBs, microbatteries; MSCs, micro‐supercapacitors
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Owing to the high power density, long cycle life and maintain‐free, micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) stand out as preferred miniaturized energy source for the miscellaneous autonomous electronic components. However, the shortage of energy density is the main stumbling block for their practical applications. To solve this energy issue, constructing a th...
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This paper presents a new droop control method to reduce battery degradation costs in islanded direct current (DC) microgrids for multiple battery energy storage systems (BESSs). BESSs may have varying installation costs and battery cycle life characteristics depending on battery type, energy capacity, and maximum output power. These differences ca...
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... A pertinent strategy consists of lowering the resistance of the electrode materials [53]. In addition, the energy and power densities can also be enhanced through the topology or configuration of the device (the arrangement or geometry of the positive and negative electrodes) [6,132]. The overview of the schematic topologies used in MSCs, including parallel plate, interdigitated, and three dimensional (3D) interdigitated configurations, is shown in Figure 6a. ...
... Lethien et al. [6] provide comprehensive details on the different MSC topologies and configurations. Again, the energy storage capacity can be improved through a 3D electrode design that unblocks the "dead surface" of MSC electrodes while maintaining high mass loading within the device's footprint area [6,132,133]. ...
Miniaturized energy storage devices, such as electrostatic nanocapacitors and electrochemical micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), are important components in on-chip energy supply systems, facilitating the development of autonomous microelectronic devices with enhanced performance and efficiency. The performance of the on-chip energy storage devices heavily relies on the electrode materials, necessitating continuous advancements in material design and synthesis. This review provides an overview of recent developments in electrode materials for on-chip MSCs and electrostatic (micro-/nano-) capacitors, focusing on enhancing energy density, power density, and device stability. The review begins by discussing the fundamental requirements for electrode materials in MSCs, including high specific surface area, good conductivity, and excellent electrochemical stability. Subsequently, various categories of electrode materials are evaluated in terms of their charge storage mechanisms, electrochemical performance, and compatibility with on-chip fabrication processes. Furthermore, recent strategies to enhance the performance of electrode materials are discussed, including nanostructuring, doping, heteroatom incorporation, hybridization with other capacitive materials, and electrode configurations.
... However, research on the negative electrodes for supercapacitors is sluggish when compared to their positive counterparts. It is still difficult to improve electrochemical performance in practical systems without developing effective negative electrodes [2]. ...
... The GCD curves of all the samples show a strong deviation from the ideal triangular charge discharge curves signifying the pseudocapacitive nature of charge storage process. Furthermore, the specific capacity is estimated using the relation [2], ...
In this study, we report the synthesis of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles with three different surfactants: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG), and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and their different properties. In order to study the performance of Bi2O3 based materials as negative electrodes in supercapacitor applications, the electrochemical properties of the three samples were carried out. For the electrodes of bismuth oxide covered with CTAB, PEG, and SDS, the estimated rates of diffusion were determined to be 85.6 × 10− 12 cm² s− 1, 24.4 × 10− 12 cm² s− 1, and 1.2 × 10− 12 cm² s− 1 respectively. The estimated specific capacity values for the samples BOC, BOP and BOS are 549.8 C g–1, 412.7 C g–1 and 84.1 C g–1 at 5 A g–1 respectively. When compared to PEG and SDS assisted samples, the sample that was synthesized using CTAB showed the highest specific capacity. The distinctive extended rod-like morphology of BOC can be reasoned for this drastic improvement in capacity. Furthermore, even at a greater current density of 10 Ag− 1, the CTAB assisted Bi2O3 sample showed remarkable rate performance, keeping 92% of its initial capacitance after 5000 continuous GCD cycles. This finding shows that BOC has good rate and stability properties for prospective high-power supercapacitor applications. Further, asymmetric type two electrode device was fabricated and it exhibits higher energy density of 29 WhKg− 1 with a power density of 3404 Wkg− 1.
... Although the electrochemical performance of devices has advanced significantly, the process of constructing pillar array structure of electrodes using these techniques involves complex multi-steps and high costs, and these techniques are not direct suitable for graphene-based electrodes [23,24]. Direct ink writing technique, generally be employed to print stacked interdigitated graphene electrodes for MSCs layer by layer, could offer possibility of fast and scalable fabrication of pillar array structure of electrodes thanks to easy operation, multiple choices of active materials, and high resolution [25,26]. ...
The graphene-based microsupercapacitors (MSCs) suffer from graphene aggregation issue in electrodes. It reduces the electrolyte ions transportation in the electrodes to degrade the charge storage ability of MSCs, hampering their practical application. Increasing the electrolyte ions transportation in the electrodes can boost the charge storage ability of MSCs. Herein, we design and experimentally realize pillar array structure of graphene electrodes for MSCs by direct ink writing technology. The graphene electrodes with pillar array structure increase the contact area with electrolyte and short the electrolyte ions transport path, facilitating electrolyte ions transport in electrodes. The MSCs exhibit high areal capacitance of 25.67 mF·cm–2, high areal energy density of 20.54 μWh·cm–2, and high power density of 1.45 mW·cm–2. One single MSCs can power timer for 10 min and pressure sensor more than 160 min, showing high practical application possibility. This work provides a new avenue for developing high performance MSCs.
