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Archeological and anthropological evidences of psychoactive plant use in early historical times. A) An old lithograph about psychoactive plants published in 1850. B) Shaman's spiritual world during ASCs induced by psychoactive plants. Old cave drawings, Texas. C) Archeological evidence found in Los Pecos, Texas in 2007. There was clear evidence that the Neolithic cave drawings were made under the effects of Peyote (or jimson weed).
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Abstract:
Psychoactive plants which contain hallucinogenic molecules that induce a form of altered states of consciousness (H-ASC) have been widely used during the religious rituals of many cultures throughout the centuries, while the consumption of these plants for spiritual and religious purposes is as old as human history. Some of those culture...
Contexts in source publication
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... detail of an authentic ancient Greek vase. Notice the tip of Thyrsus, that is not pine cone shaped, but resembles another plant, such as phalaris species (see figure 13, 14). D) Ancient Greek coin depicting a Thyrsus on it. ...
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... An ancient Greek coin with the head of Dionysus and also a warrior of Dionysus carrying a Thyrsus. figures, 14 and 15). Phalaris species resembles wheat, however the body is more elongated and there are more protruding structures on Phalaris. ...
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... of psilocybin or psilocin containing psychoactive mushrooms (magic mush- rooms) was wide spread in many religions in Europe and around the Middle East and Mesopotamia, where the appearance of magic mushrooms emerges from nearly all cultural and religious rituals, as depict- ed in the folkloric remains and art . In Per- sia (1500-1200 B.C.), the Sun-god Mithra wears a "liberty cap", (Psilocybe semi- lanceata) which is in the shape of a mush- room in most of the sculptures and reliefs, as well as the Sun-god Attis (Greece, 1200 B.C.) (See Figures 3, 4 and 17). Also the appearance of opium, Cannabis, Ephedra, Nymphaea nouchali (water lily), Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant), Peganum harmala, wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), and various kinds of hallucinogenic lo- tuses are very common in the reliefs and sculptures of the remains in most of the archeological findings (Ruck, 2001(Ruck, , 2006(Ruck, , 2009(Ruck, , 2013Diaz, 2010;Nichols, 2004;Lewis-Williams, 2005;Akers, 2011;Metzner, 1998;Schultes, 1992;Merlin, 2003;Miller, 2013). ...
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... the appearance of opium, Cannabis, Ephedra, Nymphaea nouchali (water lily), Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant), Peganum harmala, wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), and various kinds of hallucinogenic lo- tuses are very common in the reliefs and sculptures of the remains in most of the archeological findings (Ruck, 2001(Ruck, , 2006(Ruck, , 2009(Ruck, , 2013Diaz, 2010;Nichols, 2004;Lewis-Williams, 2005;Akers, 2011;Metzner, 1998;Schultes, 1992;Merlin, 2003;Miller, 2013). (See Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Among these, use of Peganum harmala in Anatolia and the Middle East is of particu- lar importance, because it is not a halluci- nogenic plant; although, it might have been used for its anti-helmintic and anti- protozoal effects, it contains the beta- carbolines harmine (4.3 %), harmaline (5.6 %), harmane (0.16 %) that have MAO inhib- iting effects. ...
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... evidence that Peganum harmala was also associated with "Sha- manic Practices and Religious Rituals" can be a proof that many Phalaris species, that contain DMT, and are found abundantly in Anatolia and the Middle East, might have been used with Peganum harmala in those regions for shamanic and religious purposes, throughout hundreds of centu- ries, just like Ayahuasca to get more potent DMT-hallucinogenic effects (B. Capii vine and its use along with DMT-containing Sychotria viridis, Diplopterys cabrerana, Psy- chotria carthagenensis in the Amazons); (see Figures 13, 14 and below for details). Peganum harmala (Üzerlik otu, Nazar otu in Turkish) is so widespread in Turkish, Ana- tolian and Middle East culture that its dried capsules are strung together and hung in homes or vehicles to protect against "the evil eye"; also Peganum harma- la is burnt as an incense to get the Jinns (imaginary and superstitious ghostly un- seen evil creatures, having a non- materialistic body) and evil eye away. ...
