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Tissue engineering is a rapidly-growing approach to replace and repair damaged and defective tissues in the human body. Every year, a large number of people require bone replacements for skeletal defects caused by accident or disease that cannot heal on their own. In the last decades, tissue engineering of bone has attracted much attention from bio...
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... of the smaller number of oxygen atoms contained in the functional groups of functionalized CNTs, the cell spreading and aggregation in the scaffold microenvironments are less efficient than GO-based scaffolds. Some reports that discussed the application of CNT-based materials in bone tissue engineering have been summarized in Table 2. ...Similar publications
A biosensor is defined as a measuring system that includes a biological receptor unit with distinctive specificities toward target analytes. Such analytes include a wide range of biological origins such as DNAs of bacteria or viruses, or proteins generated from an immune system of infected or contaminated living organisms. They further include simp...
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... On the other hand, high surface area, high mechanical properties, and ᴨ -ᴨ stacking interaction makes Graphene oxide (G.O.) one of the most suitable candidates for tissue engineering. The presence of G.O. in the polymer matrix makes it better for the mineralization of bone tissue (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al. 2019). Stem cells are used in tissue growth, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, neuroblasts, fibroblasts, etc. Carbon dots are also used for the efficient osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs (Shao et al. 2017). ...
... By leveraging the structure of the nanofiber to imitate the extracellular matrix, CNTs were employed to improve the scaffold's mechanical strength and structure, enhance adhesion between the biomaterial scaffold and tissue cells, and stimulate cell proliferation (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al., 2019). By means of interaction with bacteria, disruption of bacterial cell membranes, and subsequent leakage of cellular contents, the integration of CNTS into the fibrous structural network of BC impedes cell proliferation and restricts activity, thereby exerting an antimicrobial effect (Kang et al., 2008;Akasaka and Watari, 2009). ...
Precise healing of wounds in the oral and maxillofacial regions is usually achieved by targeting the entire healing process. The rich blood circulation in the oral and maxillofacial regions promotes the rapid healing of wounds through the action of various growth factors. Correspondingly, their tissue engineering can aid in preventing wound infections, accelerate angiogenesis, and enhance the proliferation and migration of tissue cells during wound healing. Recent years, have witnessed an increase in the number of researchers focusing on tissue engineering, particularly for precise wound healing. In this context, hydrogels, which possess a soft viscoelastic nature and demonstrate exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability, have emerged as the current research hotspot. Additionally, nanofibers, films, and foam sponges have been explored as some of the most viable materials for wound healing, with noted advantages and drawbacks. Accordingly, future research is highly likely to explore the application of these materials harboring enhanced mechanical properties, reduced susceptibility to external mechanical disturbances, and commendable water absorption and non-expansion attributes, for superior wound healing.
... CNTs feature important physical and mechanical properties, including high tensile strength (≥50 GPa), extremely high Young's modulus (≥1 TPa), high electrical conductivity of ≥10 7 S/m, and a maximum current transmittance of ≥100 MA/cm 2 . 96 Even though CNTs feature high electrical conductivity, they can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their chirality or orientation of the graphene planes. Popular methods for CNT preparation include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, laser ablation, and plasma torch. ...
... Both in the United States according to the FDA regulations and in the European Union under MDR 2017/745, most implantable solutions analyzed in this study would be classified as high-risk medical devices (Class III), which are subject to controls and premarket approval by competent authorities or notified bodies. Although the biocompatibility of carbon-based materials and nanomaterials is often praised and carbon nanomaterials have been even considered ideal for tissue engineering applications, 96,198,199 some studies have also put forward specific concerns regarding the long-term performance or integration of carbon implants after several months or years inside the body. [200][201][202] Accordingly, to progress towards technological transfer to society, the guidelines of ISO standard 10993 for systematically evaluating the biocompatibility of developed solutions employing electrically conductive carbon nanomaterials should be considered a requisite. ...
