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Antiviral activity of R. Officinalis extract against hRSV. (A) Anti-hRSV effects of extracts of A. altissima, C. atratum, and R. officinalis. A549 cells (5 × 104 cells/well) were infected with hRSV A2 (1000 pfu) and treated with different concentrations of total extracts or vehicle (DMSO). Expression of hRSV fusion (F) protein was assessed by microneutralization assay using an anti-F antibody. The assay was performed in duplicate and data represent means ± SD. (B) Viral yield-reduction assay. A549 cells were treated with vehicle or 20 μg/ml of the indicated compounds 1 hour prior to hRSV infection (0.5 MOI). Viruses were harvested 3 days after infection and titrated by plaque assay. Data represent number of plaques (means ± SD). * p < 0.05 versus vehicle. ** p < 0.01 versus vehicle.
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Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory infection and a major public health threat worldwide. To date, no vaccine or effective therapeutic agent has been developed. In a screen for potential therapeutic agents against hRSV, we discovered that an extract of Rosmarinus officinalis exerted a strong inhib...
Citations
... CA is common in the Lamiaceae family of plants found in the Mediterranean basin, specifically Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis (Matsingou et al., 2003;Cvetkovikj et al., 2013). CA exhibits of pharmacological activities, including antiviral (Shin et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory (Maione et al., 2017), neuroprotective (Mirza et al., 2023), antioxidant (Wei et al., 2021), and anticarcinogenic effects (Samarghandian et al., 2018). In addition to stimulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) expression, CA was previously shown to limit cell proliferation and induce a cell cycle arrest in B16F10 melanoma cells (Park et al., 2014). ...
Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene that has multiple pharmacological actions that include neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer actions. However, its anticancer activity remains underexplored, and this study aims to fill that gap. The process involves browsing through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed. According to our study, CA has strong anticancer properties against a variety of cancers like breast, colon, colorectal, lung, liver, leukemia, cervical, ovarian, and prostate cancer. It induces apoptosis by reducing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and increasing pro-apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 levels. CA reduces cell growth and migration by suppressing key signaling pathways like Akt/ mTOR, PI3K, and MAPK, while also inhibiting the cell cycle. Numerous cancer types have shown these effects in both in vitro and in vivo investigations. The results indicate that CA is a viable cancer therapeutic option that merits more research into its clinical uses and pharmacokinetics.
... Furthermore, carnosic acid has been reported to have wide-ranging health benefits, including exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-obesity, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-depressive properties, and generally shows promise as a neuroprotective agent, including against Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] . ...
The globus pallidus externus (GPe) is a central component of the basal ganglia circuit, receiving strong input from the indirect pathway and regulating a variety of functions, including locomotor output and habit formation. We recently showed that it also acts as a gatekeeper of cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity, as inhibition of parvalbumin-positive cells in the GPe (GPePV) prevents the development of cocaine-induced reward and sensitization. However, the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying this function are unknown. Here we show that GPePV cells control cocaine reward and sensitization by inhibiting GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNrGABA), and ultimately, selectively modulating the activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTADA) cells projecting to the lateral shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcLat). A major input to GPePV cells is the indirect pathway of the dorsomedial striatum (DMSD2), which receives DAergic innervation from collaterals of VTADA-NAcLat cells, making this a closed-loop circuit. Cocaine likely facilitates reward and sensitization not directly through actions in the GPe, but rather in the upstream DMS, where the cocaine-induced elevation of DA triggers a depression in DMSD2 cell activity. This cocaine-induced elevation in DA levels can be blocked by inhibition of GPePV cells, closing the loop. Interestingly, the level of GPePV cell activity prior to cocaine administration is correlated with the extent of reward and sensitization that animals experience in response to future administration of cocaine, indicating that GPePV cell activity is a key predictor of future behavioral responses to cocaine. Single nucleus RNA-sequencing of GPe cells indicated that genes encoding voltage-gated potassium channels KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 that control intrinsic cellular excitability are downregulated in GPePV cells following a single cocaine exposure, contributing to the elevation in GPePV cell excitability. Acutely activating channels containing KCNQ3 and/or KCNQ5 using the small molecule carnosic acid, a key psychoactive component of Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary) extract, reduced GPePV cell excitability and also impaired cocaine reward, sensitization, and volitional cocaine intake, indicating its potential as a therapeutic to counteract psychostimulant use disorder. Our findings illuminate the molecular and circuit mechanisms by which the GPe orchestrates brain-wide changes in response to cocaine that are required for reward, sensitization, and self-administration behaviors.
... The synthesis of viral mRNA can be imperfect at the transcriptional level, leading to a hindered expression of viral coat proteins. Studies have identified carnosic acid(Shin et al. 2013) and phenanthrenes(Shi et al. 2017) as effective agents at controlling virus propagation by inhibiting virus transcription. In some in vitro studies, compounds such as palmitoyl EGCG(de Oliveira et al. 2013), brevilin A(Zhang et al. 2019), and 7-methoxy-1-methyl 4,9 dihydro-3H-pyrido(3,4b) indole ...
