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Approximate transect locations for large woody debris (red) and beach wrack (yellow) surveys. Forage fish samples were collected within approximate bounds of vertical lines (green).

Approximate transect locations for large woody debris (red) and beach wrack (yellow) surveys. Forage fish samples were collected within approximate bounds of vertical lines (green).

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Figure 1. Twins nearshore ecosystem restoration site location (a) and...
Figure 2. Looking west from Twins mole to large deep-seated landslide...
Figure 3. Approximate transect locations for large woody debris (red)...
Figure 6. Mole volume change by days since removal, and loss rate...
+12 Figure 7. Beach wrack metrics of the west and east Twins restoration...
Restoration of Coastal Beach Forming Ecosystem Processes through Shoreline Armoring Removal of a Former Mine Site Increases Our Understanding of Coastal Resiliency and Large Scale Landslides Along the Northeast Pacific Coastline
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  • Feb 2021
Coastal zones are important components of marine ecosystems that link upland and marine areas, and are often maintained by landslides, though these habitat forming processes are poorly understood. They are also often sites of commercial development, including mining, and restoration. In this ecosystem restoration project, we rapidly removed a large...
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Context 1
... included 17,585 m 3 of riprap, and 9175 m 3 of mixed soil and riprap, a combined volume of approximately 5,352 m 3 of concrete, creosote-treated wood and sheet pile ( Figure 2). Immediately after the one-month long First phase of deconstruction, the mole footprint was approximately 29%, smaller by area, and 31% smaller by volume relative to pre-project conditions due to the significant portion of material moved to an upland disposal site, and a smaller proportion transported by littoral processes (Figure 3a-c and Table 4). A smaller second phase event occurred during 1 week in summer 2019 to remove additional remaining non-native material revealed through erosion after the first phase of restoration. ...
Context 2
... wrack surveys were conducted in two 50-metre transects at the most recent location of wrack deposition (last high tide) on either side of the mole [12,13]. Transects sampled in July in 2017 and 2020 ( Figure 3). Ten random locations along each transect were chosen using a random number generator, and a 0.9-m 2 quadrat was placed at each numbered (in metres) location. ...
Context 3
... minimum of eight samples were collected from along approximately 1.6 km of shoreline for the east and west sites. The sample area covers a length spanning 527 metres east and 311 metres west of the mole removal project (Figure 3). Bulk samples of beach sand/gravel mix were collected in the upper intertidal (approximately +2.1 m to +2.7 m MLLW) zone of the beach during June and July [10]. ...
Context 4
... included 17,585 m 3 of riprap, and 9175 m 3 of mixed soil and riprap, a combined volume of approximately 5,352 m 3 of concrete, creosote-treated wood and sheet pile ( Figure 2). Immediately after the one-month long First phase of deconstruction, the mole footprint was approximately 29%, smaller by area, and 31% smaller by volume relative to pre-project conditions due to the significant portion of material moved to an upland disposal site, and a smaller proportion transported by littoral processes (Figure 3a-c and Table 4). A smaller second phase event occurred during 1 week in summer 2019 to remove additional remaining non-native material revealed through erosion after the first phase of restoration. ...
Context 5
... wrack surveys were conducted in two 50-metre transects at the most recent location of wrack deposition (last high tide) on either side of the mole [12,13]. Transects sampled in July in 2017 and 2020 ( Figure 3). Ten random locations along each transect were chosen using a random number generator, and a 0.9-m 2 quadrat was placed at each numbered (in metres) location. ...
Context 6
... minimum of eight samples were collected from along approximately 1.6 km of shoreline for the east and west sites. The sample area covers a length spanning 527 metres east and 311 metres west of the mole removal project (Figure 3). Bulk samples of beach sand/gravel mix were collected in the upper intertidal (approximately +2.1 m to +2.7 m MLLW) zone of the beach during June and July [10]. ...
Context 7
... included 17,585 m 3 of riprap, and 9175 m 3 of mixed soil and riprap, a combined volume of approximately 5,352 m 3 of concrete, creosote-treated wood and sheet pile ( Figure 2). Immediately after the one-month long First phase of deconstruction, the mole footprint was approximately 29%, smaller by area, and 31% smaller by volume relative to pre-project conditions due to the significant portion of material moved to an upland disposal site, and a smaller proportion transported by littoral processes (Figure 3a-c and Table 4). A smaller second phase event occurred during 1 week in summer 2019 to remove additional remaining non-native material revealed through erosion after the first phase of restoration. ...
Context 8
... wrack surveys were conducted in two 50-metre transects at the most recent location of wrack deposition (last high tide) on either side of the mole [12,13]. Transects sampled in July in 2017 and 2020 ( Figure 3). Ten random locations along each transect were chosen using a random number generator, and a 0.9-m 2 quadrat was placed at each numbered (in metres) location. ...
Context 9
... minimum of eight samples were collected from along approximately 1.6 km of shoreline for the east and west sites. The sample area covers a length spanning 527 metres east and 311 metres west of the mole removal project (Figure 3). Bulk samples of beach sand/gravel mix were collected in the upper intertidal (approximately +2.1 m to +2.7 m MLLW) zone of the beach during June and July [10]. ...