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The risk assessment process is based on risk management. Risk assessment is, in principle, an entirely empirical decision-making process, based on risk assessors’ knowledge and experience, necessary to identify (a) hazard(s) as the cause for risk by using specific and well-known and recognized methods so far. Currently, there are a large number of...
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... mentioned above, our data collected from the Iranian evaluation team of both Iranian Industries organization and Iranian Environment protection agency assessments once in the preliminary studies of industrial projects. So, the mentioned data were tabulated in Table 5 annually. Then, criteria were classified into two groups such as outputs and inputs. ...Context 2
... to the existing variety of criteria containing different scales and dimensions, the ARAS model integrated with the DEA model according to equations 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 17 to 21. The values of weights were obtained around 8.24, 2.4, 10, 3.9, 2.82, 8.12, 9.7, 6.04, 5.82, 6.72 and 2.24 for the criteria of nominal capacity (No), nominal capacity (t), initial feed (No), initial feed (t), initial feed (m2), employees, power, water, fuel, land and initial feed (m) in Table 5 respectively. Finally, the tabulated criteria were passed through the efficiency assessment and were emerged the efficiency score for IHAI after introducing the vector of weights. ...Context 3
... the tabulated criteria were passed through the efficiency assessment and were emerged the efficiency score for IHAI after introducing the vector of weights. Table 5 displays the annual requirements of IHAI. 4320 7560 720 1080 2300 21500 11160 16560 2520 1440 2600 0.00 14040 85680 3600 3240 6000 0.00 13320 135000 3960 5760 8300 0.00 16200 74520 3600 4680 5800 0.00 9360 32760 2160 1440 2600 0.00 6120 7200 1440 1080 2200 0.00 6480 7200 1440 1080 1700 2472 6120 17640 1440 1080 4900 0.00 12600 45360 2520 3600 2400 28000 5400 87840 1800 5400 4900 0.00 13320 156600 6840 2520 4500 0.00 10440 11880 2160 1440 2500 0.00 31680 118800 7920 2520 7300 0.00 8280 11880 1800 1440 3900 0.00 6840 12600 1800 1440 2900 0.00 40680 186840 11880 64440 17100 0.00 41400 93600 8640 60480 11600 0.00 12960 113760 13680 1800 4500 0.00 22680 112680 5040 2880 8400 0.00 One sample t-test analysis proved significant differences around 0.063, 0.005 and 0.025 among the criteria such as nominal capacity (No), nominal capacity (t), initial feed (t), initial feed (m2), initial feed (m), employee, power, water, fuel, and land. ...Context 4
... selected job weights, as well as the process function weights, are a result of a survey conducted with the person performing these tasks in the Serbian Military Unit that was the subject matter of this analysis. The weighting of the jobs and the process functions was performed by multiplying the selected job weights by the selected process function weights, and the resulting products are the theoretical weights for the jobs by process function, or for the process functions by job, as given in Table 5. The next step implies the evaluation of the jobs by process functions, with the rating from 1 to 5, according to the criteria for determining the ratings based on the observed organizational attitude in the observed workplace, as shown in Table 6. ...Context 5
... heor. Appl. 2 (3 ) ( 2 0 1 9 ) 2 6 -3 9 Analogously to Equation 2, the average ratings of the process functions ( O ), which are shown in Table 10, are calculated by using the weights given in Tables 5 and 8. Based on the average job and process function ratings, the jobs (Table 11) and the process functions are ranked, as in Table 12. ...Context 6
... values are presented in Table 4. within which it is noticeable that the answers have approximate values although there are still differences between the groups. normalized decision matrix according to SAW method is presented within table 5. Table 6. provides a result of alternatives evaluation calculated by the formula (5). ...Citations
... Quantitative risk analysis methods include probability theory, mathematical statistics, operational research, sensitivity analysis, scenario methods, error log analysis, event tree analysis, the Monte Carlo method, and modeling and simulation techniques. Notably, the probability and consequence matrix or matrix-based methods are considered foundational for all the aforementioned qualitative risk assessment techniques (Kovacevic et al. [ 7]). Risk evaluation involves comparing the level of risk identified during the risk analysis phase against predefined risk criteria established in the risk management context. ...
