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Approximately 100,000 individual chemicals have been registered for commercial use in the United States over the past 30 years. Chemical classes that receive the majority of public attention (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food additives, pesticides) constitute only a small percentage of this inventory. Analytical methodologies are currently limited to several hundred of these nonregulated chemicals.
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Many chemical carcinogens are in food, water, air, household products, and personal care products. Although genetic susceptibility is an important factor in how an individual responds to exposure to a carcinogen, heritable genetic factors alone account for only a minor portion of cancer rates.
We review the evidence that early life exposure to carc...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... chemicals have improved quality of life, few have been adequately tested to determine whether they pose health risks to humans. More than 80,000 industrial chemicals are registered with the USEPA for commercial use in the United States, and there are additional chemicals in cosmetics and personal care products as well as food additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides ( Figure 1). Home furnishings used to be made of wood, glass, wool, linen, or cotton, whereas today many are made of synthetic fabrics, plastics, and other products derived from petroleum. ...Citations
... [6][7][8] In addition, pathogenic organisms such as viruses, toxic chemical compounds, and radiation can also lead to cancer pathogenesis by promoting inflammation in the cells. 5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Furthermore, reversible alterations in gene expression called 'epigenetic changes' can also cause neoplasm, which may lead to the development of cancer. 17,18 According to global cancer statistics, as of the year 2020, there were about 19 million new cases of cancers globally; out of which, nine million cases resulted in death. ...
Cancer is globally a disease of significant public health concern owing to its prevalence, and association with morbidity and mortality. Thus, cost-effective treatments for cancer are important to help reduce its significant morbidity and mortality. However, the current therapeutic options for cancer such as chemo-therapy, radiotherapy, and surgery may produce serious adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy, especially in the long term. In addition, these therapeutic options may not be well tolerated by the elderly especially those who are frail. The current article is aimed at discussing an alternative therapeutic option, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and the roles it plays in cancer pathology and immunotherapy. The VNS does this by reducing oxidative stress via silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1); inhibiting inflammation via both hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) and the release of corticosteroid from the adrenal gland, and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and increasing vagal activity which helps in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism, and increase chance of survival. Furthermore, it helps with reducing complications due to cancer or its treatments such as postoperative ileus and severity of peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, and improves cancer-related fatigue, lymphopenia, and quality of life. These suggest that the importance of non-invasive VNS in cancer pathology and immunotherapy cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, considering the safety of non-invasive VNS and its cost-effectiveness, it is a therapeutic option worth trying for these patients, especially in combination with other therapies.
... Acquisition mutations can be caused by genetics (inherited) or other external factors. Acquired mutations are caused by conditions that are constantly triggered such as smoking or exposure to UV rays, and sometimes it can be caused by years of exposure to carcinogens [1]. When these risk factors are combined with other risk factors, many more, thus make it difficult to diagnose the real cause of cancers. ...
... Recent progress has identified several factors that contribute to the development and progression of tumors in disaster settings (41). One major factor is exposure to carcinogenic substances, such as radiation, asbestos, and other toxic chemicals (42). Disasters can lead to the release of these substances into the environment, putting affected populations at risk of developing cancer (43). ...
This review article highlights the critical role of nurses in disaster management, with a specific focus on addressing blood tumors in disaster-affected populations. Disasters have a significant impact on healthcare systems and populations, and nurses play a crucial role in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The article provides case studies and successful examples of nursing interventions in disaster settings and tumor management, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities in providing cancer care in disaster settings. Recommendations for future research and practice in disaster nursing and blood tumor care are also presented. This information is essential for healthcare professionals and policymakers involved in disaster management, as well as researchers and clinicians working in the field of cancer care.
... The Federal Project 'Clean Air' was developed specifically to improve quality of the environment in several cities with high levels of ambient air pollution [1,2]. These targets hardly seem arbitrary since negative effects of ambient air on medical and demographic indicators (population incidence and mortality) have been proven by multiple Russian and foreign researchers in their studies [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. ...
It is important to estimate effectiveness and results achieved by measures implemented within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project as regards public health in cities included into it.
The aim of this study was to analyze changes in levels of ambient air pollution and airborne health risks in cities included into the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project in dynamics over 2020–2022 and to estimate whether the measures aimed at reduction of emissions were adequate to risk rates and factors.
The study relied on analyzing the results of field observations over ambient air quality within social and hygienic mon-itoring. Monitoring covered priority chemicals that made 95 % contributions to impermissible health risks according to dis-persion calculations. Risk assessment was performed as per standard algorithms and indicators. Adequacy of air protection and correctness of its orientation were estimated in Norilsk as an example city.
