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The idea of microgrid, smart grid, and virtual power plant (VPP) is being developed to resolve the challenges of climate change in the 21st century, to ensure the use of renewable energy in the electrical grid. For the increasing demand for electricity, raising public consciousness about reducing carbon emission, the microgrid is established which...
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... strategies are able to control, monitor, manage, and direct the flow of energy among various sources to ensure the effective use of such resources which provide energy sustainability which can be seen from Fig. 3. Renewable energy sources are specifically connected to local distribution systems or host facilities within local distribution systems. The adoption of DERs changes the manner of energy transmission through utility power grids, which provide flexibility and stability in energy consumption. A high penetration of DG (Distributed ...
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Citations
... For Bangladesh, a country grappling with the intricacies of swift economic expansion and increasing energy requirements, implementing these cutting-edge technologies is not just a matter of preference but also a tactical imperative. Energy storage solutions present the prospect of reducing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, offering grid stability, and guaranteeing a steady supply of electricity as the nation works to ensure a resilient and sustainable energy future [60]. In a similar vein, integrating smart grid systems could improve grid management, lower transmission losses, and give customers more control over how much energy they use. ...
Bangladesh's economic development is largely dependent on the power sector, which promotes sustainability and growth. The country's future energy security, however, is seriously threatened by the natural gas reserves running out by 2028. As a result, the current energy mix has to be modified right away to ensure Bangladesh's sustained economic growth. This research paper offers a thorough analysis of Bangladesh's power sector's current state. With a focus on important metrics like installed capacity, electricity generation, and distribution infrastructure, the study seeks to provide insights into the sector's opportunities, challenges, and strengths. The research highlighting the importance of energy security and forecasting the projected energy demand in Bangladesh. The study also looks at current projects and advancements that have shaped Bangladesh's power industry. This research also provides an ideal energy option that supports Bangladesh's sustainable growth. This analysis offers significant insights into the dynamics of the power industry in Bangladesh, elucidating it is present trajectory, the challenges it encounters, and the potential avenues for achieving a more sustainable and resilient energy future.
... Since the optimal operating current of the TEC and V2G systems are significantly maintained in the combined system operation, the overall performance is optimized with lesser battery degradation [92,93]. Microgrids' operation, control, and cyber security are significant challenges in real-time implementation [94,95]. Researchers carried out a systematic investigation through the V2G sim software package on driving and grid services participation towards propulsion battery degradation and concluded that the degradation of batteries through V2G participation has a minor impact. ...
Livelihood improvement in the rural areas is the key parameters to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper attempts the livelihood improvement in rural areas through green energy technologies. The manuscript comprises a detailed review of electric vehicles with unique features of micro cold storage and vehicle-to-grid technologies. A critical analysis of the intrinsic properties of thermoelectric cooler-based micro cold storage for better material selection, performance, and optimization techniques for effective electric vehicle integration is reported. The manuscript encapsulates the thermoelectric intrinsic parameters like Seebeck coefficient ( S ), electrical conductivity ( σ ), thermal conductivity ( K ), and figure of merit (ZT) parameters with coefficient of performance and cooling capacity ( Q C ) for different types of thermoelectric modules. The review narrows down into suitable parameters for effective combined system design, such as optimal operating voltage ( V opt ) and current ( I opt ). The manuscript further reviewed and presented the V2G-enabled nanogrid, control, and grid integration techniques for better-integrated operation. This paper reported an experimental investigation on the designed and developed green agro storage integrated V2G enabled nano grid for a rural village in India. The case analysis was carried out by short distance agro produce transportation, decentralized DC–DC control, and phase-locked loop grid synchronization technique. The electrical, thermal and dynamic system characteristics study was carried out and reported. Also, the manuscript highlights the potential strengths, challenges, opportunities and research gaps for the stakeholders to build a sustainable future. The proposed combined system design will pave a sustainable pathway for achieving sustainable development goals.
... VPPs have emerged as a ground-breaking solution in an era of energy transition and growing emphasis on sustainable power generation, altering the landscape of contemporary power systems [11]. VPPs have evolved as key players in promoting efficiency, flexibility, and resilience in the energy industry thanks to their capacity to integrate a variety of energy supplies and improve grid management [12,13]. ...