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... mother was a mortal virgin, Semele, the daughter of king Cadmus of Thebes, and his father was Zeus, the king of the gods. Dionysus (Dionysos, Iacchus, Bacchus) was the god of the grape harvest, wine making and wine, of ritual madness and ecstasy in Greek mythology; however, after investi- gating the philosophy of Dionysus and the real nature of Dionysian rituals-orgies, we can also add the attributes of "the god of altered states of consciousness (ASC) and sexual satisfaction and orgasm"; since the term "orgasm" also comes from Dionysian orgia (orgia, orgiasm, orgiasmus, orgas- mus, orgasm) (Figure 9, 10,11) (Daniélou, 1992;Azar, 2006;Sayin, 2014). ...
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... son, Hoffman and Ruck, hypothesized that kykeon contained ergot alkaloids (from C. purpureae) Ruck, 2008Ruck, , 2013, however, others objected that kykeon contained psilocybin (Webster, 2000); most probably kykeon contained some psychoac- tive substances which could be LSA, psilo- cybin or DMT or some others. Sexual freedom and liberated sexual practices were also a part of the Dionysian Orgia, such that the term orgy comes from the orgia of the Dionysian Festivals ( Figure 11). Theatre is also thought to originate from these rituals, where Greek tragedy or drama was occasionally performed. ...
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... tip of the thyrsus might have also been symbolizing Phalaris aquatica, Phalaris arundinacea, P. brachystachys, P. canariensis, which contain the powerful hallucinogen DMT and are very abundant in Anatolia and the Mediterranean. Also, as men- tioned above, Peganum harmale, a MAO inhibitor, was very wide spread in the region and used in magic and also in pa- gan rituals (See Figures 13, 14, 15). Thus either in the kykeon or absinthe or in other drinks of the Dionysian festivals, DMT could have been ingested as well as thu- jone (in Artemisia absinthium) and other proposed psychoactive substances. ...
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... these pipes contain tobacco or some other weeds such as, Cannabis, opi- um, wormwood or some other psychoac- tive weed? (see Fig-16). ...
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... ingly, the Egyptian mythological god Ho-rus (3000 B.C.), the Greek mythological figure Attis (1200 B.C.), the Persian mytho- logical god Mithra (1200 B.C.), the Greek mythological god of wine and ASC, Dio- nysus (500 B.C.), the Indian mythological god Krishna (900 B.C.) and many others, along with Jesus Christ had many attrib- utes in common, stressing the fact that the Jesus Christ figure was merely a continua- tion in the long line of ancient pagan gods and the Sun-god, and there was enormous resemblance in the events in the life stories of all of them, which violated the main postulates of probability to be just a coin- cidence, including many aspects of pagan astrological symbolism (Freke & Gandy, 2001, 2002Acharya S., 1999Acharya S., , 2004Ruck, 2000Ruck, , 2001Ruck, , 2009Ruck, , 2013. The resem- blance patterns were as follows (see Fig- 17 The above information supports the hypothesis that Jesus Christ either never lived, or if ever he did live, most of the stories about him were made up after his death, assimilated from former pagan my- thology. Horus, Attis, Mithra, Krishna, Dionysus and Jesus Christ can either be the same person (or pagan Sun-god) or a continuation of another in different cul- tures originating from the times of the Egyptians, or even before. ...
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... Attis, Mithra, Krishna, Dionysus and Jesus Christ can either be the same person (or pagan Sun-god) or a continuation of another in different cul- tures originating from the times of the Egyptians, or even before. (Fig-17) Another point ignored by historians is that in most of the ancient reliefs, draw- ings and paintings, when observed thor- oughly, it is possible to differentiate many figures, objects and geometrical shapes that resemble many entoptic images. Also, some of the others convey some figures of psychoactive plants associated with pagan gods and goddesses, such as, opium, psilo- cybin containing magic mushrooms, DMT containing Phalaris species, thujone con- taining wormwood (Artemisia absintheum), and pinecones, symbolizing the pineal gland and DMT, which is endogenously released from the pineal gland. ...
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... some of the others convey some figures of psychoactive plants associated with pagan gods and goddesses, such as, opium, psilo- cybin containing magic mushrooms, DMT containing Phalaris species, thujone con- taining wormwood (Artemisia absintheum), and pinecones, symbolizing the pineal gland and DMT, which is endogenously released from the pineal gland. -5185 (web) ISSN 2536-5169 (print) A Multidisciplinary Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT • www.ciseated.org • www.sexusjournal.com ...