In tissue engineering, the pivotal role of scaffolds is underscored, serving as key elements to emulate the native extracellular matrix. These scaffolds must provide structural integrity and support and supply electrical, mechanical, and chemical cues for cell and tissue growth. Notably, electrical conductivity plays a crucial role when dealing with tissues like bone, spinal, neural, and cardiac tissues. However, the typical materials used as tissue engineering scaffolds are predominantly polymers, which generally characteristically feature poor electrical conductivity. Therefore, it is often necessary to incorporate conductive materials into the polymeric matrix to yield electrically conductive scaffolds and further enable electrical stimulation. Among different conductive materials, carbon nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in developing conductive tissue engineering scaffolds, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This article aims to comprehensively review the current landscape of carbon-based conductive scaffolds, with a specific focus on their role in advancing tissue engineering for the regeneration and maturation of functional tissues, emphasizing the application of electrical stimulation. This review highlights the versatility of carbon-based conductive scaffolds and addresses existing challenges and prospects, shedding light on the trajectory of innovative conductive scaffold development in tissue engineering.
... Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to enhance body functions and replace damaged tissues that improve life quality [1][2][3], which has played an influential role in the evolution of medicine over the last few decades [4]. The core of tissue engineering is the scaffold acting as a crucial adjective support and guiding platform for embedded cells [5]. ...
Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) has been extensively utilized to fabricate electrospun fibers for tissue engineering scaffolds due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, such scaffolds in biological media shrink and distort severely, which is undesired for practical application. In this study, a silk fibroin incorporated electrospun aliphatic polyester nanofiber scaffold (PLGA/PCL/SF) was developed via facile one-step electrospinning, with PLGA as the substrate and incorporating polycaprolactone (PCL) and silk fibroin (SF). The resulting scaffold exhibited fine fibers and water absorbency. Particularly, the addition of SF into scaffolds improved the water adsorption ability, and that of PCL effectively prevented scaffold shrinkage behaviors. degradation analyses showed that it was accelerating for the obtained scaffolds with SF added, without any undesirable acidic environment induced. Additionally, the PLGA/PCL/SF scaffold exhibited the most promising result in cell proliferation, presenting a valuable insight into the design of tissue engineering scaffolds.
... Carbon-based nanomaterials are promising candidates in many fields, including catalysis [10,11], energy storage [12] and biological applications [13]. Among the different types of carbon materials, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted attention in biomedical applications [14][15][16] such as drug delivery, bioimaging and biolabelling [17]. ...
Most fungal bone and joint infections (arthritis) are caused by Mucormycosis (Mucor indicus). These infections may be difficult to treat and may lead to chronic bone disorders and disabilities, thus the use of new antifungal materials in bone disorders is vital, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, such as those who have contracted coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, we reported for the first time the preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N/CQDs) and a nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N/MC) using a quick micro-wave preparation and hydrothermal approach. The structure and morphology were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area analyser. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), disc diffusion tests, minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and antifungal inhibitory percentages were measured to investigate the antifungal activity of N/CQDs and N/MC nanostructures. In addition to the in vivo antifungal activity in rats as determined by wound induction and infection, pathogen count and histological studies were also performed. According to in vitro and in vivo testing, both N/CQDs with small size and N/MC with porous structure had a significant antifungal impact on a variety of bone-infecting bacteria, including Mucor infection. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrates that functional N/CQDs and N/MC are effective antifungal agents against a range of microbial pathogenic bone disorders in immunocompromised individuals, with stronger and superior fungicidal activity for N/CQDs than N/MC in vitro and in vivo studies.
... Carbon NMs have been considered as best choice for developing enzyme like activities because they are physical analogue components of extracellular matrix [47]. Due to unique electronic properties and surface groups of carbon NMs they can perform enzyme like activities [48] such as OXD [49], CAT [50], SOD [51] and POD like activities [52]. ...
