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The maintenance of port infrastructures presents difficulties due to their location: an aggressive environment or the variability of the waves can cause progressive deterioration. Maritime condi-tions make inspections difficult and, added to the lack of use of efficient tools for the management of assets, planning maintenance, important to ensure o...
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... Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance Guide of the Port Works Directorate of Chile defines the main anomalies according to the types of material of the elements. Tables 3 and 4 9 shows the generated BIM 3D model and its main elements: longitudinal beams and crossbeams, slabs, batteries and protection batteries, metal elements such as railings, crinoline staircases, and specialized elements such as bitts. ...Context 2
... Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance Guide of the Port Works Directorate of Chile defines the main anomalies according to the types of material of the elements. Tables 3 and 4 present the anomalies and degrees of deterioration of the main materials, reinforced concrete, and metal elements. Each degree of deterioration is evaluated with a rating ranging from 1 to 5 for each anomaly, which was assigned to visually facilitate the degree of deterioration according to the type of element ( Table 5). ...Citations
... In GNSS-denied environments, the heterogeneous system can be localized through sensor fusion, integrating inertial measurement unit (IMU) data with onboard USV sensors such as radar [10], LiDAR [11], or cameras [12]. Maritime intervention tasks, including marine rescues [13] and cargo handling (loading/unloading) [14], [15], present further challenges related to the trade-off between UAV payload capacity and the limited reach of onboard manipulators [16]. Furthermore, these robotic systems are vulnerable to disruptions, particularly in adverse weather conditions such as high sea states and dense fog, which can degrade data links and GNSS availability. ...
This paper introduces an innovative drone carrier concept that is applied in maritime port security or offshore rescue. This system works with a heterogeneous system consisting of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) to perform inspection and intervention tasks in GNSS-denied or interrupted environments. The carrier, an electric catamaran measuring 4m by 7m, features a 4m by 6m deck supporting automated takeoff and landing for four DJI M300 drones, along with a 10kg-payload manipulator operable in up to level 3 sea conditions. Utilizing an offshore gimbal camera for navigation, the carrier can autonomously navigate, approach and dock with non-cooperative vessels, guided by an onboard camera, LiDAR, and Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) over a 3 km area. UAVs equipped with onboard Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology execute mapping, detection, and manipulation tasks using a versatile gripper designed for wet, saline conditions. Additionally, two UAVs can coordinate to transport large objects to the manipulator or interact directly with them. These procedures are fully automated and were successfully demonstrated at the Mohammed Bin Zayed International Robotic Competition (MBZIRC2024), where the drone carrier equipped with four UAVS and one manipulator, automatically accomplished the intervention tasks in sea-level-3 (wave height 1.25m) based on the rough target information.
... Esses estudos também incorporam tecnologias complexas e caras, como laser scanners. Alguns abordam processos manuais de detecção e integração de dados visuais referentes a manifestações patológicas ao BIM, sem depender de algoritmos de processamento de imagens (Jofré-Briceño et al., 2021;Rodrigues et al., 2023;Matos et al., 2023). No entanto, ainda há uma carência de métodos aplicáveis em cenários de baixa maturidade digital, conforme a proposta deste trabalho. ...
... Estudos como os deRodrigues et al. (2023),Matos et al. (2023),Tan et al. (2022), Xu e Turkan (2020) eRibeiro et al. (2020) discutem superficialmente as possibilidades e recomendações para essa integração. Em contraste,Jofré-Briceño et al. (2021) desenvolveram um fluxo de trabalho detalhado para a manutenção de infraestrutura portuária, mas sua abordagem apresenta limitações, pois a representação das manifestações patológicas no modelo BIM é feita apenas por alteração das cores dos elementos modelados, o que se torna inadequado quando essas manifestações têm características variadas ao longo de um elemento ou sistema. ...