Context 13
... images may transform, distort, and change dimensions, such that a new kind of reali- ty or an inconsistent and para-logical sys- tem of thoughts and ideas can be created during such inner journeys. Figures 18, 19 illustrate how the outer world's images and perceptions can be distorted and al- tered during the ingestion of LSD, psilo- cybin, mescaline and cannabis. A type of feeling of unification with the environ- ment, partners, friends and the universe is generally experienced. ...
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Psychoactive plants have been consumed by many cultures, cults and groups during religious rituals and ceremonies for centuries and they have been influential on the eruption of many images, secret and religious symbols, esoteric geometrical shapes, archetypes, religious figures, and philosophy of religions since the dawn of Homo sapiens. Some of t...
Entheogens, a class of psychoactive substances with profound cultural and religious significance, have been utilized for centuries across diverse traditions for healing, spiritual exploration, and communication with the divine. Their historical usage spans continents, from the pre-Columbian Americas to traditional African practices and Ayurvedic me...
Citations
... Some accepted classifications in psychiatry, described long ago, such as ID, ego, superego, do also have neurochemical basis and mechanisms which can be influenced and/or altered by the modern methods of psychopharmacology and/or biological psychiatry. Any abstractions about human psyche which do not depend on pure neuroscience and neuropharmacology are not valid anymore, including the spirits, souls, and other heavenly creatures which take their origins from early pagan beliefs or institutionalized religions [94,95]. In a century, imaging techniques, non-invasive neuropharmacology techniques will evolve and develop. ...
Id, ego and superego are three abstract compartments of the human psyche according to the schools of psychoanalysis, established by Freud. Although these are abstract notions, today we have the neuroscientific basis of knowledge for defining them in terms of neuroanatomy and psychopharmacology. Hedonic hot spots or pleasure centers in the limbic system have been identified. Some of them are ventral tegmental are (VTA) cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex (PFC), insula, nucleus accumbens (NA), amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Actually, there are regions in the brain where the functions of the id arise, mostly in the limbic system. Libido and pleasure principle have the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological correlates in the brain. During pleasure, passionate love, extreme pleasure, peak experiences, orgasms or prolonged orgasms, these areas are activated; some neurotransmitters such as dopamine, oxytocin, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, serotonin and the hormones testosterone and vasopressin mediate the neurotransmission of pleasure and love, which is a peak experience of the id. The reward-pleasure circuitry, which plays important roles in the development of psychological dependence and addiction is also involved in the mechanisms of these functions. Nearly 5000 dopaminergic neurons originating from VTA projecting to NA and PFC control most of the pleasure reactions, which may have great impacts on synaptic plasticity, learning, habituation and influence the components of the human psyche and eventually the personality. Dopaminergic projections of VTA may have as many as 25 x 10 8 synaptic connections at the targets, which can carry 92 gigabytes of "pleasure information". The brain has much more information processing capacity than we can imagine. Dopamine and oxytocin are the major "pleasure, orgasm and happiness" neurotransmitters which the id uses to mediate and perform its discrete functions of the nature, while "the pleasure principle" is inevitable, unbeatable and indispensable. When superego counteracts with these functions, psychological disturbances may arise. The centers of ego and superego are probably the cortical and associative areas, particularly frontal, parietal and temporal cortices. This review is a neuro-scientific summary of what happens in the brain when the id prevails the superego.
... These plants may contain either central nervous stimulants, such as benzoyl-methylecgonine (cocaine's active ingredient, in coca leaves), a serotonin-norepinephrinedopamine reuptake inhibitor, and mono amine alkaloid cathinone (in Khat); or a wide range of hallucinogens, such as: mescaline (in peyote cactus), psilocybin and psilocin (in magic mushrooms, Psilocybe cubensis); ibogaine (naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the Apocynaceae family such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulate); N,N-Di-methyl-tryptamine (DMT, such as in Ayahuasca brew, Mimosa tenuiflora, Diplopterys cabrerana, Psychotria viridis, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and harding grass (Phalaris aquatica), etc.); and tetra-hydro-cannabinol (THC, in Cannabis sativa) (Sttafford, 1978;Shulgin, 1991Shulgin, -1997Popik, 1995;Metzner, 1998;Krippner, 2011;Sayin, 2012a;Ruck, 2001Ruck, , 2009Ruck, , 2013a (See figures of the former article, Figures-1, 2, 3, 7, 14;Sayin, 2014). The plants that contain psychoactive substances are found extensively around the globe, from our closest gardens or prairies and local farms to regional or national forests and far away to the distant Amazon rain forests. ...
