Table 3 - uploaded by Warren A Dick
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Analysis of vegetation harvested in 1984.
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Abandoned mine lands containing pyritic spoil may become toxic due to production of sulfuric acid and subsequent high levels of heavy metals. A field study was initiated to compare the long-term (10 yr) effectiveness of digested municipal sewage sludge (224 Mg ha -1), powerplant fly ash (448 Mg ha -1), papermill sludge composted with either coarse...
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Context 1
... 1984, plant tissue analysis revealed that most element concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) affected amendments but not management (Table 3 presents amend- ment means only). Rate of application or size of bark used during composting of the papermill sludge was observed to have only modest effects on plant composition. ...
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Citations
... Mining causes the destruction of natural ecosystems by removing soil and vegetation and burying it under waste dumps (Bradshaw, 1997). The restoration of degraded ecosystems is currently the focus of increased attention, which can contribute to improving ecosystem health (Pichtel et al., 1994). The reclamation process provides for the restoration of degraded mine lands by converting them to alternative states that enhance biodiversity and ecological services (Souza et al., 2016). ...
The destruction of soil and vegetation caused by mining, if not prevented through careful planning, is usually extreme, as the original ecosystems have been grossly disturbed or buried in the mining process. A radical reconstruction is therefore necessary. In nature, this happens through the well-known processes of primary succession, without human intervention. In the interests of the economy and the preservation of our natural resources, reclamation should try to involve the same processes. When planning reclamation, it is crucial to clearly define goals, objectives and success criteria to allow for systematic reclamation. The need for methods to assess the effectiveness in achieving environmental and social goals is increasing, especially if agricultural land is to be restored. Over time, reclamation goals may need to be modified depending on the direction of the reclamation succession. The reclamation of mined areas requires the application of monitoring tools to understand the achievement of potential success. This problem can be solved by studying the biodiversity of plant communities and soil factors of mining areas as habitats in industrialized post-mining landscapes. Thus, the reclamation of territories disturbed by industrial activities is planned with the need to correct the trajectory of the restoration process, so it requires indicators that can be used to monitor the success of the planned process. The article tests the following hypotheses: 1) the dynamics of the reclamation process can be monitored using the indices of naturalness and hemeroby; 2) at the initial stages of reclamation, the hemeroby index has an advantage due to its greater sensitivity in this range of anthropogenic transformation levels. The plant community formed as a result of spontaneous growth of the reclamation sites was represented by 70 species of vascular plants. The projective vegetation cover was 22.0 ± 0.30%. In one test plot, 8.4 ± 0.1 plant species were found. The analysis of the synoptic phytosociological table revealed that the vegetation cover of the reclamation site was represented by nine associations from the vegetation classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Stellarietea mediae. The hemeroby of the communities averaged 85.0 ± 0.22. The lowest level of hemeroby was found within the Cirsio-Lactucetum serriolae association. The average level of hemeroby was found for the associations Medicagini lupulinae-Agropyretum repentis, Ambrosio artemisiifoliae-Cirsietum setosi and Carduo acanthoidis-Onopordetum acanthi. The highest level of hemeroby was found for the associations Agropyretum repentis and Convolvulo arvensis-Agropyretum repentis. The highest level of hemeroby was observed in those plant communities formed on lithozems on the red-brown clays, and the lowest formed on the pedozems. A negative correlation was found between hemeroby and naturalness for all lithozems. No statistically significant correlation was found for pedozems. For the classification of associations, environmental factors such as salt content in the soil solution, nitrogen content, ombroclimate, light regime, and naturalness are of greatest importance. The traditional application of the hemeroby scale is to assess the level of anthropogenic transformation of an ecosystem, i.e. to quantify how far the ecosystem has deviated from its natural state. In our study, we use the hemeroby index to observe how the plant community returns to its natural state, which can be considered as a marker of the effectiveness of the reclamation process. This approach allows us to contrast the indicators of naturalness and hemeroby, which are formally symmetrical: the higher the hemeroby, the lower the naturalness should be. In a wide range of levels of anthropogenic pressure, this pattern is certainly true. The peculiarity of the naturalness index is that it is more sensitive in the range of anthropogenic transformation that occurs at the initial stages of deviation of the natural community from the natural state at low levels of anthropogenic impact. In turn, the hemeroby index is more sensitive to changes in the community under conditions of a high level of anthropogenic transformation.
... Depending on taxa, elements can be essential in different biological functions and processes (Botté et al., 2022;Rainbow, 2018). According to Pichtel et al. (1994), the list of essential metals includes Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, Co, and Mo. It is worth noting that whether essential or not, elements could be toxic at high concentrations for organisms (Price et al., 2023). ...