As edificações de Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) enfrentam dificuldades na gestão da manutenção (GM) da envoltória dos edifícios devido à ausência de informações do ativo construído e à falta de processos padronizados e transparentes. Este estudo propõe um método preliminar para integrar drones e BIM no apoio à GM de edificações públicas com baixa maturidade digital. A abordagem da Pesquisa Construtiva foi adotada, desenvolvendo-se em cinco etapas, com foco nas fases de Conscientização e Sugestão. A Conscientização envolveu uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) e um Estudo Exploratório em uma IFES, incluindo inspeções em dez edifícios e a aplicação de um questionário com a equipe de GM. A Sugestão apresentou uma proposta preliminar do método. A RSL identificou como principal lacuna a falta de estudos em contextos de baixa maturidade digital, destacando o uso de ferramentas caras e complexas. O estudo exploratório revelou falhas nas manutenções e a ausência de diretrizes claras. Entrevistas confirmaram a falta de cultura preventiva e a escassez de mão de obra. Essas informações fundamentaram a proposta preliminar do método. Os próximos passos incluem
implementar e avaliar o método em dois estudos de caso visando melhorar a transparência e a eficiência na GM.
... Within the context of a UAV-based SHM program for civil structures such as port concrete infrastructure, UAV flights are typically conducted at higher altitudes than those currently applied for UAV-based crack detection (e.g., [19,38] ). The flight altitude is optimized to capture a detailed overview of the entire structure while obtaining an acceptable number of images for analysis. ...
Ports act as hubs for international trade and transport, strengthening the economies of the regions they serve. To maintain their undisrupted operations, efficient port management systems rely on Structural Health Monitoring practices to detect defects and assess infrastructure performance. Regarding port concrete pavements, condition assessment includes crack detection. Currently, advanced algorithms and methodologies for image processing or machine learning applications are used for surface crack detection with images captured during in-situ inspections. The growing urge to employ unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras is driving further research into image processing methods. This study provides an insightful approach for real-time crack detection in port concrete pavements that takes advantage of the geospatial information included in UAV imagery. The proposed methodology is based on the synergetic application of programming and Geographic Information System tools. Widely used crack detection methods and algorithms are herein enhanced with geospatial analysis modules that help to manage photogrammetry metadata generated by processing UAV data. Geographic Information System tools are employed to add a new perspective to crack detection by supporting the visualization and interpretation of geospatial processed images to locate cracks and examine crack propagation. The investigation includes a periodic field test conducted at Lavrio Port, a Greek port located at the southeastern tip of Attica. Overall, the combined methodology returns results with high accuracy (approximately 95%), thus having a practical application in the engineering community that shifts to scalable solutions for mapping cracks in large port concrete surfaces remotely inspected with UAVs.
... Several research studies have employed UASs in the field of aerial photogrammetry with a particular focus on digitally reconstructing buildings through the application of the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. These UASs enable the efficient management and maintenance of buildings by conducting comprehensive scans and aiding in the identification of existing issues [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Moreover, they play a crucial role in recognizing objects on construction sites [34]. ...
Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) offer a less invasive solution for accessing remote areas and sites, making them valuable in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation (AECO). Their ease of use, ability to reach previously inaccessible areas, and sensor integration provide new project perspectives. Augmented Reality (AR), which allows for the real-time insertion of virtual elements into physical spaces, is also being explored in the AECO industry. Recognizing the potential of these technologies, this research aims to integrate them for on-site building model visualization. This article presents the development of resources to visualize building design implementation in AR, which is supported by UASs through georeferencing. The system development process included establishing the software architecture, creating interface prototypes, and constructing the model. It was possible to visualize the building model in AR within the real world; however, limitations were identified regarding the UAS used and its Application Programming Interface, which affected the aircraft’s programmed trajectory. The contribution of this paper lies in exploring the utilization of georeferenced AR enabled by UAS for visualizing architectural designs on site, detailing the steps and strategies employed to achieve this, highlighting the limitations of the chosen approach, and proposing potential solutions to the issues identified in the research.
... This approach is advantageous in regions with difficult terrain, limited infrastructure, or insufficient docking facilities for large vessels (Figure 2a). In addition to overcoming challenges in final delivery, drones increase the agility and time efficiency of the loading and unloading processes of ships [23]. By introducing novel methods of delivery, drones provide significant operational benefits to maritime logistics. ...
This study explores the evolving trends and research issues in the field of drone-assisted multimodal logistics over the past two decades. By employing various text-mining techniques on the related research publications, we identify the most frequently investigated topics and research issues within this domain. Specifically, we utilize titles, abstracts, and keywords from the collected studies to perform both Latent Dirichlet Allocation techniques and Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency analysis, which help in identifying latent topics and the core research themes within the field. Our analysis focuses on three primary categories of drone-assisted logistics: drone–truck, drone–ship, and drone–robot systems. The study aims to uncover which latent topics have been predominantly emphasized in each category and to highlight the distinct differences in research focuses among them. Our findings reveal specific trends and gaps in the existing literature, providing a clear roadmap for future research directions in drone-assisted multimodal logistics. This targeted analysis not only enhances our understanding of the current state of the field but also identifies critical areas that require further investigation to advance the application of drones in logistics.