Nanozymes (NZs), or nanostructures exhibiting enzyme mimicking exertion, have drawn a lot of attention recently owing to their ability to substitute enzymes that are naturally occurring in an array of bio-medical applications, notably biological detection, therapeutics, pharmaceutical administration, as well as biological imaging. In comparison to single enzymatic NZs, multi-enzymatic NZs have additional benefits, especially improved selectivity, a more favorable ecological impact, and synergistic effects. In contrast, the catalytic mechanism and rational design of multi-enzymatic NZs are more complex than those of single enzymatic NZs, which have simple catalytic mechanisms. NZs that can regulate cellular redox equilibrium by emulating the antioxidant enzymes in cells are particularly crucial towards alleviating ailments induced on by cellular oxidative stress. Carbonaceous materials i.e. graphene, fullerenes, quantum dots, carbon nano-sheets, nano-rods, MOFs etc. demonstrated peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)-like functioning in a range of domains on the basis of oxidation mitigation mechanisms employing electron transport channels. Furthermore, integrating a couple of hetero-atoms to carbon-based materials enhanced their efficacy in various industries. NZs derived from bioactive materials demonstrate catalytic properties similar to those of enzymes. Bioactive material-based NZs are essential because of their unique catalytic properties, which surpass the efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility of traditional catalysts moreover, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional precursors in catalysis. Their surfaces can be precisely modified, opening up new possibilities for selective and green synthetic techniques. Bioactive materials-based NZs have exceptional biological activity and compatibility in the field of medicine, thus rendering them useful instruments for both diagnosis and therapy. Due to their innate capacity to imitate the catalytic functions of natural enzymes, they can be utilized to develop intricate bio-sensors, precise drug delivery systems, and extremely sensitive diagnostic platforms. Moreover, low cytotoxicity of these materials facilitates the easier integration of chemicals into biological systems. This review provided an overview of the multi-enzymatic activities of rationally designed carbon-based NMs, both the internal and external variables that regulate the multi-enzymatic enzymes endeavours, and current advancements in application areas which benefit from multi-enzymatic distinctive characteristics. Prospective uses and development of multi-enzymatic carbon-based NZs might confront multiple challenges. This review aims to stimulate and improve our understanding of multi-enzymatic carbon-based processes to a greater extent.
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... 50,51 Additionally, the association of CNTs with other polymers, whether natural or synthetic, improves the mechanical properties of these polymers, 47,48 resulting in more resistant biocomposites with greater capacity for increased nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals, 47,48 when compared to the use of polymers in isolation. The literature focuses on the study of CNTs in the research on CNT scaffolds for bone regeneration, 52 Figure 3. ...
The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are nanometric materials, in pathogen detection, protection of environments, food safety, and in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, as efficient drug delivery systems, is relevant for the improvement and advancement of pharmacological profiles of many molecules employed in therapeutics and in tissue bioengineering. It has contributed to the advancement of science due to the development of new tools and devices in the field of medicine. CNTs have versatile mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, in addition to their great potential for association with other materials to contribute to applications in different fields of medicine. As, for example, photothermal therapy, due to the ability to convert infrared light into heat, in tissue engineering, due to the mechanical resistance, flexibility, elasticity, and low density, in addition to many other possible applications, and as biomarkers, where the electronic and optics properties enable the transduction of their signals. This review aims to describe the state of the art and the perspectives and challenges of applying CNTs in the medical field. A systematic search was carried out in the indexes Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, and Web of Science using the descriptors “carbon nanotubes”, “tissue regeneration”, “electrical interface (biosensors and chemical sensors)”, “photosensitizers”, “photothermal”, “drug delivery”, “biocompatibility” and “nanotechnology”, and “Prodrug design” and appropriately grouped. The literature reviewed showed great applicability, but more studies are needed regarding the biocompatibility of CNTs. The data obtained point to the need for standardized studies on the applications and interactions of these nanostructures with biological systems.