The study established that levels of harmful chemicals in ambient were higher than hygienic standards over the analyzed period in all the cities participating in the project. We did not detect any significant reduction in ambient air pollution; there were no positive trends in health risks rates either. In 2022, a risk of respiratory diseases under chronic exposure was ranked as high (hazard index or HI 10.5÷43) in Chelyabinsk, Mednogorsk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, Lipetsk, and Chita; it was ranked as ‘alerting’ in Bratsk, Chita, Novokuznetsk, Magnitogorsk, and Omsk (HI 4.0÷5.8), A permissible risk was identified over the analyzed period only in Cherepovets (HI
... These effects can also be seen through the concepts of sedimented histories. For example, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation will drastically change a person's susceptibility to cancer later in life (Carpenter & Bushkin-Bedient, 2013). ...
As teachers engage with what is taught, rather than a sense of the distribution of inert knowledge, there can be a feeling that the “what” is moving and adapting with them. This is especially true when teachers are working with topics like anti-Black racism. The what being taught, or the curriculum-as-a-whole has been analyzed by cutting it apart into many different aspects including the planned, the assessed, the learned, the hidden, the null, and the enacted. This dissertation focuses on the enacted curricula specifically as it is co-produced in the class and highlights how the teacher is not the only aspect of that class with the agency to shift the enacted curriculum. These conclusions are based on four case studies of enacted antiracist curricula. The enactments of these curricula were undertaken by elementary, middle, and high school teachers in three different cities and were re-storied in a series of interviews with the author. This dissertation concludes that anti-Black racism is always already influencing the curriculum as it is conceived, planned, enacted, and re-storied, though it is particularly influential in the liminal spaces.
... Repair of UV sunlight-induced DNA crosslinks requires the XP family member of proteins involved in the BER pathway [61] . Hereditary mutations in these genes lead to the familial syndrome with their namesake XP, in which patients present with premature skin photoaging and an increased incidence of skin cancer [62] . Lifetime ingestion of carcinogens including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines in cured foods, aldehydes in alcohol, and arsenic in contaminated drinking water, has been implicated in the development of colorectal cancers [63] . ...
Maintenance of DNA integrity is crucial for faithful transmission of the genetic code from generation to generation. Our genetic code is constantly under attack from both endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage. To ensure genome stability, cells have developed elegant DNA damage repair mechanisms. Defects in DNA damage repair have been linked to several human diseases including promoting oncogenesis, heritable neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases caused by unstable DNA repeats, neuropathies and myopathies caused by mutations and rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA, neuropsychiatric disorders, and heritable premature aging syndromes. This review will discuss our current understanding of how these underlying errors in DNA repair contribute to the clinical outcomes of patients who present with these diseases.
... Also, the constant variables used in calculating the risks imply that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are directly proportional to the concentrations of HMs in the water samples. Apart from drinking water, efforts should be made to prevent early and insidious exposure to cancer-causing agents to prevent the occurrence of cancer in the future [41]. While there are regulations put in place to prevent an increase in Table 4 Chronic daily intake (CDI) or average daily intake (ADI) in different drinking water sources (mg/kg/day). ...
Direct exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in drinking water beyond the allowable tolerable limit can adversely affect human health. The study evaluated the hazards (cancer and non-cancer) of HMs in drinking water for both children and adults based on hazard quotients (HQ) derived from the concentration of HMs in drinking water in Anambra State, Nigeria.
Eighty-one water samples were collected from 5 water sources (borehole, well, sachet water, harvested rain, and stream water) in 3 districts of Anambra State, and their concentrations of selected HMs [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The health risks were assessed based on the concentrations of HMs in the water samples ingested orally.
The concentrations of the HMs were higher than the permissible limits recommended by international agencies. The chronic daily intake (CDI) indices in the studied areas were highest for Cd. The CDI indices in the borehole, well, sachet water and, stream water samples were Cd>Hg>Pb for both populations. The CDI was higher in children compared to adults exposed to the same water sources. The hazard quotient (HQ) indices for HMs in the various water sources were in the order Cd>Pb>Hg for both populations. The hazard index (HI) of Pb was highest in rain water while that of Hg and Cd were highest in stream water for both adults and children. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) in the studied areas showed a higher risk for children than adults. Cadmium was a major risk factor and children at greater cancer risk than adults. Generally, the HQ and ILCR were greater than international standards with values for children higher than adults. The contribution of Cd towards HI and ILCR in all cases was significant.
This study showed the concentrations of the HMs in drinking water sources, and their attendant HQ and ILCR. These values were higher than the permissible limits set by international agencies. The results demonstrated enormously worrisome risks for children than adults.
... We examined tumor estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status separately because the expression of these biomarkers is relevant to BC treatment, predictive of prognosis, and varies by racialized group and socioeconomic position (19)(20)(21)(22). Informed by ecosocial theory (18,23,24), we hypothesized that potential pathways linking historical redlining, contemporary CT characteristics, and BC incidence by hormone receptor status could include social exposures relevant to etiology and access to and quality of medical treatment (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). ...