... Qualitative criteria indicate the likelihood of undesirable events using terms like "rarely," "amazing," "possible," "probable," or "almost certain," and the size of a damage-consequence using terms like "fatal," "serious," "small," or "negligible." The most widely used subjective criteria in risk assessment qualitative approaches are those measured using qualitative scales [ 7]. ...
The healthcare system is experiencing substantial transformation, with information and communication technologies (ICTs) playing a primary role in improving healthcare delivery. Moreover, the global acceptance of Medical Cyber-Physical Systems (M-CPS) has been boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Historically, healthcare services functioned autonomously without any form of digital interconnection. M-CPS combines distributed systems to concurrently monitor and control several physiological characteristics of patients. Those new systems incorporates embedded software for controlling medical devices, networking capabilities, and managing intricate physical dynamics through advanced healthcare systems. In this chapter have been described the most renowned methodologies of risk assessment used by academic and security experts, such as Risk Matrix and FMEA, to deal with security and privacy issues, and the common threats and vulnerabilities of cyber-physical systems.
... In the risk likelihood/severity screening, a 5 × 5-scale dimension is used for the likelihood and severity assignments, comprising five levels (1 =negligible, 2 = low, 3 = medium, 4 = high and 5 = extreme). The interpretation of the 5 × 5 risk likelihood/severity matrix for risk assessment is shown in Figure 4 [23]. The likelihoods of the identified risks were ranked according to the likelihood ranking scale indicated in Table 3. ...
... Likelihood/Severity Matrix[23]. ...
This paper presents the basic concept of risk and reviews commonly applied tools and techniques for risk assessment. Generally, risk assessment is a completely experiential decision-making process based on experience and knowledge of risk assistants. This paper emphasises one quantitative/qualitative technique, namely the likelihood/severity matrix approach, which aims to direct the organisation’s attention towards risks that have the highest potential to have a negative effect. This paper’s main contribution lies in introducing a proposed model that utilises the likelihood/severity matrix approach to categorise risks into ‘regions’ and subsequently rank them. This process supports risk managers in making informed decisions to reduce risks effectively. A likelihood/severity matrix was examined through a case study belonging to the electrical and electronic sector to find the critical risks that hinder the assembly line of personal computers. Results showed that the ‘Breaking parts during assembly’, ‘Shocking the components from static electricity discharge’ and ‘Using wrong compatible parts’ risks had the maximum risk score, with values of 10–15 as the most critical risks. These results can influence decision makers in developing actions to mitigate these highlighted risks.
... The collective interview data were analyzed to identify and assess the risks associated with AI ethics in these 8 projects. For risk level calculations, we used a well-known 3x3 risk assessment matrix and an impact and probability equation [25]. ...
The rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has underscored the urgent need for responsible AI practices. Despite increasing interest, a comprehensive AI risk assessment toolkit remains lacking. This study introduces our Responsible AI (RAI) Question Bank, a comprehensive framework and tool designed to support diverse AI initiatives. By integrating AI ethics principles such as fairness, transparency, and accountability into a structured question format, the RAI Question Bank aids in identifying potential risks, aligning with emerging regulations like the EU AI Act, and enhancing overall AI governance. A key benefit of the RAI Question Bank is its systematic approach to linking lower-level risk questions to higher-level ones and related themes, preventing siloed assessments and ensuring a cohesive evaluation process. Case studies illustrate the practical application of the RAI Question Bank in assessing AI projects, from evaluating risk factors to informing decision-making processes. The study also demonstrates how the RAI Question Bank can be used to ensure compliance with standards, mitigate risks, and promote the development of trustworthy AI systems. This work advances RAI by providing organizations with a valuable tool to navigate the complexities of ethical AI development and deployment while ensuring comprehensive risk management.
... Not all mobile devices will work with the application. 10. Server failure and/or network failure. ...