In this investigation, we screened the elements contamination and biomarkers responses in the American lobster,
Homarus americanus from Bay of Fundy and St Mary’s Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada. To this end, concentrations of
15 element; As, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Se, Mo, Mn, Sr, Hg, Pb, Co, Ni, Ca and Mg, in hepatopancreas, muscle and shell of
lobsters were determined. Mo, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni and Fe reached their maximum in the hepatopancreas with
1.95, 123.56, 839.05, 59.47, 0.91, 2.11 and 79.15 μg g 1 DW respectively. While As, Hg and Se recorded their
maximum in the muscles with 82.04, 1.10, 12.45 μg g 1 DW and Pb, Mn, Mg, Ca and Sr reached their highest
concentrations in the shell with 1.82, 319, 12490.65, 195844.42 and 2411.52 μg g 1 DW respectively. Thus,
Glutathione S Transferase (GST) and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) biomarkers were analyzed in addition to total
protein blood concentration. Our results revealed that the American lobster could prevent the element toxicity by
moving non-essential elements to the shell and absorb those essentials from the shell to the soft tissues during the
deep-shallow water migration. In addition, according to national and international standards guidelines concentrations,
we can assume that the edible muscles of lobsters from Bay of Fundy and St. Mary’s Bay are in good
quality for all studied elements except for Se. Moreover, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed clear
segregation between the elements that are classified as toxic and those classified as essentials
... The improvement in nutrients (sulfates, bicarbonates, carbonates, phosphorus, potassium, boron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, manganese) in acid soils was found after the application of an ash concentration of 5-10%, g/g [28,[84][85][86][87][88][89]. The agronomic properties of the soil were improved , and the phosphorus retention capacity of the soil and phosphorus adsorption increased [59,95]. ...
In the current context of the increase in the amount of municipal solid waste as a result of the development of urbanization, in this paper we have analyzed the impact of the use of fly ash obtained from the incineration of municipal solid waste in agriculture on the development of plants as an improver of acidic soils due to the nutrients it contains. We presented ash treatment methods to reduce the content of heavy metals and salts. Based on the studies in the literature, it was found that by adding certain concentrations of fly ash to degraded soils, the quality, porosity, and texture of the soil are improved; the yield of certain crops increases; the water retention capacity of the soil and soil aeration are improved; the density of the soil bulk; the compactness of the soil is reduced; the pH value is optimized; the electrical conductivity of the soil is increased; the crust formation is reduced; and it provides micronutrients to the soil. In the context of the circular economy, by using fly ash as an organic fertilizer in agriculture, the amount of chemical fertilizers harmful to agricultural crops is reduced, the problem of ash storage is solved, and thus it no longer pollutes the environment.
... In problematic soils, in particular acid soils, where acidity, low nutrient availability, and toxicity are concerns for general soil use and management [7], OF's are important [8]. The importance of OF's are not limited to their role as reservoirs of soil nutrients but the management of acidity and toxicity as two important issues that affect soil productivity [9]. ...
The different sources of organic fertilizers when available in soil play significant role in establishing appropriate microbial ecology, making available soil nutrients, moisture levels, and changing the biochemical and biophysical properties. In problematic soils, in particular acid soils, where acidity, low nutrient availability, and toxicity are concerns for general soil use, organic fertilizers are important. The importance of organic fertilizers is not limited to their role as a source of reservoir of soil nutrients, moisture, and ameliorants to soil properties that determine soil fertility status but the management of acidity and toxicity as two factors that affect soil productivity. Soil acidity and its associated problem, toxicity, is not only a problem for plant productivity, hence livestock production but soil microbial ecology which is a source of organic fertilizers. This paper has synthesized relevant literature and points out that death microbial, animal, and plant biomass are the main sources of organic fertilizers. It further emphasizes that availability of organic fertilizers improves low soil nutrients status, ameliorates acidity and detoxifies toxicity of toxic cations (Al, Mn, and Fe), and enhances microbial ecology in problematic soils. The underlying mechanisms for these processes, improving soil nutrients, amelioration of soil acidity and detoxification of toxicity have been discussed.
... Michael et al., 2015), OFs are important (Materrechera and Mkhabela, 2002). The importance of OFs are not limited to their roles as reservoirs of soil nutrients but the management of acidity and toxicity as two important issues that affect soil productivity (Pichtel et al., 1994). ...