... 1,2 Because the key component of SCs is their electrode, various materials have been designed and explored as SC electrodes to achieve high-performance SCs. [3][4][5] Usually, carbon materials deliver low specific capacitance and metal oxides (except RuO 2 -based materials) show poor conductivity, making both of them unfavorable as electrode materials. In this context, conductive polymers have been recognized as some of the potential SC electrode materials because of their high electroactivity, high conductivity and facile synthesis. ...
Considering its integration with other electronics, three-dimensional (3D) silicon with a large surface area is an attractive electrode substrate for supercapacitors (SCs). However, the poor silicon surface stability as well as the corresponding complicated and expensive protective fabrication process impede the practical applications of silicon-based SCs. In this work, a novel electrode was developed with a simple and facile solution method, where electrodeposited Ni particles served as the current collector layer (CC-layer) and the composite of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and manganese dioxide (MnOx) prepared via the one-step co-electrodeposition method worked as active materials. The compact layer generated from Ni particles and PM was tightly wrapped around SiNWs, protecting the silicon surface from oxidation/corrosion. The deposition time of the Ni particles and PM was investigated. To further improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode, Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were introduced into the PM layer. The NP introduction not only enhanced the conductivity of the electrode but also made the surface become more hydrophilic, favoring the ion/charge transport. Benefiting from the large surface areas of SiNWs, the high conductivity of the CC-layer generated from the Ni particles, the high-capacity of PM and the hydrophilic surface resulting from Pt decoration, the synthesized NSi@PM–Pt electrode demonstrates a high areal specific capacitance of 207.43 mF cm⁻² at 1 mA cm⁻². The symmetric device delivers a maximum energy density of 0.006 mW cm⁻² with a good stability retention up to 94.6% over 5000 cycles. The results afford a promising solution strategy to prepare high-performance silicon-based SCs with a simple, facile and cost-effective method.
... As the energy density of the supercapacitor is proportionate to the specific capacitance or potential window, there is a chance to boost the energy density simply by improving the specific capacitance or potential window. Researchers have adopted various approaches such as ion doping [2], binder-free integrated electrode designing [3], 3D electrode configuration designing [4], preparing composites of metal oxides [5], polymers, and carbon nanomaterials to enhance the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor. It was reported that carbon and polymer-based nanomaterials have lower specific capacitance and energy density with moderate electrochemical performance than metal oxide-based supercapacitive nanomaterials. ...
... In this context, carbon, in its various allotropic modifications, has become an important and emerging choice of electrode materials in such microscale supercapacitors (MSCs) due to their chemical inertness, the wide electrochemical window of operation, large surface area, and good electrical conductivity [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, the choice of the current collector has predominantly been thin gold films, irrespective of the substrate. ...
Overcoming the limitations of low energy density and efficiency is a pertinent challenge for the continued development of micro-supercapacitive (MSC) energy storage devices. Traditional metal-thin film-based current collectors suffer from improper interfacial contact with the active material leading to rapid decay in cyclability, while carbon based current collectors underperform in energy density and energy efficiency. In this submission, we design multiscale hierarchical carbon nanostructures and achieve synergistic interactions between them that overcome these limitations. Specifically, the highly conductive (0.2 S/cm) laser-induced-carbon (LIC) acts as an effective current collector with negligible iR drop and simultaneously establishes robust interface with multi-dimensional nanostructured carbons made-up of (a) porous nanostructured hardcarbon florets (NCF) with high surface area (948 m 2 /g), open-ended framework and graded porosity and (b) conventional soft-nanocarbons such as one-dimensional single wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) and two-dimensional-graphene (Gr). Consequently, the binder-free MSC resulting from the combination of LIC, NCF and CNT exhibits outstanding high specific capacitance (18 mF/cm 2), energy density (10 μWh/cm 2), and relaxation time constant (67 ms) without sacrificing power density (1.66 mW/cm 2). This is clearly reflected in the unique solitary position achieved by the MSC in the Ragone plot. Fundamentally, the addition of CNT and its integration with non-graphitizable, hard-carbon NCF mimics a ball-net structure that facilitates the ion-migration pathways and thereby delivers the combination of highest energy density and scan rate capability (12,000 mV/s) among all MSCs reported.
... As the energy density of the supercapacitor is proportionate to the specific capacitance or potential window, there is a chance to boost the energy density simply by improving the specific capacitance or potential window. Researchers have adopted various approaches such as ion doping [2], binder-free integrated electrode designing [3], 3D electrode configuration designing [4], preparing composites of metal oxides [5], polymers, and carbon nanomaterials to enhance the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor. It was reported that carbon and polymer-based nanomaterials have lower specific capacitance and energy density with moderate electrochemical performance than metal oxide-based supercapacitive nanomaterials. ...