This paper examines the potential risks that may occur when designing and implementing innovative products’ authenticity safeguards based on quick response (QR) codes. The study identified ten key risks, which were then analyzed in two dimensions: the probability of their occurrence and the strength of their impact, should they occur. Using the matrix-based method, risks were visualized on an intensity scale in both dimensions and with adequate color notation. Subsequently, the identified risks were grouped thematically. This enabled the identification of four key areas containing the identified risks, namely: competition, external websites, technological integration and risks dependent on internal factors. After aggregating individual risk levels, for each key area the average risk level was calculated. The first three areas were characterized by an average low level of risk, while the area related to risks dependent on internal factors was characterized by an average medium level of risk. The study’s systematic approach to identify and evaluate risks related to the execution of QR code-based authenticity safeguards project can be applied by businesses to similar projects, as it enables scientific-based risk identification and management, and consideration of strategies to mitigate the potential issues, ensuring smoother project execution and more reliable product performance.
... Given the factors mentioned earlier, this research uses the risk matrix, as demonstrated in Kovačević et al. [13], and Li et al. [14], as well as the House of Risk (HoR) hase 2 framework, as outlined by Natalia et al. [15], Setiawan and Pramana [16], and Kristanto and Hariastuti [17], to assess potential disaster risks. This analysis will assist authorities in formulating and developing disaster mitigation activities in Wonogiri Regency from 2021 to 2025. ...
Wonogiri Regency, located in Indonesia, is an area susceptible to various types of natural disasters, such as floods, landslides, and hurricanes, which pose a significant risk to approximately 90% in this area. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the types of potential disasters in Wonogiri and propose effective strategies for disaster mitigation from 2021 to 2025. This study uses a risk matrix to quantify the risks associated with these potential disasters and utilizes House of Risk (HoR) phase 2 methodology to formulate strategies for disaster risk prevention. This comprehensive analysis has shown seven potential disasters for which nine mitigation strategies have been developed. Among these, the top three strategies, considering the effectiveness value and the degree of difficulty (EDRk) value, in order of priority, are “Increasing multi-stakeholder partnerships in disaster management” (EDRk value 176.20); “Strengthening the legal framework for disaster management” (EDRk value 167.40); and “Conducting socialization and education on disaster mitigation” (EDRk value 111.60). Implementing these strategies is expected to strengthen disaster risk reduction (DRR) in regencies, with a focus on prioritizing the most effective measures.
... In the risk assessment process, the risk analysis phase (refer to Fig. 1) involves assessing the likelihood and potential impact of identified risks, utilizing a risk matrix approach. In this regard, likelihood assessment determines how probable it is for a hazard to occur, while impact assessment considers the severity of potential consequences of the hazard [42,43]. These two factors are combined to develop a risk matrix, wherein risks are scored, and hazards are categorized based on these scores. ...
Pakistan Railway (PR) is vital to the country's transportation infrastructure, facilitating passenger and freight transportation. However, the growing number of accidents associated with PR has raised concerns about its overall safety. In addition, there have been limited research efforts to investigate PR accidents and their underlying causes The present study conducts a comprehensive risk assessment and safety management of PR using a semi-quantitative risk matrix approach. The study combines historical accident data and expert evaluations to assess the likelihood and consequences of different railway accident types and potential contributing factors. The descriptive statistics analysis has revealed varying degrees of severity for different types of railway accidents in Pakistan. For instance, accidents like passenger and goods train derailments and collisions at unmanned level crossings were identified as extreme and intolerable, whereas train fire accidents were categorized as high and undesirable. Moreover, accidents attributed to human error are classified as extreme and intolerable, while those caused by negligence of road users and track defects are classified as high and undesirable. The study utilized the risk matrix approach and identified critical risk areas that can help the decision-makers prioritize effective risk mitigation strategies. In light of the present study's findings, policy implications, such as investment in infrastructure to mitigate risks associated with aging or deteriorating tracks, bridges, and tunnels, and human resource development for railway personnel to improve their skills, decision-making abilities, and awareness of safety protocols, are recommended.
