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The recent increase in frequency and severity of flooding in the UK has
led to a shift in the perception of risk associated with flood hazards.
This has extended to the conservation community, and the risks posed to
historic structures that suffer from flooding are particularly
concerning for those charged with preserving and maintaining such
build...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... sites chosen are Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire (south- western England), York in North Yorkshire (northeastern England) and Winchester in Hampshire (southeastern Eng- land). Each of the sites presents an urban concentration of a wide range of historic building types, covering a long his- torical period, and incorporating a multitude of building ma- terials and construction methods. Furthermore, each of the sites accommodates a major river system, in close proxim- ity to the estuary, with a large catchment area, representative of many of the major river catchments in the UK. However, none of the sites is situated in high precipitation areas for the UK, according to current annual averages for the UK (Fig. 2). The three sites are briefly described and compared in terms of hazard assessment in the following ...
Similar publications
The recent increase in frequency and severity of flooding in the UK has led
to a shift in the perception of risk associated with flood hazards. This has
extended to the conservation community, and the risks posed to historic
structures that suffer from flooding are particularly concerning for those
charged with preserving and maintaining such build...
Citations
... Ortiz & Ortiz 2016). Moreover, the methodology for the assessment may use unweighted parameters (D'Ayala et al. 2020;Stephenson & D'Ayala 2014), as well as weighted parameters, through the implementation of appropriate coefficients (Ortiz et al. 2014). ...
... Due to the development of existing flood loss assessment models, there are relatively mature methods and tools (EMA, 2002;Scawthorn et al., 2006), and the popularization of flood insurance provides relatively complete socioeconomic and disaster loss data; thus, disaster losses can be quickly assessed when floods occur (Hsu et al., 2011). The United States (Smith D, 1994), the United Kingdom (Stephenson and D'Ayala, 2013), Japan (Dutta et al., 2003), Canada (NRC, 2017), Australia 40 (Hasanzadeh Nafari et al., 2016b, 2016a, Italy (Amadio et al., 2016), China (Li et al., 2012;Penning-Rowsell et al., 2013), and other flood-prone countries have carried out a large number of loss assessment studies using different classification systems of disaster-bearing bodies and then used the existing loss database and post-disaster investigation data to establish local flood vulnerability curves. ...
The refined assessment of the direct economic losses of flood disasters is important for emergency dispatch and risk management in small- and medium-sized cities. There are still great challenges in the accuracy and timeliness of the previous research methods. In this study, a single flood disaster in Lishui city in 2014 was taken as an example to study and verify a method for the rapid and refined assessment of direct economic loss. First, based on a field investigation, the inundation range and submerged depth simulated by the flooding model were verified. Next, the urban land use status map and high-precision remote sensing classification data were fused and combined with expert questionnaire surveys, thereby providing the types and values of disaster-bearing bodies. Then, the existing vulnerability curve database was summarized, and the curves were calibrated by disaster loss reporting. Finally, the spatial distributions of the flood disaster loss ratio and loss value were estimated by spatial analysis. It is found that the constructed land use map has detailed types and value attributes as well as high-precision spatial information. Secondly, the vulnerability curves after function fitting and calibration effectively reflect the change characteristics of land use loss ratio in this area. Finally, the estimated loss ratio and loss value distributions can accurately reflect the spatial pattern of flood disaster loss, which is useful for the government to formulate effective disaster reduction and relief measures.
... Controlling the level of damage in a structure consists primarily in controlling its maximum response. Damage indices establish analytical relationships between the maximum and/or cumulative response of structural components and the level of damage they exhibit [38,[187][188][189][190][191]. A performance-based numerical methodology is possible if, through the use of damage indices, limits can be established to the maximum and cumulative response of the structure, as a function of the desired performance of the building for the different levels of the design ground motion. ...
A methodology aiming to predict the vulnerability of masonry structures under seismic action is presented herein. Masonry structures, among which many are cultural heritage assets, present high vulnerability under earthquake. Reliable simulations of their response to seismic stresses are exceedingly difficult because of the complexity of the structural system and the anisotropic and brittle behavior of the masonry materials. Furthermore, the majority of the parameters involved in the problem such as the masonry material mechanical characteristics and earthquake loading characteristics have a stochastic-probabilistic nature. Within this framework, a detailed analytical methodological approach for assessing the seismic vulnerability of masonry historical and monumental structures is presented, taking into account the probabilistic nature of the input parameters by means of analytically determining fragility curves. The emerged methodology is presented in detail through application on theoretical and built cultural heritage real masonry structures.