Background
Virtual power plants (VPPs) represent a pivotal evolution in power system management, offering dynamic solutions to the challenges of renewable energy integration, grid stability, and demand-side management. Originally conceived as a concept to aggregate small-scale distributed energy resources, VPPs have evolved into sophisticated enablers of diverse energy assets, including solar panels, wind turbines, battery storage systems, and demand response units. This review article explores the evolution of VPPs and their pivotal roles as major stakeholders within contemporary power systems. The review opens with a definition of VPPs that clarifies both their fundamental traits and technological foundations. A historical examination of their development highlights major turning points and milestones that illustrate their transforming journey.
Main text
The methodology used for this article entailed a thorough examination to identify relevant studies, articles, and scholarly works related to virtual power plants. Academic databases were used to gather relevant literature. The literature was organized into categories helping to structure and present information in a logical flow based on the outline created for the review article. The discussions in the article show that the various functions that VPPs perform in power systems are of major interest. VPPs promote the seamless integration of renewable energy sources and provide optimum grid management by aggregating distributed energy resources, which improves sustainability. One of the important components of this evaluation involves taking market and policy considerations. Examining worldwide market patterns and forecasts reveals that VPP usage is rising, and that regulatory frameworks and incentives have a bigger impact on how well they integrate.
Conclusion
Overcoming obstacles is a necessary step towards realizing full VPP potential. For VPPs to be widely adopted, it is still essential to address technological and operational challenges as they arise. Diverse stakeholders must work together to overcome market obstacles and promote the expansion of the VPP market. This analysis highlights the potential for VPPs to propel the evolution of contemporary power systems toward a more sustainable and effective future by highlighting areas for future research and development.
... Achieving an optimal equilibrium among these variables is imperative to develop a VPP that caters to the requirements of both end-users and electricity network administrators. Although blockchain technology has the potential to enhance the security and resilience of the VPP, it may also result in substantial overhead and latency, which could potentially impede the system's performance (Khan et al., 2021). An additional significant trade-off pertains to the intricacy of the system and its capacity for effortless deployment and maintenance. ...
Sustainable frameworks are being introduced by technological breakthroughs to address the continuously increasing demand for energy and this article presents a novel framework for a Virtual Power Plants to sustain and optimize Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) administration through blockchain technology. The multi-layered architecture integrates blockchain technology with other VPP components, such as a cloud service provider, grid and transmission operator, and forecasting of DERs, to optimize bidding and scheduling in real-time across multiple markets to enhance energy efficiency and grid stability. By employing a system engineering methodology, this framework incorporates smart meters to facilitate the transmission and reception of data i.e., voltage, and current between participants, and DERs within the network. This strategy makes it easier to advance sustainable energy sources, which advances predictive capabilities, strengthens the framework's resilience, and protects the environment. The investigation of demand response, functional and system trade-off analysis, configuration selection, and other subsystems within a decentralized network offers insights into the necessary components and challenges involved in the construction of such a system. This study contributes comprehensive assistance and valuable insights to both practitioners and researchers involved in the field of sustainable energy transition through Virtual Power Plant.
... This brings an opportunity for the Distribution System Operator (DSO) to integrate its flexibility capabilities and to be able to respond promptly to changes in frequency and voltage instead of relying solely on the flexibility of the upstream network. However, the presence of a large number of prosumers with different behavior patterns poses new challenges for the DSO in terms of resource observation and control [10]. Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), functioning as a collection of various units, have proven effective in addressing these challenges by enhancing grid controllability and observability. ...
With deepening decarbonization and increased Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) integration, the power system's inertia has declined, affecting the network's ability to balance power at the distribution level. Concurrently, the proliferation of prosumers presents a regulatory opportunity for Distribution System Operators (DSOs), despite the complexity introduced by their high number and varied behaviors. This paper introduces a new co-scheduling model optimizing prosumers' capacities through Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) in local networks, enhancing DSO oversight and facilitating prosumer participation in regulation markets. The proposed model concurrently schedules energy provision alongside voltage and frequency regulation capacities. Recognizing prosumers' behavioral uncertainties, Data-Driven Distributionally Robust Optimization (DDRO) is employed to ensure adequate capacity for VPP engagement. Importantly, the paper outlines a mechanism allowing DSOs to partner with multiple privately-owned VPPs, ensuring privacy through an adaptive Alternative Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) method. This method avoids the exchange of sensitive information, ensuring confidentiality and scalability. Consequently, VPPs can proficiently manage scheduling and communicate their regulation capacities. The operator then dispatches control signals based on regulation needs and network flow. Results from the IEEE 33 bus test system confirm the model's efficacy in enhancing voltage support and frequency regulation, and generating revenue for both VPPs and prosumers.