... In this study, hazard identification was conducted to identify potential natural disasters and assess the level of damage caused by a disaster. Therefore, the researchers conducted research using risk matrix method (see, for example, (13)) and the method of house of risk (HoR) phase 2 (14) to assess the potential risks and provide alternative solutions or mitigation efforts to reduce the impact of disaster risks in Surakarta City over a period of 5 years, from 2023 to 2027. The use of the risk matrix along with the HoR phase 2 can be seen, for example, in (2). ...
Surakarta is a city in Central Java, Indonesia that has the potential to be affected by any type of disaster. This study aims to identify hazards that may cause disasters in the city; to measure the level of damage produced by the disasters; and to provide disaster mitigation strategies for the city over the 2023-2027 period of time. To achieve these aims, this study uses the risk matrix method to determine the level of risk imposed by each of the potential disasters and implements the house of risk (HoR) phase 2 to formulate disaster mitigation strategies. The study reveals that there are 7 potential disasters taking place in the city during the time period of 2023-2027. The use of HoR phase 2 results in 10 mitigation strategies, namely “Carrying out disaster outreach and education”; “Collaborating with other parties in disaster management”, “Strengthening the legal framework for disaster management”, “Mapping disaster-prone areas”, “Providing early warning of disasters to communities”, “Forming disaster-resilient villages”, “Cleaning and developing water drainage channel”, “Controlling illegal settlements”, “Adding water catchment areas”; and “Conducting reforestation”.
... First, ordinates to the probability are assigned ranks, and then abscissas are applied to the results of the severity/ranks. The combination of these ranking levels determines the ranking of risks [38]. For this methodology, five papers were revised [36,[39][40][41][42]. ...
Risk management for technological hazards mainly focuses on the consequences for human lives. Although technological risk analysis evaluates environmental vulnerability, it does not reflect the consequences of environmentally exposed elements. This paper’s objective is to propose a conceptual framework and create a multidisciplinary evaluation model for environmental risk analysis in the oil and gas industry. A holistic assessment was carried out based on probabilistic risk analysis methodologies to obtain a holistic environmental risk index, HERi. Moncho’s Equation
was adapted by combining ecological risk, ER, and an aggravating coefficient, F. Transformation functions were utilized to represent the risk probability distributions. The results from the holistic environment risk index were standardized in a sigmoidal
function using the ALARP criteria. Finally, the methodology was applied in two case studies in Colombia, comparing the results with an alternative model. This study found that Colombian armed conflict is a key factor that increases environmental risk in oil and gas projects. The proposed methodology takes a holistic approach by
integrating socioeconomic factors and resilience considerations into the risk assessment process. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental risks associated with oil and gas projects in Colombia and promotes more effective sustainable management actions.
... The results of the evaluation process are convenient to serve as a risk matrix (Kovačević et al., 2019). It is a matrix to determine the level of risk by combining the probability category of consequences with their severity. ...
Methodological aspects of assessing harmful impacts on the natural environment are presented, aimed at determining the indicator of ecosystem stability. The use of such an indicator makes it possible to determine environmental changes as a result of anthropogenic activity, as well as to determine the significance of these changes. A system is presented that systematizes the variety of consequences of anthropogenic impact on CLS. A qualitative scale of reducing harmful anthropogenic impact is proposed. It is proposed to conduct assessment of the categories of significance of harmful effects and ecological risk on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of impacts on individual storeys and subsystems in the compartment from different sources of influence, taking into account their magnitude and intensity. The corresponding scales, a way of complex formation, categories of impact significance have been developed; also, an example of constructing an environmental risk matrix has been presented.
Keyword : ecosystem stability, complex landscape system, ecological regulation, compartment, harmful impact, ecological hazard, gradient of stability change
... The study commenced with assessing hazards potentially taking place Boyolali Regency. The assessment used the 9 categories of natural catastrophic hazards in Indonesia, according to the National Disaster Management Agency: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, droughts, forest fires, extreme weather (cyclones), and tidal waves or abrasion (Nugroho et al., 208) as a reference (13). Furthermore, using the measurement scale specified in Table 1 and Table 2, risk matrices for each of the potential hazards were constructed. ...