Background
Scant research has analyzed contemporary US cancer incidence rates in relation to historical redlining, ie, 1930s US federally-imposed residential segregation, implemented via the color-coded federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps.
Methods
We analyzed Massachusetts Cancer Registry data for all cases of primary invasive breast cancer (BC) diagnosed in 2005–2015 among women in the 28 Massachusetts municipalities with digitized 1930s HOLC maps. Multilevel Poisson regression estimated BC incidence rate ratios (IRR), overall and by tumor estrogen (ER+, ER-) and progesterone receptor (PR+, PR-) status, in relation to HOLC grade and contemporary census tract social characteristics.
Results
Net of age and racialized group, the extremes of BC incidence were detected by combinations of HOLC grade and contemporary census tract racialized economic segregation. Compared to census tracts with the best HOLC grade (A + B) and most privileged contemporary characteristics (T1), for all, ER+, and PR+ BC, incidence was highest in T1 and Mixed HOLC grade census tracts (eg, IRRER+; Mixed-T1=1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01, 1.21) and lowest in census tracts with most concentrated racialized economic deprivation (T3) and no HOLC grade (eg, IRRER+; No Grade-T3=0.85; 95% CI 0.75, 0.95). For ER- and PR- BC, incidence was highest in census tracts with the most contemporary deprivation, but the best HOLC grade (eg, IRRER-; A+B-T3=1.27; 95% CI 0.93, 1.75), and lowest in T1 and worst HOLC-graded census tracts (eg, IRRER-; D-T1=0.84; 95% CI 0.56, 1.25).
Conclusion
Breast cancer risk may be shaped by combined histories of redlining and present-day census tract characteristics.
... The difference was significant for a total of four cancers. Such results may indicate recessive genetic effects or deleterious influence of shared environmental risk factors during childhood or adolescence [26]. Recessive effects require mutations in both alleles but monoallelic mutations may also be a risk factor, as reported for the MUTYH gene [27]. ...
Background:
Familial cancer can be defined through the occurrence of the same cancer in two or more family members. We describe a nationwide landscape of familial cancer, including its frequency and the risk that it conveys, by using the largest family database in the world with complete family structures and medically confirmed cancers.
Patients/methods:
We employed standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to estimate familial risks for concordant cancer among first-degree relatives using the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1958 through 2016.
Results:
Cancer risks in a 20-84 year old population conferred by affected parents or siblings were about two-fold compared to the risk for individuals with unaffected relatives. For small intestinal, testicular, thyroid and bone cancers and Hodgkin disease, risks were higher, five-to-eight-fold. Novel familial associations included adult bone, lip, pharyngeal, and connective tissue cancers. Familial cancers were found in 13.2% of families with cancer; for prostate cancer, the proportion was 26.4%. High-risk families accounted for 6.6% of all cancer families.
Discussion/conclusion:
High-risk family history should be exceedingly considered for management, including targeted genetic testing. For the major proportion of familial clustering, where genetic testing may not be feasible, medical and behavioral intervention should be indicated for the patient and their family members, including screening recommendations and avoidance of carcinogenic exposure.
... However, risky behaviors may also develop during adolescence and carry on into adulthood. Dietary choices, sun exposure, and exposure to carcinogens are common cancer risk factors in adolescence [23][24][25]. In 2020, 4.7% of middle school students reported using electronic cigarettes, and 6.7% reported using any tobacco product [26]. ...
This study aimed to characterize adolescents’ perspectives on cancer and cancer prevention and to explore their preferences for cancer education. A total of 188 middle and high school students participated in 25 focus groups. Focus groups were led by study team members and included five to ten participants each. Adolescents were asked to discuss their cancer and cancer prevention knowledge, sources of cancer education, and preferences for cancer prevention education. Focus groups were audio-recorded, and professionally transcribed. Transcripts were content and thematically analyzed by two study team members using NVivo qualitative data software. Six themes were identified in focus groups: knowledge about cancer, negative perceptions of cancer, awareness of cancer prevention, engagement in cancer prevention, facilitators and barriers for action, and preferences for cancer education. Adolescents described a wide range of cancer education sources, including friends, family, healthcare professionals, school, technology, and pamphlets. Participants associated cancer with negative emotions, such as sadness and fear. Participants expressed interest in learning about cancer and cancer prevention, but also identified barriers to engaging in preventative behaviors, such as discomfort, lack of knowledge, and lack of personal connection to cancer. Adolescents preferred learning through personal presentations, online videos, school, educational games, and social situations. Adolescence is a critical period for learning and developing healthy behaviors. Awareness of cancer and cancer prevention is crucial to lowering cancer risk in the future. To be effective, cancer education for adolescents should target specific areas of cancer prevention and address barriers to engagement in preventative behaviors.