Viral diseases pose significant challenges in human and veterinary medicine, as effective treatment options are limited. The development of antiviral drugs becomes increasingly challenging in the face of emerging and reemerging viral diseases. The genetic changes and rapid evolution of certain viruses further complicate the development of universal pathogen-specific drug therapies. Hence, there is a pressing need for research and development in the field of antiviral drugs. The novel approaches, such as computer-aided drug designing (CADD), have expedited the drug development process, notably reducing the preclinical phase. Phyto-medicines offer promising alternatives as antivirals, while organic polymers like extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have demonstrated effectiveness in combating viruses. Additionally, exosomes have shown potential as antivirals and in antiviral delivery, particularly when loaded with drugs and specifically targeted against viral diseases. The repurposing of drugs for antiviral therapeutics has garnered significant attention in both research institutions and pharmaceutical industries due to its numerous advantages. Combination antiviral therapies not only reduce toxicity but also address issues of drug resistance. Lastly, extensive clinical trials will be crucial for the successful repurposing of drugs as antiviral therapeutics.
... Carnosic acid, a natural phenolic diterpene found in S. rosmarinus, exhibits bioactive properties that impact various infection-related biological processes such as inflammation and apoptosis [21,22]. Studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial effects of carnosic acid against respiratory syncytial virus [23] and influenza virus [24]. In this study, we investigated the antiviral properties of carnosic acid on both extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2, revealing significant inhibition of viral replication. ...
Acquiring resistance against antiviral drugs is a significant problem in antimicrobial therapy. In order to identify novel antiviral compounds, the antiviral activity of eight plants indigenous to the southern region of Hungary against herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) was investigated. The plant extracts and the plant compound carnosic acid were tested for their effectiveness on both the extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2 on Vero and HeLa cells. HSV-2 replication was measured by a direct quantitative PCR (qPCR). Among the tested plant extracts, Salvia rosmarinus (S. rosmarinus) exhibited a 90.46% reduction in HSV-2 replication at the 0.47 μg/mL concentration. Carnosic acid, a major antimicrobial compound found in rosemary, also demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibition of both extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2. The 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) of carnosic acid was between 25 and 6.25 μg/mL. Proteomics and high-resolution respirometry showed that carnosic acid suppressed key ATP synthesis pathways such as glycolysis, citrate cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation also suppressed HSV-2 replication up to 39.94-fold. These results indicate that the antiviral action of carnosic acid includes the inhibition of ATP generation by suppressing key energy production pathways. Carnosic acid holds promise as a potential novel antiviral agent against HSV-2.
... Silice, které je v listech minimálně 12 ml/kg drogy, obsahuje jako hlavní komponenty 1,8-cineol, α-pinen, kafr, borneol a (+)-verbenon V této studii byly použity různé koncentrace RE, v c (50 µg/ml) zcela inhiboval tvorbu HSV-1 a HSV-2 plaků. Tyto údaje naznačují, že extrakt z rozmarýnu může být vhodný k použití jako topický profylaktický a terapeutický prostředek pro herpetické virové infekce (15,16). ...
... Moreover, a previous study in 2013 reported that carnosic acid extracted from R. officinale governs potential anti-viral properties, especially against the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). After mechanistic assessments, carnosic acid efficiently inhibits viral genetic expression [137]. This indicates that rosemary might carry potential bioactive compounds against respiratory SARS viruses. ...
... -Reduction in prostaglandin E2 thus lowering inflammation and pain [141]. -Counteract oxidative stress linked to high angiotensin 2 levels [136,137]. -Inhibit ACE2 receptors [139]. ...
In 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) challenged the world with a global outbreak that led to millions of deaths worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the symptomatic manifestation of this virus, which can range from flu-like symptoms to utter clinical complications and even death. Since there was no clear medicine that could tackle this infection or lower its complications with minimal adverse effects on the patients’ health, the world health organization (WHO) developed awareness programs to lower the infection rate and limit the fast spread of this virus. Although vaccines have been developed as preventative tools, people still prefer going back to traditional herbal medicine, which provides remarkable health benefits that can either prevent the viral infection or limit the progression of severe symptoms through different mechanistic pathways with relatively insignificant side effects. This comprehensive review provides scientific evidence elucidating the effect of 10 different plants against SARS-CoV-2, paving the way for further studies to reconsider plant-based extracts, rich in bioactive compounds, into more advanced clinical assessments in order to identify their impact on patients suffering from COVID-19.
... The compound efficiently suppressed the replication of RSV and inhibited viral gene expression without inducing type-I interferon production. Furthermore, the addition of carnosic acid at 8 h after infection still blocked the expression of RSV genes, further suggesting that carnosic acid might directly inhibit the replication of RSV [95]. Sekikaic acid (Figure 9) from Ramalina farinacea exhibited potent inhibition toward a recombinant RSV strain with an IC 50 value of 5.69 μg.ml À1 and RSV A2 strain with an IC 50 value of 7.73 μg.ml À1 , and clearly interfered with viral replication at a post-entry step [96]. ...