... technological or morphological data such as the construction techniques and materials of buildings and open spaces), which are derived from direct survey or in-depth analysis on each urban element. This increase in details needs a big effort in data acquisition and processing, with a reduction of the assessed area but a more accurate representation of the all the relevant processes and characteristics involved (see the work of Stephenson and D'Ayala, 2014). ...
We present a hierarchical model developed for assessing the climate vulnerability and impact on the urban system to heat wave and pluvial flooding phenomena, which allows measuring the “urban performances” under extreme climate conditions by applying physical, environmental and socioeconomic indicators. The model is structured in five levels, from the knowledge of heterogeneous urban characteristics extracted from different sources to the vulnerability indicators; each level provides a synthesis of the information of the previous level. Moreover, given the complexity of the urban system, the model is based on the identification of three subsystems, in order to gradually synthesize information from one level to another. Each indicator, and the associated data and characteristics, are related to a specific subsystem, which represents technological/environmental (building, open spaces) or socioeconomic dimension (population). Finally, we assess the impacts related to a climate hazard scenario by evaluating the combination of the hazard with the exposure and the vulnerability of the subsystems with which the exposure interacts. We test our method on the study area of East Naples (Italy) by considering heat wave and pluvial flooding climate hazard scenarios; specific functions are performed in a GIS environment to implement the spatial analysis processes need to build the vulnerability indicators and impact scenarios. The results show that the distribution of vulnerability and impacts are related to the local urban context and to the hazard scenario considered. The proposed model can be applied to assess the benefits of adaptive solution design.
... The GSC is calculated integrating ancillary data by means of rapid and not invasive field surveys and questionnaires distributed to the school's employees. A study on flood vulnerability of historical buildings was conducted by [8]; while [9] assessed the building against possible wind damage. ...
The Philippines is one of the most hazard-prone countries in the world. It is regularly subjected to various hazard events, imposing loss of lives and costly damage to the country's infrastructure. In particular, the Philippines straddles a region of complex tectonics at the intersection of three major tectonic plates (the Philippine Sea, Sunda and Eurasia plates). As such, the country is frequently exposed to large and damaging earthquakes. For instance, one of the most recent destructive earthquakes, the M 7.2 Bohol and Cebu earthquake (2013), damaged more than 73,000 structures, of which more than 14,500 were totally destroyed, including several schools. According to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), about 25,000 preschoolers and 275,855 school children in 1,200 early learning centers and 1,092 schools (931 elementary schools and 161 high schools) were affected by the earthquake. Similarly, several areas characterized by high wind and heavy rain exist along the northeast Philippine Sea coast. In 1991, a flash flood killed around 8,000 people and distracted many structure in Leyte Island. Furthermore, Typhoon Haiyan (2013), known as Super Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, has been one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded, which devastated several portions of the country, killing at least 6,300 people. According to the Philippine's Department of Education (DepEd), Yolanda damaged 3,171 schools. The recent history of reported damage and destruction indicates the substantial vulnerability of the country's infrastructure, particularly schools, to different forms of natural hazards.
... The GSC is calculated integrating ancillary data by means of rapid and not invasive field surveys and questionnaires distributed to the school's employees. A study on flood vulnerability of historical buildings was conducted by Stephenson & D'Ayala (2014); while Womble et al. (2016) assessed the building against possible wind damage. ...
This paper introduces a series of tools for a rapid yet reliable visual multi-hazard vulnerability prioritization of school infrastructure against potentially destructive natural hazards, i.e., earthquake, typhoon, and flood. The proposed tools can assist and speed up the process of identifying the most vulnerable school buildings for further decision-making. For each considered school, a set of parameters, including general information on the building and its occupants, structural and nonstructural characteristics, and secondary vulnerability modifiers, are first gathered. For each parameter, a vulnerability rating is assigned to its possible attributes, finally determining a vulnerability index for each considered school building exposed to earthquake, wind, and flood hazards. A mobile application has been developed for the entire process to assist the surveyors by increasing the efficiency and speed. The applicability of the proposed methodology and mobile application is tested by conducting an assessment of 115 elementary schools located in the city of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. A statistical analysis of the gathered data along with the estimated vulnerability indices, allow the identification of the most vulnerable school buildings for more detailed structural analysis, and retrofitting/strengthening planning and conceptual design.