... In [23,24], a comprehensive analysis of their characteristics is carried out, [25] presents an in-depth study summarising the latest developments, technical requirements, control problems and solutions of VPPs and microgrids. According to them, the following are the main differences between them: I. López et al. 1. Microgrids can be connected to the traditional grid or operate independently. ...
... Finally, Table 4 summarises some European VPP and microgrid projects. [25] describes the characteristics of each of these projects in much more detail and presents a detailed state of the art on VPPs and microgrids. ...
... Some VPP and microgrid projects in Europe[25]. ...
With the aim of promoting the use of renewable energy sources, the new European directive has defined the
concept of Energy Communities. This new entity has the potential to transform the classic structure of the
electricity network, where a few large power plants supply the end users, to a structure where the end user is
not a passive actor but has the ability to take advantage of their own consumption or the flexibility of their
demand to consume their energy independently of the network, to share it, store it or sell it both to other
members of the community and to the network. All this is closely linked to energy self-consumption, new
management and distributed generation technologies, which are important factors in the energy transition.
This new entity opens the doors to new management models, new business models and the ability to provide
regulation services to the grid. This work explores all of these points, giving visibility to the wide range of
opportunities offered by Energy Communities.
... The PQ control allows for active and reactive power regulation of the PV system, but it does not ensure system output voltage and frequency. V/F control can be used to maintain the voltage and frequency of the PV system in off-grid or weak-grid circumstances [35]. ...
PV power generation is developing fast in both centralized and distributed forms under the background of constructing a new power system with high penetration of renewable sources. However, the control performance and stability of the PV system is seriously affected by the interaction between PV internal control loops and the external power grid. The impact of the PV system on the reliability, stability, and power quality of power systems has restricted them to further participate in power supplies with a large capacity. Traditional control methods have become ineffective at dealing with these problems as the PV system becomes increasingly complex and nonlinear. Intelligent control as a more advanced technology has been integrated into the PV system to improve system control performance and stability. However, intelligent control for the PV system is still in the early stages due to the extensive calculation and intricate implementation of intelligent algorithms. Further investigations should be carried out to effectively combine intelligent control with the PV system to constitute an intelligent PV power system with multiple functions, high stability, and high-performance. This paper provides a systematic classification and detailed introduction of various intelligent optimization methods in a PV inverter system based on the traditional structure and typical control. The future trends and research topics are given to provide a reference for the intelligent optimization control in the PV system.
... This approach requires strict authentication and verification for all users and devices accessing the grid's systems and data, minimizing the risk of insider threats and unauthorized access. Edge Computing and IoT Security: As the power grid becomes more interconnected with IoT devices and edge computing, there's a need for robust security measures at these endpoints [99]. Focus on securing these devices and networks to prevent potential entry points for cyber threats. ...
The power grid stands as a critical infrastructure supporting modern society, yet it remains susceptible to cyber threatsthat could compromise its stability and functionality. Addressing the dynamic variations and evolving challenges posedby cyber threats requires robust strategies in cybersecurity. This paper investigates methods to safeguard the stability ofthe power grid against cyber intrusions and system variations. This study delves into the multifaceted nature of cyberthreats targeting the power grid and analyzes the dynamic variations within the system that could be exploited bymalicious actors. This paper presents a comprehensive framework encompassing proactive and reactive cybersecuritymeasures. Reactive measures include incident response plans, rapid recovery protocols, and the integration of machinelearning and artificial intelligence for real-time threat detection and mitigation. Moreover, considering the interconnectednature of the power grid, this study explores collaborative approaches among stakeholders, such as utility companies,government bodies, regulatory authorities, and cybersecurity experts, to foster information sharing, best practices, andstandardized protocols. Ultimately, this paper serves as a guide for policymakers, grid operators, and cybersecurityprofessionals to develop robust strategies that safeguard the stability of the power grid in the face of evolving cyberthreats and system dynamics. By implementing a holistic cybersecurity approach, the aim is to ensure resilience,reliability, and continuity in the delivery of electricity to society
... The sensing coverage area can be mathematically modeled through a variety of methods, including grid-based methods, Delaunay triangulation, and Voronoi diagrams. To increase the sensing coverage and efficiency in WSNs, a number of studies have suggested various techniques, including mobility-assisted schemes, clustering algorithms, and convex hull-based approaches [63,64]. ...