We report the effect of nickel (Ni) ion doping on the structure, morphology, and supercapacitive performance of Mn3O4 thin film electrodes, deposited by a simple electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural and compositional studies of these thin films were conducted by x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphological and optical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. These studies confirmed the nanoflake-type surface morphology of nickel-doped thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided information about various valence states and surface composition of the thin films. Cyclic voltammetry study confirmed the surface redox pseudocapacitive behavior of all thin films. The 2 mol.% nickel ion-doped thin film electrode displayed the highest specific capacitance of 816 F g−1 and was evaluated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge curve. It also exhibited outstanding cyclic stability, with 93% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed the improved supercapacitive performance of the nickel-doped Mn3O4 thin film electrodes, attributed to improved conductivity and charge transport for surface redox reactions. Thus, the present study suggests that the nickel-doped Mn3O4 thin film is a promising candidate as electrode material in supercapacitors.
... 2,5 Currently, the development of microsupercapacitors is still in its infancy. The need in simple, low-cost manufacturing technologies for the fabrication of high performance microsupercapacitors on a large scale is a bottleneck problem limiting the applications of microsupercapacitors. 2,7,8 The early development mode of microsupercapacitors was mainly based on the sandwich structure design. However, the stacked electrode structure is prone to short circuit and electrode misalignment under complex operating conditions. ...
Iron oxides with advanced functional properties show great potential for applications in the fields of water splitting, drug delivery, sensors, batteries and supercapacitors. However, it is challenging to develop a simple and efficient strategy for fabricating patterned iron oxide based electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Herein, a facile, simple, scalable, binder-free, surfactant-free and conductive additive-free electric discharge rusting (EDR) technique is proposed to directly synthesize Fe1−xO oxide layer on a pure iron substrate. This new EDR strategy is successfully adopted to fabricate Fe–Fe1−xO integrative patterned electrodes and coplanar microsupercapacitors (CMSC) in one step. The CMSC devices with different geometries could be directly patterned by EDR, which is automatically controlled by a computer numerical control system. The fabricated Fe–Fe1−xO based 3D 2F-CMSC exhibits a maximum areal specific capacitance of 112.4 mF cm⁻². Another important finding is the fabrication of 3D 2F-CMSC devices, which show good capacitive behavior at an ultra high scanning rate of 20 000 mV s⁻¹. The results prove that EDR is a low-cost and versatile strategy for the scalable fabrication of high-performance patterned supercapacitor integrative electrodes and devices. Furthermore, it is a versatile technique which shows a great potential for development of next generation microelectronic devices, such as microbatteries and microsensors.
... For better electrochemical performance, Wang et al. added a small amount of carbon black NPs to the flexible graphene paper as a spacer between the graphene sheets. This yielded a capacitance of 138 Fg − 1 at a sampling rate of 10 mVs − 1 and a current of 0.1 A with only 3.85 % cycle loss from 2000 cycles [28]. Using macroporous graphene film electrodes, Fe 2 O 3 and MnO 2 NPs were integrated into an asymmetric arrangement by Yang et al. ...
The need for high-performance and environmental friendly energy storage systems has prompted researchers to develop novel and improved electrode materials that can meet the rapidly expanding worldwide market in various applications of energy consumption. In this context, 2D graphene is one of the most promising candidates , attributed to a theoretical specific surface area of 2600 m 2 /g, high electrical charges mobility of ⁓230,000 cm 2 /Vs, high thermal conductivity value of 3000 W/mK along with high strength that has made it highly desirable for next-generation energy storage applications, particularly for supercapacitors. This extensive study offers a concise summary of recent developments by using graphene as a supercapacitor electrode in the forms of foams (3D), thin sheets (2D), Nano-fibers (1D), and Nano-dots (0D). This article provides a brief perspective on the discovery and advancement of graphene, followed by a study of the theoretical and experimental approaches employed for the production of superior-quality graphene. Additionally, the article focuses on the fabrication of electrodes while preserving their fundamental characteristics. An illustration of its potential applications is demonstrated by highlighting its efficacy as an anode in supercapacitors. The article concludes by identifying the main challenges encountered and the potential prospects for the subject matter.
... As a result, 3D layouts provide uninterrupted pathways for good electrolyte contact while simultaneously accelerating charge transfer by minimizing the diffusion path. [50][51][52][53][54][55]. Typically chemical vapor deposition, template, and hydrothermal methods create 3D carbon materials on a flexible surface like polymer surface or metal foam [56][57][58]. ...
Supercapacitors have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional performance in terms of energy density and power density, making them suitable for various applications, such as mobile devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. This review focuses on recent advancements in the utilization of 0-dimensional to 3-dimensional carbon network materials as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor devices. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the potential of carbon-based materials in enhancing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. The combination of these materials with other cutting-edge materials, such as Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Black Phosphorus (BP), and perovskite nanoarchitectures, has been extensively studied to achieve a wide operating potential window. The combination of these materials synchronizes their different charge-storage mechanisms to attain practical and realistic applications. The findings of this review indicate that hybrid composite electrodes with 3D structures exhibit the best potential in terms of overall electrochemical performance. However, this field faces several challenges and promising research directions. This study aimed to highlight these challenges and provide insights into the potential of carbon-based materials in supercapacitor applications.
