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Applied skin aging score on the basis of SCINEXA (score of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging; Vierkötter et al., 2009).
Source publication
For decades, extrinsic skin aging has been known to result from chronic exposure to solar radiation and, more recently, to tobacco smoke. In this study, we have assessed the influence of air pollution on skin aging in 400 Caucasian women aged 70-80 years. Skin aging was clinically assessed by means of SCINEXA (score of intrinsic and extrinsic skin...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... aging was assessed by means of the SCINEXA (score of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging). This score includes skin aging signs that are characteristic for extrinsic and intrinsic skin aging, and we previously showed that this score is suitable to deter- mine and differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic skin aging ( Figure 2; Vierkötter et al., 2009). The occurrence of clinical signs of skin aging in the SALIA study cohort is shown in Table 3. ...
Context 2
... aging symptoms, which are characteristic for intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging, were evaluated on the basis of a validated skin aging score, called SCINEXA (Vierkö tter et al., 2009), with slight modifications to the original version. In Figure 2 the modified SCINEXA for the SALIA study is shown. Extrinsic skin aging was represented by pigment spots (lentigines), coarse wrinkles, elastosis, and telangiectasia, whereas laxity and seborrheic keratosis indicated intrinsic skin aging. ...
Citations
... It was found that fine particulate matter can penetrate the skin barrier, accumulate in the hair follicles, and even reach the upper dermis, which challenges the skin's defense capacity [2,3]. Increasing epidemiological studies have revealed the causal roles of pollution in the development of skin disorders including acne, pigmented spots, accelerated extrinsic aging, and compromised barrier integrity [4][5][6]. Paramount new scientific understandings have been accumulated over the last decade and revealed various biological impacts of pollutants on skin at molecular, cellular, and system levels, ...
Background
Pollutant particles can penetrate and accumulate in skin, leading to excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, and skin disorders. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is considered as “the master antioxidant” and major detoxification agent.
Aims
To characterize the metabolomic changes of skin keratinocytes under the pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) challenge and investigate the interventional effects of glutathione amino acid precursors (GAP).
Methods
Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were challenged with BaP with or without GAP treatment. GSH/GSSG levels were measured by UPLC–MS/MS. Non‐targeted metabolome analysis was conducted with UPLC‐QTOF mass spectrometry. Transcriptomics analysis was performed using RNA‐seq. DNA damage biomarker γ‐H2AX was analyzed by western blot. Reconstructed pigmented skin equivalent models (pLSE) were used for evaluating phenotypical changes.
Results
One micromolar BaP exposure induced widespread metabolic reprogramming in in vitro NHEKs with over‐represented differential metabolites in pathways including purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, methylation, and RNA modification, etc. GAP co‐treatment improved GSH/GSSG ratio, reduced reactive BaP metabolites, and partially reversed BaP induced metabolic and transcriptomic alterations. Western blotting further confirmed that GAP treated samples showed reduced γ‐H2AX staining. In pLSE models, GAP treatment significantly ameliorated BaP induced skin darkness and hyperpigmentation.
Conclusions
In summary, GAP shows in vitro protective effects against BaP by maintaining GSH homeostasis, helping metabolic detoxification, reducing DNA damage, and is effective in preventing hyperpigmentation of skin models under pollution challenge.
... It has long been known that chronic exposure to natural sunlight is the major driver of photoaging [1]. In the last 15 years, airborne pollution and tobacco smoke have also been proven to induce skin aging [2,3]. Of course, genetic variants are also signifi cant contributors to skin aging. ...
A randomized controlled blinded pilot trial to evaluate the expression of key biomarkers of a topical cream comprising a unique blend of Herbal Extracts (HE) providing anti-inflammatory and stratum corneum repair compared to Tretinoin (Tr) 0.02% cream. Eight peri and post-menopausal women of skin types I-III with moderate to severe photodamage on forearms were evaluated. Two biomarkers for presence of photoaging revealed no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between HE and the prescription Tr product . These biomarkers include Fibrillin Ab and procollagen 2. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) gamma which is a biomarker for epidermal and stratum corneum repair was also tested. Compared to Tr, HE reached a trend toward statistical significance (p = 0.075) superiority in modulating PPAR gamma.