The different sources of organic fertilizers when available in soils play significant roles in establishing appropriate microbial ecology, make available soil nutrients, moisture levels, and change the biochemical and biophysical properties. In problem soils, in particular acid soils, where acidity, low nutrient availability, and toxicity are concerns for general soil use, organic fertilizers are important. The importance of organic fertilizers is not limited to their roles as a source of the reservoir of soil nutrients, soil moisture, and ameliorants to important soil properties that determine soil fertility status but the management of acidity and toxicity as two important factors that affect soil productivity. Soil acidity and its associated problem, toxicity, is not only a problem for plant productivity, hence livestock production but soil microbial ecology which are the major sources of organic fertilizers. This paper has synthesized relevant literature and point outs that death microbial, animal, and plant biomass as the main sources of organic fertilizers. It is further emphasized that organic availability of organic fertilizers improves low availability of soil nutrients, ameliorates acidity and detoxify toxicity of toxic cations (Al, Mn, and Fe), and enhances microbial ecology of problem soils, globally. The underlying mechanisms for these processes, improving soil nutrients, amelioration of soil acidity and detoxification of toxicity have been discussed.
... Land use is here considered to have two main impacts on Technosols: (a) distribution and allocation of soil constituents as well as physical properties through the type of human actions on the soils (i.e., dumping, excavation, burying and compaction); and (b) chemical composition, linked to the nature of artefacts introduced by the different land uses. Artefact introduction might be due to either passive or unintentional actions (e.g., industrial activities waste unintentionally deposited on/in soils) or active and intentional approaches that notably aim to reclaim degraded soils (generally by using organic amendment) (Pichtel, Dick, & Sutton, 1994;Séré et al., 2008;Šourkov a et al., 2005;Vetterlein & Hüttl, 1999). ...
Technosols, which are soils strongly impacted by human activity, are becoming increasingly common. To date, there has been little study of the share of the global soil carbon budget made up of carbon in Technosols or the contribution of Technosols to climate mitigation. A meta-analysis is proposed based on the analysis of 130 articles and consisting in the extraction of 953 observations on soil organic carbon (SOC) content of Technosols and related factors (e.g. climate, land use, nitrogen, bulk density). The mean SOC content of Technosols is 4.3% and SOC stock is 73.2 tC ha⁻¹ for 0-30 cm layer. The SOC content does not decrease significantly with depth and it shows high variability, even within same depth layers. Climate has a significant effect on SOC content, especially in the upper soil layer. Land use (mainly urban, mining or industrial) shows a significant effect when considering all depths and is related to the nature of the constitutive artefacts. Unlike natural and agricultural soils, no correlation is observed with the depth nor the nature and presence of vegetation.
This meta-analysis highlights the strong originality and diversity of Technosols, compared to other soils. Compared to other existing Reference Soil Groups, they are undoubtedly among the soils with the highest carbon stocks per unit area in the pedosphere
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... Site conditions on reclaimed mined lands are often harsh and unconducive to tree growth: rocky, low-fertility soil-substitute material compiled from excavated strata (i.e. spoil) is commonly used to replace the original soil layer, offering reduced root stability and absorption potential (Thompson et al. 1987) and increasing the available concentration of toxic leachates (Pichtel et al. 1994). In addition to the quality of soil substitute, the method of spoil preparation during reclamation guides the course of future vegetation dynamics. ...
Rising mineral and fossil fuel demand have accelerated the global prevalence of surface mining, resulting in adverse impacts to many forest ecosystems. Post-mining reclamation techniques, specifically spoil preparation methods, can influence reforestation success and the trajectory of future stand dynamics. Compaction is a common post-mining spoil stabilization technique but consequently creates high-density rooting media unconducive to forest succession. In the eastern USA, mine operators have traditionally attempted mine reforestation in compacted soils, achieving little success. In 1996–1997, a series of reforestation plots were created on a reclaimed surface mine in eastern Kentucky, USA, to evaluate the impacts of post-mining spoil preparation on plantation development of six native tree species. We conducted follow-up inventories 19 years after planting to elucidate the effect of three spoil preparation methods on tree growth, stand structure, and natural regeneration during the initial period of the stem exclusion stage of stand development. Low compaction reclamation techniques prior to tree planting generally resulted in higher survival and larger trees of all species nearly two decades after establishment when compared with compacted spoil. Natural recruitment and relative percentage of native colonizing species were also inversely correlated with level of grading treatment. Height and biomass growth of plantations in low-compaction treatments approximated those of naturally regenerating stands in unmined forests during similar periods. Study findings indicate that choice of spoil preparation technique during initial stages of reclamation guides forest dynamics up to two decades after planting and that loose-dump and strike-off treatments each promote favorable long-term growth trajectories.
... So ecological evaluation is particularly important. The conservation and restoration of degraded ecosystems were currently receiving increased attention [4]. There are many study aspects for ecological restoration evaluation, mainly in scale, object, method and index system. ...