Wireless sensor networks, have drawn a lot of interest because of their adaptability and range of uses in different industries. WSNs face significant challenges when it comes to energy efficiency because sensor nodes are usually battery-powered and have limited resources. Several energy-efficient methods and protocols, such as duty cycling, data aggregation, and topology management, have been put forth to address this problem. Moreover, new potential for mobile wireless sensor networks are presented by the integration of WSNs with mobile and static devices, such as drones, tablets, and smartphones. In this study, we suggest utilizing Zigbee technology to establish a robust and flexible monitoring system for both stationary and mobile sensors. Numerous industries, including healthcare, smart agriculture, asset tracking, energy management, smart home automation, and industrial monitoring and control, have made extensive use of Zigbee. By leveraging Zigbee's capabilities, we hope to improve the protocol's performance while establishing dependable communication links between nodes, analyzing the communication range, and assessing the influence of environmental conditions. In this study, a system model for Zigbee deployment in mobile robots will be presented. It will address the basics of Zigbee, communication difficulties, networking with Zigbee, and simulations or real-world outcomes. We will learn about the strengths and weaknesses of Zigbee-based systems in terms of creating reliable communication links in mobile wireless sensor networks by looking at their architecture and functionality. The results of this study will help us comprehend Zigbee's potential to improve monitoring systems and make better decisions across a range of industries. The study's emphasis on mobile monitoring systems signifies a step forward in addressing the evolving needs of wireless sensor networks in dynamic environments.
... Introduction. Оnе оf thе mаіn dіrеctіоns оf thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе еlеctrіc pоwеr іndustry іs thе аpplіcаtіоn оf thе mеthоdоlоgy оf іntеllіgеnt nеtwоrks (Smаrt Grіd) [1,2]. Thе іmplеmеntаtіоn оf thе Smаrt Grіd cоncеpt іs аіmеd аt еnsurіng thе rеlіаbіlіty аnd еnеrgy еffіcіеncy оf еlеctrіcіty supply, іmprоvіng thе quаlіty оf еlеctrіcаl еnеrgy, еquаlіzіng vаrіаblе lоаd schеdulеs, оrgаnіzіng mоnіtоrіng оf pаrаmеtеrs аnd cоntrоllіng thе stаtе оf thе еnеrgy systеm, іntеgrаtіоn оf rеnеwаblе еnеrgy sоurcеs [3,4]. ...
Thе prоspеcts fоr thе аpplіcаtіоn оf thе Smаrt Grіd cоncеpt аs оnе оf thе mаіn dіrеctіоns оf thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе еlеctrіc pоwеr іndustry аrе cоnsіdеrеd. Thе аdvаntаgеs оf thе іmplеmеntаtіоn оf thе Smаrt Grіd cоncеpt аіmеd аt еnsurіng thе rеlіаbіlіty аnd еnеrgy еffіcіеncy оf еlеctrіcіty supply, іmprоvіng thе quаlіty оf еlеctrіcаl еnеrgy, thе thrоughput оf еlеctrіcаl nеtwоrks, thе оrgаnіzаtіоn оf pаrаmеtеr mоnіtоrіng, cоntrоl оf thе stаtе оf thе еnеrgy systеm, аnd thе іntеgrаtіоn оf rеnеwаblе еnеrgy sоurcеs hаvе bееn іdеntіfіеd. Thе tоpоlоgy оf thе Smаrt Grіd nеtwоrk wаs studіеd wіth thе pоssіbіlіty оf cоnnеctіng еnеrgy аccumulаtоrs thаt crеаtе а bіdіrеctіоnаl еnеrgy flоw іn thе systеm, wіth thе prоvіsіоn оf rеgulаtіоn оf іts dеnsіty dеpеndіng оn thе dеmаnd fоr еlеctrіcіty аt thе currеnt mоmеnt іn tіmе. Thе pаrаmеtеrs оf thе іntеllіgеnt nеtwоrk systеm wіth thе usе оf еnеrgy аccumulаtоrs аrе оbtаіnеd оn thе еxаmplе оf thе trаctіоn pоwеr supply оf еlеctrіc rоllіng stоck, tаkіng іntо аccоunt thе еlеctrіcіty cоnsumptіоn by trаіns аnd thе аccumulаtоr chаrgе stаtе. Thе gіvеn cаlculаtіоn rеsults mаkе іt pоssіblе tо stаtе thаt thе usе оf еnеrgy аccumulаtоrs іn thе Smаrt Grіd nеtwоrk іncrеаsеs thе аmоunt оf еnеrgy rеturnеd tо thе еlеctrіc pоwеr supply nеtwоrk, аs а rеsult оf whіch thе оvеrаll systеm cоsts аrе rеducеd. Ref.10, fig., table. Keywords: Smart Grid concept, electric power industry, power supply system, energy accumulator, electric rolling stock.
