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Antimicrobial screening and antibacterial activity of sponge species by the disc diffusion method on five bacterial strains. (A) Three Gram+ bacterial strains: S. aureus, B. cereus and S. saprophyticus. T+ (positive control): Ampicillin for S. aureus and S. saprophyticus; Chloramphenicol for B. cereus. (B) Two Gram-bacterial strains: E. coli and P. aeruginosa. T+ (positive control): Ampicillin = for E. coli; fosfomycin for P. aeruginosa. (A) and (B) T1-(negative control 1): H 2 O only. T2-(negative control 2): EtOH only. S1 H 2 O: A. clatrodes aqueous extract/S1 EtOH: A. clatrodes ethanolic extract. S2 H 2 O: D. anchorata aqueous extract/ S2 EtOH: D. anchorata ethanolic extract. S3 H 2 O: V. rigida aqueous extract/S3 EtOH: V. rigida ethanolic extract. For each panel, visible inhibition discs are marked with yellow arrows. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13955/fig-2
Source publication
Although marine sponges are known for their antimicrobial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity, very few studies have been carried out on endemic species of Martinique. Martinique is part of the Agoa Sanctuary, a marine protected area that includes the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the French Caribbean islands, making it an abundant source of mar...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... order to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the three extract sponges in water or ethanol, inhibition diameters were obtained by the disc diffusion method on three Gram+ bacterial strains: S. aureus, B. cereus and S. saprophyticus (Fig. 2A); and on two Grambacterial strains: E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Fig. ...
Context 2
... order to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the three extract sponges in water or ethanol, inhibition diameters were obtained by the disc diffusion method on three Gram+ bacterial strains: S. aureus, B. cereus and S. saprophyticus (Fig. 2A); and on two Grambacterial strains: E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Fig. ...
Context 3
... positive controls were used to match bacteria sensitivity (T+). Ampicillin has been used for S. saprophyticus, S. aureus and E. coli; chloramphenicol for B. cereus; and fosfomycin for P. aeruginosa. Water only (T1-) or ethanol only (T2-) were used as negative controls ( Figs. 2A and ...
Context 4
... inhibition diameters were observed for the positive controls and no inhibition diameters were obtained for negative controls as expected ( Figs. 2A and 2B). For the sponge extracts, only the ethanolic extract of Agelas clathrodes showed inhibition diameter for S. aureus and S. saprophyticus ( Fig. ...
Context 5
... inhibition diameters were observed for the positive controls and no inhibition diameters were obtained for negative controls as expected ( Figs. 2A and 2B). For the sponge extracts, only the ethanolic extract of Agelas clathrodes showed inhibition diameter for S. aureus and S. saprophyticus ( Fig. ...
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Citations
... The EMDa, EMDe, EMEd, EACDe and EACEd extract showed MIC ≥1024 µg mL -1 , with no significant antibacterial effects being observed. [24,25] These results are similar to those of Piron et al., [26] in which the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the D. anchorata sponge showed no inhibitory effect against the strains S. aureus, B. cereus, S. saprophyticus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, by using the disk diffusion method. In the study by Mora et al., [27] the methanolic extract of D. anchorata was evaluated against strains of Streptococcus faecalis, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, showing results similar to those observed in this present study. ...
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