... Enlarged adipose tissue also secretes higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, contributing to chronic PM10 weakens structural proteins like collagen and elastin, contributing to skin aging and other pathologies [30]. Understanding PM10's impact on skin health is crucial for developing preventive strategies, as exposure triggers inflammatory pathways and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), exacerbating skin disorders [31,32]. PM10 exposure triggers oxidative stress by upregulating NADPH oxidase activity, leading to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [31,32]. ...
... Understanding PM10's impact on skin health is crucial for developing preventive strategies, as exposure triggers inflammatory pathways and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), exacerbating skin disorders [31,32]. PM10 exposure triggers oxidative stress by upregulating NADPH oxidase activity, leading to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [31,32]. This, in turn, activates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6 [33]. ...
Background: Fine dust exposure worsens oily skin by disrupting lipid metabolism and triggering oxidative inflammation. Scutellaria baicalensis extract-induced exosomes (SBEIEs) have shown anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid-regulating properties, making them potential therapeutic agents. Methods: Exosomes from fibroblasts treated with SBEIEs and PM10 were tested on macrophages, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), and T lymphocytes. ELISA, flow cytometry, and PCR measured cytokines and gene expression. A 10-day clinical trial evaluated skin hydration, oiliness, and inflammation. Results: SBEIEs increased IRF3 (1.6 times) and suppressed PPARγ in ASCs while enhancing lipolysis markers. Sebaceous gland activity (squalene synthase) decreased by 10%. Macrophages showed increased IRF3, IFN-β, and IL-10 (2.1 times). T cells secreted IL-4 and IL-22 (2–2.33 times). Clinically, SBEIEs improved hydration (21%), reduced oiliness (1.6 times), and decreased inflammation (2.2 times). Conclusions: SBEIEs effectively regulate lipid metabolism, cytokines, and immune responses, showing promise to treat oily and inflamed skin caused by fine dust exposure. Further studies are needed for clinical applications.
... The clinical implications of PM and sleep deprivation on skin health are substantial. PM exposure has been linked to inflammatory skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis and acne, as well as premature skin aging, due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory 9,[13][14][15][16] . Similarly, sleep deprivation exacerbates oxidative stress and impairs the skin's repair mechanisms, accelerating aging and increasing skin sensitivity [17][18][19][20] . ...
The exposome encompasses all factors people encounter through life, with the skin constantly exposed. While particulate matter (PM) and sleep deprivation are known to contribute to barrier dysfunction, their combined effects remain unclear.
... Skin aging is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors [2]. Intrinsic aging is primarily determined by genetics and age, while extrinsic aging is characterized by fine lines, pigmentation, and roughness [3]. Since facial skin visibly shows signs of aging, it is of significant concern to many people. ...
Background and Aims
Skin aging is a common concern among individuals, and laser treatments are recognized as one of the most effective approaches to mitigate the aging process. The study aims to compare a multibeneficial formula serum versus a blank formulation in achieving maximum efficacy following a single treatment of nonablative fractional laser for facial skin rejuvenation.
Methods
This study was a double‐blind, split‐face, monocentric, randomized clinical trial in China (September 24, 2023–March 07, 2024), and 37 patients seeking the Fotona 4D laser treatment for aging‐related facial changes were enrolled. After one full‐face laser treatment, each patient applied the test serum to one side and the blank formulation to the other, randomly, twice daily for 28 days. Two dermatologists assessed facial skin quality and aging signs at baseline and Day 0 (D0, immediately after the laser treatment), D3, D7, D14, and D28. Noninvasive measurement and self‐assessment questionnaires were also administered at each visit. According to the types of variables, appropriate statistical tests, including the Friedman test, ANOVA test, and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, were used to examine the within‐groups or between‐groups differences.
Results
Thirty‐three women, aged 35–49 years, completed the study. After 28 days of the test serum application, the visual clinical scores rated by investigators showed more significantly beneficial changes on the test side than those on the control. More significant improvements in index parameters for the test sides were also found both in wrinkles with a 21.14% decrease of SEw value from the baseline and in elasticity with a 14.99% decrease of R2 value, while the corresponding reductions were 3.83% for SEw and 4.10% for R2 found on the control sides. The reduction of the nasolabial folds area proportion, analyzed by Primos, was 10.61% on the test sides and 3.39% on the control. No adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
The serum with a multi‐beneficial composition can contribute to achieving a more significant and sustainable efficacy after the Fotona 4D treatment in skin rejuvenation improvement.
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06140628.