... At this level of assessment, simple physical models of loading and structure response can be considered in relation to the building to ascertain a relative measure of vulnerability dependent upon architectural features of the design of the structure. A simple numerical scale of building vulnerability to flooding was developed by Stephenson and D'Ayala [54] specifically for historic structures, which has since been applied in the Philippines for heritage buildings within a multi-hazard context [55]. The work presented here uses a similar approach to the study of traditional rural housing in the Philippines, understood as non-engineered vernacular buildings. ...
... For each hazard case, three indicators were used, with either a numeric scale or binary option in each case. The options in each indicator are then translated into a numeric vulnerability factor (VF) on a normalised scale from 0 to 1 following the method previously set out in Stephenson and D'Ayala [54]. Figure 10 schematically depicts the indicators and how they contribute to vulnerability in relation to the hazards, whilst Table 2 describes the indicators and the rationale for their contribution to damage and loss in the building. ...
The Philippines is exposed to numerous typhoons every year, each of which poses a potential threat to livelihoods, shelter, and in some cases life. Flooding caused by such events leads to extensive damage to land and buildings, and the impact on rural communities can be severe. The global community is calling for action to address and achieve disaster risk reduction for communities and people exposed to such events. Achieving this requires an understanding of the nature of the risks that flooding and typhoons pose to these communities and their homes. This paper presents the findings from a field based case study assessment of three rural settlements in the Philippines, where typhoons and associated flooding in recent years has caused significant damage to houses and livelihoods, leading to the reconstruction of homes that more often than not reproduce similar structural vulnerabilities as were there before these hazards occurred. This work presents a methodology for risk assessment of such structures profiling the flood and wind hazards and measuring physical vulnerability and the experience of communities affected. The aim of the work is to demonstrate a method for identifying risks in these communities, and seeks to address the challenge faced by practitioners of assisting communities in rebuilding their homes in more resilient ways. The work set out here contributes to the discussion about how best to enable practitioners and communities to achieve the sought for risk reduction and especially highlights the role that geoscience and engineering can have in achieving this ambition.
... For instance, these approaches rarely consider issues of water velocity, inundation duration, or more complex combinations of hazards that may be directly relevant to consequences of concern to a community (e.g., road closures linked to exceedance of a critical depth for a specific duration). In addition, the quantification of consequences associated with more conventional hazard estimates (e.g., 100 year floodplain) are often left for subsequent analyses, because translating flood hazard into a risk profile for a specific community can be a complicated process involving structure fragility curves, population density maps, or future development plans and often requires an in-depth local knowledge of community vulnerabilities to flooding that consulting engineers and hydrologists may lack (e.g., Botto et al., 2014;De Bruijn et al., 2014;Merzi et al., 2010;Remo et al., 2016;Schr€ oter et al., 2014;Stephenson & D'Ayala 2014). ...
... In the case study presented herein, we defined q c as a fixed threshold of a standard hydrologic variable as recommended by Ithaca, NY community stakeholders. Fixed thresholds for q c are commonly used to define flooding (e.g., bank-full discharge), though it is possible to use fragility curves to express relationships between hazard and risk probabilistically (e.g., Botto et al., 2014;De Bruijn et al., 2014;Remo et al., 2016;Schr€ oter et al., 2014;Stephenson & D'Ayala, 2014). It is further possible to expand Q and q c to consider the joint frequency of other hazards. ...