... We come across the use of such plants in many ancient drawings or pictures, reliefs and sculptures. Also, there is ample evidence that most of the religious figures, such as mythological entities and creatures, gods, goddesses, demons, angels, etc. have close connections to what those ancient people were perceiving during the psychedelic rituals of shamanic origin (Stafford, 1978;Senn, 1989;Popik, 1995;Saver, 1997;Metzner, 1998Metzner, -2002Griffiths, 2006;De Corne, 2011;Krippner, 2011;Sayin, , 2014Ruck, 2006Ruck, , 2008Ruck, , 2009Ruck, , 2013. ...
... Considering that even old shamans were unlikely to imagine and envision such ingenious and inspired images without the aid of certain PSC-plants (See Figure 1), we can hypothesize that these archaic and ancient images were drawn under the effect of PSC-plants and/or during many other trance states in shamanic rituals. During the last decades, a vast amount of archeological and anthropological items of evidence has accumulated, supporting our hypothesis, while many new discoveries were made about the correlation of shamanic trance states and PSC-plants (See Figures 1-2-3) (Stafford, 1978;Kent, 2010;De Corne, 2011;Sayin, , 2014Ruck, 2000Ruck, , 2001Ruck, , 2006Ruck, , 2008Ruck, , 2009Ruck, , 2013. It is also interesting that some similar images were used in different cultures from the Amazon and North America, to the Middle East and Nordic countries, India and the Far East, while the ancient cultures living in those regions had no substantial connection and no means of communication with each other to transfer the knowledge or similar imaginative and visionary thinking; thus, supporting the hypothesis that these images are innate and they originate from the subconscious or collective subunconsciousness (Jung, 1968(Jung, , 1981 It should not be forgotten that, primitive men and ancient shamans drew pictures of what influenced them profoundly during their trance states or their daily lives. ...
Psychoactive plants have been consumed by many cultures, cults and groups during religious rituals and ceremonies for centuries and they have been influential on the eruption of many images, secret and religious symbols, esoteric geometrical shapes, archetypes, religious figures, and philosophy of religions since the dawn of Homo sapiens. Some of the psychoactive plants used for religious purposes were: narcotic analgesics (opium), THC (cannabis), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline (peyote), ibogaine (Tabernanthe iboga), DMT (Ayahuasca and Phalaris species), Peganum har-mala, bufotenin, muscimol (Amanita muscaria), Thujone (absinthe, Arthemisia absinthium), ephedra, mandragora, star lotus, Salvia divinorum etc. An important property of these natural chemicals is to induce the human psyche to perceive optical forms and shapes that are existent in the subconscious and presumed collective unconsciousness, and which emerge during certain trance states and ASCs (altered states of consciousness). Some of these simple geometric forms are called entoptic images and phosphenes. Entopic images and phosphenes have been found in various cultural works of art and in the drawings on cave walls, which were formed during shamanic religious rituals since Neolithic times. Also entoptic images exist in many folkloric, traditional and cultural geometrical shapes. Long before the creation of languages , visual perception and information were the only source for mankind, alone of the primates, to perceive the outer world. This article reviews the possibility of an ancient forgotten language of visual signs and symbols, which is genetically existent in the human brain and emerges during ASCs, trance states, and consciousness altered by psychoac-tive plants. The basics of this geometrical sign and symbol language may have generated the formation of certain arche-typal symbols and concepts, which are yet to be discovered. Associated with this, the emergence of many attributes of the sub-or unconscious, during these "psychedelic plant journeys" had a prodigious impact on the formation and creation of many so-called religious "figures, characters, creatures, and archetypal images" that today exist, not only in mythology, but also in many religions, as well as such figures as angels, spirits, Jinns, demons, Satan, mythological creatures , supra-natural creatures, gods, and goddesses. Mystical and religious experiences during the rituals using psycho-active plants may have also facilitated the archaic ancestral information, presumably coded in the limbic system, to surface into consciousness, which may also have aided the evolution of the hominoids and Homo sapiens.