... thus, firms must understand how eWOM affects consumers' purchase intention since the brand image can affect earnings and sales (chevalier & Mayzlin, 2006;liu, 2006). the demand for effective facial cleansing methods to remove dirt and sebum has recently increased (Vierkötter et al., 2010). Besides, facial cleansing devices are effective and safe for cleaning the pores and strengthening the skin barrier (gold et al., 2019;Jd & Facms, 2019). ...
Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) is increasingly prominent in marketing communication tools. Online buyers tend to research more on the product before deciding to purchase. This paper examines the mediating effect of eWOM on FOREO skin-care device purchase intention in Vietnam, focusing on the mediating role of brand image. SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software were utilized to process online survey data from 412 respondents. The findings demonstrated that eWOM credibility, quantity, and quality positively affected brand image. Credibility is the most important factor, followed by quality and quantity. The study also indicated that brand image mediates between country-of-origin image and purchase intention. Despite the limitations, the author has proposed the significance of the role of practical management in this research as well as recommendations for future studies.
... Oxidative damage from PM10 weakens structural proteins like collagen and elastin, contributing to skin aging and other pathologies (Ngoc et al., 2017). Understanding PM10's impact on skin health is crucial for developing preventive strategies, as exposure triggers inflammatory pathways and generates reactive oxygen species, exacerbating skin disorders (Diao et al., 2021;Vierkötter et al., 2010). Airborne particulate matter (PM) in Seoul has been shown to damage the skin barrier, exacerbating chronic inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. ...
This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of Scutellaria baicalensis extract-induced exosomes (SBE IE) for oily skin disorders exacerbated by fine dust exposure. In vitro experiments revealed that SBEIE effecti vely modulated cytokines, suppressing IL-6 while promoting TNF-α in fibroblasts, aiding tissue repair. In adi pose-derived stem cells (ASCs), SBEIE significantly upregulated lipolytic markers (AMPK, HSL, perilipin-1) an d reduced lipid accumulation, as confirmed by Oil Red O staining. Additionally, SBEIE enhanced IRF3 express ion and suppressed PPARγ, suggesting a regulatory role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Exosomal pro filing identified seven key miRNAs-miR-146a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-31-5p, and miR-200c-3p-linked to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-regulatory functions. Transfection studies showed these miRNAs significantly modulated IL-6, MMP-9, and TNF-α, highlighting their
therapeutic potential for seborrheic dermatitis by mitigating inflammation and stabilizing the extracellular matrix. A 10-day clinical trial involving 24 participants demonstrated significant improvement in skin hydration, oiliness, and inflammation. SBEIE treatment increased skin moisture by 21%, reduced oiliness by 1.6 times, an d decreased inflammatory markers by 2.2 times. Participant surveys confirmed high satisfaction, with impro ved sebum control and reduced inflammation. These findings establish SBEIE as a promising bio-pharmaceu tical material for treating inflammatory skin conditions, emphasizing its efficacy in cytokine modulation, lipi d metabolism regulation, and skin health restoration. Further research is warranted to optimize its application and industrialization.
... [14][15][16] Existing epidemiological evidence has reported the potential effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and air pollution on skin aging phenotypes. [17][18][19][20][21] UVR has been reported to be the most studied and most damaging environmental factor contributing to skin aging. 22 Recently, the skin aging exposome study by Krutmann et al 22 proposed ambient temperature as a novel exposomal factor inducing skin aging. ...
... This tool has been used previously in several epidemiological studies. 17,19,30,32,33 The number of pigment spots ( ‡3 mm in diameter) on the forehead and cheeks was scored as follows: 0 (no spots), 1 (1-10 spots), 2 (11-50 spots), and 3 (>50 spots). The 6 major wrinkle signs (wrinkles on the forehead, in the frown lines, in the crow's feet, under the eyes, on the upper lip, and in the nasolabial fold) were scored as follows: 0 (not present) to 6 (very severe). ...