... This sentiment is also echoed by Matarneh et al. and the Global Forum on Maintenance and Asset Management [33,39]. Visual programming was also employed by Jofré-Briceño et al. [40]; however, there does not seem to be any validation of their proposed method by the end users, a common occurrence in the existing BIM-FM integration work. This is perhaps due to a current lack of defined 'best practice', meaning consistent quality control is not possible. ...
... Whilst Pinti et al. [24] were specifically referring to public sector entities such as hospitals and schools, the issue of scale is arguably considered true for many organisations that manage multiple assets. Further perceived barriers include the time taken to make models [40,60], the need to consistently update them so they remain relevant [12,16,59] and the need to make data accessible to those without BIM ability or access to BIM tools [16]. ...
... A recurrent theme for identified information requirements is maintenance and conditionrelated information. Jofré-Briceño et al. [40] created an asset management tool for ports, which combined a BIM model with a maintenance severity and urgency scale in Excel to visualise and plan maintenance needs. The authors were able to create a bi-directional link between the excel sheet and BIM using Dynamo. ...
Defined digital Facilities’ Management (FM) systems will contribute to the realisation of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11. Of the available digital FM systems, Building Information Modelling (BIM) for FM, herein referred to as BIM-FM, is the least developed. Where BIM-FM varies from existing digital FM tools is its advanced 3D visualisation capabilities. A semi-structured literature review is undertaken to assess the current implementation of BIM-FM and identify opportunities to engender its increased adoption. This paper is part of an ongoing piece of research aimed at defining a standard methodology for the application of BIM to historically significant structures, otherwise known as Historic BIM (HBIM). Two existing approaches to BIM-FM, current and developing, are outlined. The potential value BIM-FM can provide according to the literature is discussed but there exists minimal practical evidence to justify these claims. Barriers to its adoption are discussed, with a key underlying barrier found to be a lack of defined user requirements. Consequently, functional, modelling and information requirements established within the literature are identified, and existing attempts at realising the requirements are discussed. Six information categories and two functional requirements are identified. It is theorised that the tendency to utilise simplified geometric models for FM is primarily due to software and practical limitations as opposed to actual end user needs, and it is suggested that this should be investigated further in future work. Attempts at realising BIM-FM user requirements using other advanced technologies, primarily Digital Twins, are investigated and found to be an area of increasing commonality. A new conception of BIM-FM is proposed.
... Estas são as nomenclaturas adotadas nesta revisão. Assim, mesmo que exista uma interligação bidirecional da informação (e.g., entre o Excel e o Revit via Dynamo) mas não haja sensores[21], nesta revisão tal situação não será considerada como um Digital Twin (assinalado com um * na tabela seguinte). Como tal, apenas Han et al.[22] cumpre com este critério, tendo criado um campus universitário inteligente na China. ...
Nos últimos anos tem‑se notado um crescimento da utilização de aeronaves não tripuladas (“drones”) para diversos fins, trazendo consigo um conjunto de vantagens interessantes inclusivamente para o setor da Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção (AEC). Pelo facto de estarem equipadas com câmaras fotográficas, estas aeronaves podem ser utilizadas como forma de adquirir informação “as-is” do ambiente construído através de técnicas não destrutivas e sem contacto como é o caso da fotogrametria. Como tal, ao permitirem a digitalização da geometria dos ativos, torna‑se útil a sua potencial interligação com a metodologia BIM e/ou de monitorização em tempo real. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise da literatura atual no que toca à utilização de drones como passo inicial para o desenvolvimento de modelos BIM e/ou de Digital Twins. A fotogrametria aérea com drones é amplamente utilizada na criação de modelos BIM (e HBIM), contudo, o mesmo não se aplica aos Digital Twins. Além disso, é comum utilizar‑se outras ferramentas de reality capture (e.g., laser scanners) como apoio ao levantamento aéreo.