... A variety of nanomaterials have been produced through various techniques and demonstrated potential for advanced applications, which include water/soil reclamation (Linley and Thomson, 2021), water/wastewater treatment (Mohammed et al., 2018), membrane technology (Lyly et al., 2021), bone and tissue engineering (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al., 2019), energy transformation and storage (Yang et al., 2019), drug delivery (Singh et al., 2019), intelligent packaging (Bumbudsanpharoke and Ko, 2019), pollution monitoring (Xue et al., 2017), etc. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials such as reactivity and high specific area have acquired great attention owing to their wide-ranging application in different fields (Xu et al., 2012). ...
Industrialization has caused the generation of harmful waste in large amounts, which could affect both environment and human health. One of the effective solutions to safeguard the environment is to treat and recycle industrial waste for the synthesis of nanoparticles and use in other industrial applications. This chapter review systematically starts with an overview of the source of solid industrial waste generation, its recyclable materials and potential application. Then, the discussion expands on the available method to synthesize nanomaterials from industrial solid waste that is produced during manufacturing processes. Lastly, the sustainability consideration and future outlook on the implementation of waste-derived nanomaterials from industrial waste are outlined.
... In recent decades, significant efforts have been made by researchers to develop chitosan-based materials to address challenges in the environmental and medical sectors, as well as to generate advanced products for various other applications (Khor & Lim, 2003;Sarkar & Sahoo, 2022;Shi et al., 2007). Between 2010 and 2015, more than 15,000 articles and approximately 20 books were published on this topic (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al., 2019;Saheed et al., 2021). Chitosan finds applications in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and wastewater treatment (Peniche Covas et al., 2008). ...
... This novel approach requires the development of consistent three-dimensional (3D) structures that closely resemble the mechanical properties of native tissue, while possessing interconnected porosity and biocompatibility (Chen et al., 2002;Hollister, 2005). Scaffolds, which are 3D structures, hold great potential in promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al., 2019). These 3D scaffolds require an interconnected 3D structure that possesses favorable mechanical properties resembling native tissue. ...
... The incorporation of CNT into tissue regeneration studies can be classified into two types: 1) as a conductive filler in polymeric scaffolds, and 2) as a nanomaterial drug engineered to directly infiltrate target cells (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al., 2019). In the first application, CNT is dispersed into a polymer matrix to impart its favorable conductive and mechanical properties. ...
Carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite scaffolds have emerged as highly promising frameworks for tissue engineering research. By leveraging their intrinsic electrical conductivity and valuable mechanical properties, CNTs are commonly dispersed into polymers to create robust, electrically conductive scaffolds that facilitate tissue regeneration and remodeling. This article explores the latest progress and challenges related to CNT dispersion, functionalization, and scaffold printing techniques, including electrospinning and 3D printing. Notably, these CNT scaffolds have demonstrated remarkable positive effects across various cell culture systems, stimulating neuronal growth, promoting cardiomyocyte maturation, and facilitating osteocyte differentiation. These encouraging results have sparked significant interest within the regenerative medicine field, including neural, cardiac, muscle, and bone regenerations. However, addressing the concern of CNT cytotoxicity in these scaffolds remains critical. Consequently, substantial efforts are focused on exploring strategies to minimize cytotoxicity associated with CNT-based scaffolds. Moreover, researchers have also explored the intriguing possibility of utilizing the natural cytotoxic properties of CNTs to selectively target cancer cells, opening up promising avenues for cancer therapy. More research should be conducted on cutting-edge applications of CNT-based scaffolds through phototherapy and electrothermal ablation. Unlike drug delivery systems, these novel methodologies can combine 3D additive manufacturing with the innate physical properties of CNT in response to electromagnetic stimuli to efficiently target localized tumors. Taken together, the unique properties of CNT-based nanocomposite scaffolds position them as promising candidates for revolutionary breakthroughs in both regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Continued research and innovation in this area hold significant promise for improving healthcare outcomes.