... Podocarpic acid and its derivatives suppressed the replication of H1N1 IAV and influenza A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) virus [88,89]. Carnosic acid suppressed viral gene expression and RSV replication [95]. Sekikaic acid showed potent inhibition toward RSV and clearly interfered with viral replication at a viral post-entry step [96]. ...
Natural compounds with structural diversity and complexity offer a great chance to find new antiviral agents. Phenolic acids have attracted considerable attention due to their potent antiviral abilities and unique mechanisms. The aim of this review is to report new discoveries and update pertaining to antiviral phenolic acids. The antiviral phenolic acids were classified according to their structural properties and antiviral types. Meanwhile, the antiviral characteristics and structure-activity relationships of phenolic acids and their derivatives were summarized. Natural phenolic acids and their derivatives possess potent inhibitory effects on multiple viruses in humans such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus etc. In particular, caffeic acid/gallic acid and their derivatives exhibit outstanding antiviral properties through a variety of modes of action. In conclusion, naturally derived phenolic acids especially caffeic acid/gallic acid and their derivatives may be regarded as novel promising antiviral leads or candidates. Additionally, scarcely any of these compounds have been used as antiviral treatments in clinical practice. Therefore, these phenolic acids with diverse skeletons and mechanisms provide us an excellent resource for finding novel antiviral drugs.
... A number of plants with antiviral properties have also been experimented for their ability to combat respiratory viruses. The herb is known to be applied traditionally to cure viral flu caused by influenza viruses [39] , respiratory viruses [40] and more recently for two disease outbreaks caused by coronaviruses (SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012). Additionally, Rajasekaran et al. (2013) [41] also showed that fifty tropical plants, which originate from rainforests, possess anti-influenza virus activity. ...
The value of unpaid domestic and care work done by women
is estimated to be 13% of the global GDP. But in India, the value is 39% of
its current GDP. Despite agriculture being a female dominated activity in
India, 51% work done by rural women still remains unpaid. Women also
have lesser access to land and resources as compared to men and lesser
participation in decision making. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, many
countries are adopting measures to control the spread of the virus. However,
the containment measures have a negative and gender differential impact.
The Pandemic pose new challenges to the rural women with regard to their
roles in maintaining household food security, as agricultural producers,
processors, traders and wage workers and entrepreneurs. Past experience
shows that rural women are disproportionally affected by health and
economic crises in a number of ways, including food security and nutrition,
time poverty, access to health facilities, services and economic opportunities,
and gender-based violence. Further, COVID-19 is increasing women’s work
burden due to closure of schools, balwadis, anganwadis of ICDS centres and
the additional care needs of sick household members. Various government
schemes and policies have stepped in to aid the vulnerable groups in India
such as the PM-JDY, PM-UY, PM-AVY and also SHGs of the NRLM.
However, gender-responsive extension services continue to be largely
inadequate. Therefore, policymakers should ensure that both women and
men receive the necessary means and support to recover from this crisis by
embedding a gender lens at each step of implementation. They must, in their
address of COVID-19’s social and economic consequences ensure recovery
efforts that are gender responsive.
... Zistilo sa tiež, že kyselina karnosová vykazuje antivírusovú aktivitu proti ľudskému respiračnému syncyciálnemu vírusu (Shin et al., 2013). ...
... Additionally, the semisynthetic phthalimide ferruginol analogue 3 ( Figure 1) has shown anti-dengue and anti-herpes properties [15], and anti-Zika activity against Brazilian strains [16] as well as anti-Zika and anti-chikungunya activities against Colombian strains [17]. Carnosic acid (4) has displayed inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease and HIV-1 virus [18], and on human respiratory syncytial virus replication [19]. Its semisynthetic analogue 5, however, demonstrated a better anti-herpes profile than carnosic acid itself [20]. ...
... 1 (q), 18.5 (t);19 F NMR (282 MHz) δ F − 102.0; HRMS (ESI) m/z 450.2431 [M+1] + , calcd for C 28 H 33 FNO 3 : 450.2444; ...
The abietane diterpene (+)-ferruginol (1), like other natural and semisynthetic abietanes, is distinguished for its interesting pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial activity, including antiviral. In this study, selected C18-functionalized semisynthetic abietanes prepared from the commercially available (+)-dehydroabietylamine or methyl dehydroabietate were tested in vitro against human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). As a result, a new ferruginol analogue caused a relevant reduction in virus titer as well as the inhibition of a cytopathic effect. A toxicity prediction based on in silico analysis was also performed as well as an estimation of bioavailability. This work demonstrates the antimicrobial and specifically antiviral activity of two tested compounds, making these molecules interesting for the development of new antivirals.