... O presente trabalho propõe uma análise aprofundada no âmbito do gerenciamento e planejamento de projetos rodoviários, destacando a sinergia entre o BIM e os softwares de gestão de produção. A premissa essencial repousa na compatibilização e integração de ativos em um ambiente único, ou modelo, visando a mitigação de riscos e a redução de custos associados ao ciclo de vida [9], [10]. ...
Livro de atas do Congresso ptBIM 2024, onde se promove a discussão técnico-científica em língua Portuguesa da metodologia ‘Building Information Modelling’ (BIM), envolvendo a participação ativa das comunidades profissional e académica das áreas de Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção. Pretende-se enfatizar os problemas e esforços de implementação BIM no Ambiente Construído e reforçar as redes de profissionais que incorporam práticas BIM nas suas atividades. https://ptbim.org/
... BIM processes to Cultural Heritage (HBIM) emerge as a powerful tool to the CH documentation over time. Several studies have indicated possibilities of the use of BIM tools and methodology for HC in distinct fields: dynamic simulation [10]; documentation [11][12][13][14]; restoration and preservation projects [7,[15][16][17]; as built model [16,18,19]; facility management [20]; retrofitting [21,22]. ...
Heritage constructions in general presents a complex geometry and shapes. The work of generating an accurate digital model of a historical building still a challenge. Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) from point cloud data is a usual methodology to cultural heritage documentation. Scan-to-BIM summarize a workflow from point cloud survey to parametric BIM elements. This paper aims to develop a semi-automatic scan-to-BIM procedure for architectural ornaments of Nossa Senhora do Rosario Church, enhancing the geometrical accuracy of the model and reducing the time-consuming process. The workflow handles with point cloud capture of existing historical building, point cloud segmentation, initial mesh generation from point cloud, mesh improvement, HBIM parametric object creation in BIM environment, and validation of the procedure. The results from applications in three ornaments of the church and then from the validation of the methodology indicates that the scan-to-BIM procedure is useful for HBIM modelling.
... Cameras mounted on UAVs provide a large number of captured images. Their further analysis assists in advancing SHM practices by conducting Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) to reconstruct a structure's replicas with Building Information Modeling (BIM) (Jofré-Briceño et al., 2021) or to map structural conditions with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools . The effectiveness of a UAV-based SHM program in inspecting the condition of in-service port infrastructure has been recently investigated and contextualized . ...
Port infrastructure plays an important role in the economic and social activities of the regions they serve. Pressures induced by the corrosive marine environment and weather conditions, unexpected events associated with climate change, the usually high freight and vehicle loading conditions, the dynamic load of the equipment, and insufficient maintenance and rehabilitation measures that sometimes are not enough to repair an in-service facility, increase the susceptibility of port structures to rapid aging and deterioration. To ensure port infrastructure safety and reliability, and to maintain operational efficiency, port managers are tasked with forming successful inspection schemes for structural condition monitoring. Within this context, identifying the capabilities and prioritizing existing inspection techniques allow for optimizing resources (cost, time, personnel). The issue of performance assessment for commonly used Non-Destructive Testing techniques has received significant research interest. However, state-of-the-art Unmanned Aerial Vehicle techniques have not been previously involved in studies that assess the performance of various inspection techniques. Hence, the present research seeks to introduce Unmanned Aerial Vehicles techniques into multi-criteria performance assessment practices of inspection techniques for port concrete infrastructure. Three Non-Destructive Techniques: a) Infrared Thermography, b) Ground Penetrating Radar, and c) Impact-Echo, are compared to camera-based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle techniques linked to Close Range Photogrammetry applications. A qualitative approach, including a literature review and expert judgment, is applied to acquire data required for Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis practices with the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation methodology. The ranking output of the applied model is validated with other multi-criteria methods to ensure the robustness of the results. The obtained results for the specific set of criteria will assist decision-makers in selecting the most suitable technique for inspecting surface or sub-surface defects in port concrete infrastructure. Highlights The integration of UAV-driven techniques into current practices for assessing the performance of inspection techniques affects the ranking order The prioritization of the inspection techniques is conducted qualitatively (expert judgment and literature survey) by implementing the PROMETHEE method A camera-based UAV technique improves the practical part of inspections and provides flexibility A camera-based UAV technique is the optimal inspection technique for detecting surface defects, while Impact Echo is preferred for sub-surface defects