There is a chronic disconnection among purely probabilistic flood frequency analysis of flood hazards, flood risks, and hydrological flood mechanisms, which hamper our ability to assess future flood impacts. We present a vulnerability-based approach to estimating riverine flood risk that accommodates a more direct linkage between decision-relevant metrics of risk and the dominant mechanisms that cause riverine flooding. We adapt the conventional peaks-over-threshold (POT) framework to be used with extreme precipitation from different climate processes and rainfall-runoff-based model output. We quantify the probability that at least one adverse hydrologic threshold, potentially defined by stakeholders, will be exceeded within the next N years. This approach allows us to consider flood risk as the summation of risk from separate atmospheric mechanisms, and supports a more direct mapping between hazards and societal outcomes. We perform this analysis within a bottom-up framework to consider the relevance and consequences of information, with varying levels of credibility, on changes to atmospheric patterns driving extreme precipitation events. We demonstrate our proposed approach using a case study for Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY, USA, where we estimate the risk of stakeholder-defined flood metrics from three dominant mechanisms: summer convection, tropical cyclones, and spring rain and snowmelt. Using downscaled climate projections, we determine how flood risk associated with a subset of mechanisms may change in the future, and the resultant shift to annual flood risk. The flood risk approach we propose can provide powerful new insights into future flood threats.
... Literature suggests that distinct building components can be critical to their susceptibility to flooding (Blanco-Vogt A & Schanze,2014;Kelman,2002 ;Muller et al. 2011;Stephenson & D'Ayala ,2013), including their design and the construction materials (Golz et al., 2015;Naumann et al.,2010). ...
... The elongatedness and other geometrical properties (Blanco-Vogt & Schanze,2014; Mazzorana et al.,2014). The number of storeys(Stephenson & D'Ayala,2013). ...
The flood impacts on urban areas are increasing due to the increasing frequency of extreme weather
events affecting settlements and rising vulnerability of assets. There are some citable approaches
available for assessing the flood damage to buildings and critical infrastructure. Approaches to
establish flood vulnerability assessment of building inventories are scarce. To this point, however, it
is extremely difficult to adapt these methods widely, as most approaches are limited to the region of
origin or too general. This study is carried out with the aim of developing for the methodological
framework for the flood vulnerability of building inventories that can be applied in any part of the
world. The methodological framework comprises of four modules: (i) building taxonomy (ii) inventory
identification scheme (iii) susceptibility analysis, and (iv) flood vulnerability mapping. The
methodology is tested in the municipality Bennewitz, Germany which includes the town of Bennewitz
and Schmölen, located in the flood plain of the Mulde River. Testing covers the description of data
availability and accuracy, the steps for deriving depth-impact functions and depth-damage functions
of representative building and its inventories. The final results of potential flood damage are displayed
through spatially distributed flood vulnerability maps created with different buildings for different
damage range. Further, 81 different scenarios from hydro-dynamic modelling results each from HECRAS and LISFLOOD-FP were analysed and a comparison of results was exhibited. A clear difference
in average damage values for each house in the same scenario is observed. However, a similar trend
is observed when compared for all 81 scenarios for Bennewtiz and Schmölen. The discussions and
conclusions analyses what are the contributions of this research study in evaluating the findings of
the methodology’s testing with the goals. It also portrays the contributions and limitations of the
research in terms of methodological and empirical advancements, general applicability and further
implementation requirements at a larger scale in Flood risk management (FRM).
... see [54][55][56]) or an indicator-based approach. For the cases of earthquake, flood, fire, hydro-meteorological, landslide and storm hazards, the procedures and data found in [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]33] can be used to define simplified indicator-based approaches suitable to estimate the expected level of damage. For the particular case of earthquake hazard, the authors have developed a set of simplified indicator -and mechanics -based procedures for specific types of cultural heritage units [71]. ...
A simplified risk assessment framework specifically developed for built immovable cultural heritage assets is proposed. The framework addresses the several components involved in a risk analysis and can be used as a screening procedure for the preliminary assessment of a large number of assets with limited resources. It can also be used to identify cultural heritage assets that require a more refined and resource demanding risk evaluation. The proposed risk analysis framework falls into the category of qualitative methods and is based on a series of structured questionnaires that address the main components of a risk analysis: The likelihood of the hazard, the consequences of the hazard, the vulnerability of the asset to the hazard, the loss of value of the asset and the capacity to recover from the event. In order to illustrate its application, a case study is presented in which the risk analysis is performed for a church in Italy that was damaged, in 2009, by the L'Aquila earthquake.