Resumen (SPANISH TRANSLATION)
Este artículo explica algunos de los nuevos hallazgos sobre la sexualidad femenina,
la Respuesta Sexual Expandida (RSE) y los orgasmos prolongados–ampliados en
comparación con las descripciones de las antiguas filosofías tántricas y taoístas. El
orgasmo femenino y las «experiencias pico» femeninas tienen su adecuado
reconocimiento en la antigua literatura de la India, China y Extremo Oriente. Al igual
que los orgasmos tántricos, la respuesta sexual expandida se definió recientemente
como: la capacidad de alcanzar orgasmos de larga duración y/o prolongados y/o
múltiples y/o sostenidos y/o status orgasmus que dura más tiempo y es más intenso
que los patrones de orgasmos clásicos definidos en la literatura occidental. Occidente
empezó a comprender la verdadera naturaleza del orgasmo femenino en la segunda
mitad del siglo XX con el uso de métodos de investigación científicos objetivos y
Artículos atravesados por (o cuestionando) la idea del sujeto -y su género- como una construcción psicobiológica de la cultura.
Articles driven by (or questioning) the idea of the subject -and their gender- as a cultural psychobiological construction
Vol. 4 (2), 2019, abril-septiembre
ISSN 2469-0783
https://datahub.io/dataset/2019-4-2-e104
Tantra y los límites del potencial femenino en la respuesta sexual H. Ümit Sayin
Revista Científica Arbitrada de la Fundación MenteClara Vol. 4 (2) 2019, ISSN 2469-0783 204
racionales. En esta revisión se presentan descripciones detalladas de estos
fenómenos en el marco de investigaciones clínicas actuales.
Abstract
This article explains explains some of the novel findings on female sexuality, ESR and
prolonged–expanded orgasms, in comparison with the old Tantric and Taoist
philosophies. The female orgasm and the female “peak experiences” have their proper
recognition in the ancient literature of India, China and the Far East. Similar to
Tantric Orgasms, ESR (Expanded Sexual Response) has been defined recently as: the
capaciti able to attain long lasting and/or prolonged and/or multiple and/or
sustained orgasms and/or status orgasmus that lasted longer and more intense than
the classical orgasm patterns defined in the western literature. The West started to
understand the real nature of female orgasm in the second half of twentieth century
using objective and rational scientific investigation methods. This review presents
detailed descriptions of these phenomena in the context of current clinical research.
Palabras Claves: Tantra; respuesta sexual expandida; RSE; orgasmo femenino; status
orgasmus; orgasmo tántrico
Keywords: Tantra; expanded sexual response; ESR; female orgasm; status orgasmus;
tantric orgasm
Este artículo explica algunos de los nuevos hallazgos sobre la sexualidad femenina, la Respuesta Sexual Expandida (RSE) y los orgasmos prolongados–ampliados en comparación con las descripciones de las antiguas filosofías tántricas y taoístas. El orgasmo femenino y las «experiencias pico» femeninas tienen su adecuado reconocimiento en la antigua literatura de la India, China y Extremo Oriente. Al igual que los orgasmos tántricos, la respuesta sexual expandida se definió recientemente como: la capacidad de alcanzar orgasmos de larga duración y/o prolongados y/o múltiples y/o sostenidos y/o status orgasmus que dura más tiempo y es más intenso que los patrones de orgasmos clásicos definidos en la literatura occidental. Occidente empezó a comprender la verdadera naturaleza del orgasmo femenino en la segunda mitad del siglo XX con el uso de métodos de investigación científicos objetivos y racionales. En esta revisión se presentan descripciones detalladas de estos fenómenos en el marco de investigaciones clínicas actuales.
Lysergic acid diethylamide holds great therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression, although currently illegal in many parts of the world and seen as a recreational drug. An intercultural ethnobotanical examination of plant substances with similar chemical profiles and effects displays the true potential value of this substance and justifies an increased focus on clinical trials and studies involving it.