Background: There is no doubt that global warming, with its extreme heat events, is having an increasing impact on human health. Heat is not independent of ambient temperature but acts synergistically with relative humidity (RH) to increase the risk of several diseases, such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Although the skin is the organ in direct contact with the environment, it is currently unknown whether skin health is similarly affected. Objective: While mechanistic studies have demonstrated the mechanism of thermal aging, this is the first epidemiological study to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to heat index (HI) as a combined function of elevated ambient temperature and RH on skin aging phenotypes in Indian women. Methods: The skin aging phenotypes of 1510 Indian women were assessed using the Score of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Skin Aging (SCINEXA™) scoring tool. We used data on ambient temperature and RH, combined into an HI with solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and air pollution (particulate matter <2.5 µm [PM2.5]; nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) from secondary data sources with a 5-year mean residential exposure window. An adjusted ordinal multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the effects of HI on skin aging phenotypes. Results: HI increased pigmentation such as hyperpigmented macula on the forehead (odds ratios [OR]: 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 1.54) and coarse wrinkles such as crow's feet (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.30) and under-eye wrinkles (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.47). These associations were robust to the confounding effects of solar UVR and age. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat, as indicated by high HI, contributes to skin aging phenotypes. Conclusion: Thus, ambient temperature and RH are important factors in assessing the skin aging exposome.
... These alterations reflect the cumulative effects of intrinsic aging and extrinsic factors on skin integrity and appearance. Several epidemiologic studies have shown that exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 is associated with increased pigmented spots and more prominent wrinkles [14,84]. Furthermore, another study demonstrated the relationship between PM2.5 and the occurrence of senile lentigo, but not with seborrheic keratosis [85]. ...
Particulate matter (PM) is a harmful air pollutant composed of chemicals and metals which affects human health by penetrating both the respiratory system and skin, causing oxidative stress and inflammation. This review investigates the association between PM and skin disease, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms and specific disease pathways involved. Studies have shown that PM exposure is positively associated with skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and skin aging. PM-induced oxidative stress damages lipids, proteins, and DNA, impairing cellular functions and triggering inflammatory responses through pathways like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), NF-κB, and MAPK. This leads to increased production of inflammatory cytokines and exacerbates skin conditions. PM exposure exacerbates AD by triggering inflammation and barrier disruption. It disrupts keratinocyte differentiation and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis. In acne, it increases sebum production and inflammatory biomarkers. It accelerates skin aging by degrading ECM proteins and increasing MMP-1 and COX2. In conclusion, PM compromises skin health by penetrating skin barriers, inducing oxidative stress and inflammation through mechanisms like ROS generation and activation of key pathways, leading to cellular damage, apoptosis, and autophagy. This highlights the need for protective measures and targeted treatments to mitigate PM-induced skin damage.
... Depending on the dose to which humans are exposed, it can induce cytotoxicity and increased expression of IL-1a. A study by Patatian et al. demonstrated that when human skin explants are exposed to a mixture of air pollutants, these pollutants penetrate the deepest epidermal layers, alter the gene expression profile and significantly increase the levels of extracellular vesicles in the stratum spinosum, indicating extensive cell communication [8,[50][51][52][53]. A major air pollutant produced by diesel engines is diesel particulate matter, which induces ROS production and apoptosis in human dermal keratinocytes and elevates the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in human dermal fibroblasts [54]. ...
Simple Summary
The skin is the outermost barrier of the human body and consists of different layers and cell types. Several environmental and genetic factors can induce skin aging and age-related diseases. One of the main problems in skin aging is that senescent cells are accumulated and secrete factors, which can induce senescence in other tissues. Many researchers are trying to identify treatment modalities (known as senotherapies) to eliminate the senescent cells and reverse the aging process for chronic age-related diseases. The aim of this study is to address the mechanisms that induce senescence and the molecules with potential HAFi effects that are currently investigated for skin aging. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate all the effects of current senotherapies on the skin and other organs. Current data suggest that ongoing research projects in the field may lead to the discovery of new effective anti-senescence strategies in the skin.
Abstract
The skin is the layer of tissue that covers the largest part of the body in vertebrates, and its main function is to act as a protective barrier against external environmental factors, such as microorganisms, ultraviolet light and mechanical damage. Due to its important function, investigating the factors that lead to skin aging and age-related diseases, as well as understanding the biology of this process, is of high importance. Indeed, it has been reported that several external and internal stressors contribute to skin aging, similar to the aging of other tissues. Moreover, during aging, senescent cells accumulate in the skin and express senescence-associated factors, which act in a paracrine manner on neighboring healthy cells and tissues. In this review, we will present the factors that lead to skin aging and cellular senescence, as well as ways to study senescence in vitro and in vivo. We will further discuss the adverse effects of the accumulation of chronic senescent cells and therapeutic agents and tools to selectively target and eliminate them.