The Loess Plateau in China is an important area for mineral resources and therefore heavily exploited. As a measure to solve the conflict between conservation and development, ecological restoration has attracted more and more attention. More methods are needed to assess their effectiveness in achieving ecological and social goals. To adequately assess the effectiveness of natural restoration, the naturalness index (NI) has been developed to evaluate restoration effectiveness based on the Soil nutrient index (SNI), community composition index (CCI), and community succession index (CSI). By developing and applying of the NI to an open-pit mining area on Loess plateau, northwest China, the results show that: (i) In the study area, the cumulative dominance index of perennial grasses, the community function index, soil organic matter, and soil hydrolysable nitrogen greatly explained the community development. (ii) All the indicators values have changed with the increase of revolution time, the value of SNI increase obviously than the CCI and CSI comparing with the control plot, which indicated that the soil nutrient could be completely restored more easily. (iii) According to the Logistic Growth Model between NI and restoration time, it can be deduced that an ecosystem similar to the original ecosystem could be established after about 29 years of natural restoration.
... The content of sewage sludge amendment used here is about 10 times lower than that used by Pitchel et al. (1994) for an abandoned mine land, and similar to that used by Rate et al. (2004) for mine rehabilitation with stockpiled topsoil. The effect of this amendment on plant growth was clearly positive and similar to that observed for AMF inoculated plants, whether considering plant height progression or plant weight 528 days after plantation. ...
The ecological restauration of nickel mining-degraded areas in New Caledonia is strongly limited by soil mineral nutrient deficiencies, heavy metal toxicity and slow growth rate of the native plant species. The improvement of revegetation technics needs multidisciplinary knowledge. A field experiment with relocated topsoil was assessed to test plant inoculation with a mix of three selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) combined with sewage sludge amendment of the soil. Metrosideros laurifolia seedlings, an endemic Myrtaceae, were inoculated with the mixed AMF isolates and grown in a nursery for 18 months before being planted. 528 days after plantation, the dry weight of inoculated plants was 4 times higher than non-inoculated ones. AMF inoculated plants growing in sewage sludge amended soil showed a dry weight more than seven times higher than control plants. These differences were positively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization. However at this stage, AMF inoculated isolates were reduced in roots of M. laurifolia and replaced by several AMF indigenous species. This AMF diversity was higher in inoculated plants and in non-amended plots. Inoculated plants were characterized by a better mineral nutrition, a higher Ca/Mg ratio and a lower heavy metal translocation. In conclusion, this study showed that AMF inoculation combined with sewage sludge amendment of soil can improve ecological restoration of ultramafic mine-degraded areas.
... Previous studies showed that land application of SS not only produces favorable plant yield responses, but also improves soil physiochemical and biological properties (Xue and Huang, 2013;Grobelak et al., 2017;Wu et al., 2017;Mohamed et al., 2018). For example, Pichtel et al. (1994) found that paper-mill sludge and SS amendments could successfully reclaim AML containing pyritic soil. These previous studies indicate that SS can be effectively applied to restore soil fertility during AML revegetation. ...
Improving soil fertility is a critical component of abandoned rare-earth mine land (ARL) revegetation. To study the effects of sewage sludge (SS), earthworms, and Jatropha curcas in ARL revegetation, SS (40% in mass ratio) and earthworms (0, 40, 60, and 80 individual adult Eisenia fetida kg-1) were applied to abandoned rare-earth mine land soil (ARLS) and then J. curcas was grown in a potting experiment. The organic carbon, nutrients (N, P, K) and heavy metals (HMs; Cd, Cu, Zn) contents in ARLS and the biomass and nutrients uptake in J. curcas were significantly increased by SS amendment. Application of 80 individual E. fetida kg-1 significantly increased availability of P and K in SS-amended ARLS relative to other treatments. Earthworms increased the height, ground diameter and biomass of J. curcas, but the promotion of biomass became weaker as earthworm density increased. After J. curcas harvest, the contents of Cd, Cu and Zn in SS-amended ARLS were reduced by 15%, 23%, and 19%, respectively. With the joint application of J. curcas and earthworms, a much larger decrease in contents of Cd (34-40%), Cu (31-44%) and Zn (24-29%) in SS-amended ARLS were observed, and the HMs ecological risks were reduced from "moderate potential" to "low potential". Moreover, J. curcas and earthworms together exerted more reduction in the exchangeable fraction HMs in SS-amended ARLS than J. curcas alone. Our results suggest that the integrated application of SS, earthworms and J. curcas is an effective approach for ARL revegetation.