A Multidisciplinary Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT • www.ciseated.org • www.sexusjournal.com • 413 ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
Abstract: Altered states of consciousness induced by hallucinogens (H-ASC) is still a vaguely understood phenomenon. Taken the diverse psychological effects they exert, the main mechanism of action of hallucinogens; LSD, ibogaine, THC, PCP, MDMA, methamphet-amine, mescaline, psilocybin and DMT, of which psychological effects are discussed in the article, are not properly understood and explained by the modern methods of neuroscience due to the lack of vigorous research. The involvement of some receptors, such as, 5-HT2 (and probably other 5-HT receptors), glutamate and dopamine receptors, adrenergic and cannabinoid receptors, is one of the mechanisms, however it is not easy to explain such incongruent psychological effects by only receptor and neuro-transmitter systems alone, since H-ASCs have, sometimes, their own unity and gestalt, unfolding the subconscious, in the "voyages" they induce, although the perception may, or may not, be distorted depending on the person, and "set and setting". They induce visual, tactile and auditory hallucinations; synesthesia; perception of fractals, geometrical and kaleidoscopic images with vivid colors; perception of two dimensional pictures as three dimensional, animated and moving; distortions and alterations in the body perception; alterations in the perceptions of temporal-spatial continuum and time; changes in the perception of the ego and the self; feelings of unification with nature and universe, peak experiences-mimicking satori or nirvana-, ecstasy, rapture, extreme euphoria, excitement and happiness, oceanic bliss, self-fulfillment, referred as "good trip", as well as, dyspho-ria, anxiety, mania, delirium, psychosis, acute schizophrenia, collapse of the self, known as "bad trip"; depending upon the mood, affection and psychology of the person, and "set and setting". Mysticomimetic effects of H-ASCs, imitate the consciousness states of ancient mystics, probably, by means of activating prefrontal cortex, limbic system and the right temporal lobe. A hypothetical "holographic brain theory" may give some extra insights about the explanation of some of the effects of H-ASCs. It should be taken into account that H-ASCs, can be accepted as a good tool to investigate the nature of consciousness, brain and the human psyche, as well as some of the H-ASCs are good models of psychosis, too. Also in some peak experiences, such as ESR H-ASC like effects are defined during intense and prolonged orgasms. More detailed scientific research should be performed to understand the basic and real mechanisms of H-ASCs, to comprehend and unravel the mystery of human mind and consciousness , since scientific medical research on hallucinogens has been legalized since 1992.
El orgasmo femenino y las “experiencias pico” femeninas tienen su adecuado reconocimiento en la antigua literatura histórica de la India, China y Extremo Oriente. Por siglos, las culturas orientales trataron de descubrir los límites y alcances de la respuesta orgásmica femenina, a diferencia de las culturas occidentales, donde, por siglos, el placer y el orgasmo femenino se tomaban como un pecado y no se consideraban aceptables, en oposición a la filosofía oriental, donde sí se consideraban aceptables. Por años, las culturas tántricas y taoístas fomentaron la actividad sexual prolongada, el coito y el orgasmo femenino. Sin embargo, Occidente empezó a comprender la verdadera naturaleza del orgasmo femenino en la segunda mitad del siglo XX con el uso de métodos de investigación científicos objetivos y racionales. Al igual que los orgasmos tántricos, la respuesta sexual expandida (RSE) se definió recientemente como: la capacidad de alcanzar orgasmos de larga duración, prolongados, múltiples o sostenidos o el status orgasmus que dura más tiempo y es más intenso que los patrones de orgasmos clásicos que se definen en la literatura. Este artículo de revisión explica algunos de los nuevos hallazgos sobre la sexualidad femenina, la RSE y los orgasmos prolongados-ampliados en comparación con las antiguas filosofías tántricas y taoístas.
Abstract
Female orgasm and female “peak experiences” are well recognized in the ancient historical literature of the India, China and Far East. Eastern cultures tried to discover the limits and extents of female orgasmic response for centuries unlike the Western cultures, where, for centuries, pleasure and orgasm of females were accepted as a sin and were not regarded as acceptable as they were in the Eastern philosophy. Tantric cultures and Taoist cultures encouraged the prolonged sexual activity, coitus and female orgasm for hundreds of years. However, the West started to understand the real nature of female orgasm in the second half of twentieth century using objective and rational scientific investigation methods. Similar to Tantric Orgasms, ESR (Expanded Sexual Response) has been defined recently as: being able to attain long lasting and/or prolonged and/or multiple and/or sustained orgasms and/or status orgasmus that lasted longer and more intense than the classical orgasm patterns defined in the literature. This review article explains some of the novel findings on female sexuality, ESR and prolonged-expanded orgasms, in comparison with the old Tantric and Taoist philosophies.
