Fig 3 - uploaded by Pedro Jiménez-Mejías
Content may be subject to copyright.
Analysis of the population genetic structure of Naufraga balearica based on AFLP markers. Colours represent genetic clusters obtained in BAPS: red, cluster I; yellow, cluster II; blue, cluster III; green, cluster IV. Populations are labelled as in Table 1. (A) Neighbour-joining tree of AFLP genotypes. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (in percentage). (B) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Values for the first three axes are plotted, and percentage of variation explained by each axis is shown in brackets. (C) Genetic clustering of individuals based on Bayesian analysis in BAPS. The result of the admixture analysis is shown. Each vertical bar represents a single individual, with colours representing the genetic contributions of the four genetic clusters detected in the mixture analysis. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Source publication
Narrow endemics constitute the cornerstone of Mediterranean plant diversity. Naufraga balearica (Apiaceae) is a critically endangered, extremely narrow endemic plant from the western Mediterranean island of Majorca. Because the species belongs to a monotypic genus, N. balearica was hypothesized to be a palaeoendemism. Here we conducted phylogenetic...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... final AFLP matrix had 185 characters. Gene diversity for the whole species was 0.27. Only one sample was identified as a putative clone considering an error rate of 2%. The highest population diversity and rarity (DW) values were found in population FON, while ORE displayed the lowest values ( Table 1). The NJ tree (Fig. 3A), the PCoA (Fig. 3B) and the BAPS analysis (Fig. 3C) recovered congruent results. All three analyses revealed four distinct genetic clusters, each constituted by individuals from one or two populations. All individuals from each of the populations belonged to one of the clusters detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). Clusters I, II and III were ...
Context 2
... final AFLP matrix had 185 characters. Gene diversity for the whole species was 0.27. Only one sample was identified as a putative clone considering an error rate of 2%. The highest population diversity and rarity (DW) values were found in population FON, while ORE displayed the lowest values ( Table 1). The NJ tree (Fig. 3A), the PCoA (Fig. 3B) and the BAPS analysis (Fig. 3C) recovered congruent results. All three analyses revealed four distinct genetic clusters, each constituted by individuals from one or two populations. All individuals from each of the populations belonged to one of the clusters detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). Clusters I, II and III were formed by individuals ...
Context 3
... 185 characters. Gene diversity for the whole species was 0.27. Only one sample was identified as a putative clone considering an error rate of 2%. The highest population diversity and rarity (DW) values were found in population FON, while ORE displayed the lowest values ( Table 1). The NJ tree (Fig. 3A), the PCoA (Fig. 3B) and the BAPS analysis (Fig. 3C) recovered congruent results. All three analyses revealed four distinct genetic clusters, each constituted by individuals from one or two populations. All individuals from each of the populations belonged to one of the clusters detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). Clusters I, II and III were formed by individuals from populations COV, COL and ...
Context 4
... the lowest values ( Table 1). The NJ tree (Fig. 3A), the PCoA (Fig. 3B) and the BAPS analysis (Fig. 3C) recovered congruent results. All three analyses revealed four distinct genetic clusters, each constituted by individuals from one or two populations. All individuals from each of the populations belonged to one of the clusters detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). Clusters I, II and III were formed by individuals from populations COV, COL and ORE respectively, while cluster IV included individuals from the adjacent populations FON and CAP. No admixture between genetic clusters was detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). In the population-based AMOVA (Table 2), similar percentages of variation were found ...
Context 5
... All individuals from each of the populations belonged to one of the clusters detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). Clusters I, II and III were formed by individuals from populations COV, COL and ORE respectively, while cluster IV included individuals from the adjacent populations FON and CAP. No admixture between genetic clusters was detected by BAPS (Fig. 3C). In the population-based AMOVA (Table 2), similar percentages of variation were found within (53.42%) and among (46.58%) populations. When analysing BAPS groups, higher variation was found among groups (36.55%) than among populations within group IV (11.99%) ( Table 2). The result of the Mantel test was not significant (R 2 = 0.0598; P ...
Context 6
... geographic structure of genetic diversity displayed by Naufraga is striking, particularly for an outcrossing species (Hamrick and Godt, 1996). AFLP markers revealed very strong differentiation and no evidence of recent gene flow between four clusters located at a maximum distance of 10 km in a straight line (Fig. 3). This is congruent with previous results based on RAPD markers (Fridlender and Boisselier-Dubayle, 2000). This remarkable structure would be the result of genetic drift acting on small isolated populations (Ellstrand and Elam, 1993). The absence of gene flow between nearby populations can be explained by life history traits, ...
Context 7
... mechanism (Fridlender, 2001;Moragues, 2005), which probably contributes to the lack of gene flow and strong differentiation between populations. Indeed, populations FON and CAP, separated by c. 1 km, display differentiation as based on ptDNA sequences (no shared haplotypes; Fig. 2), but are undifferentiated according to nuclear AFLP markers (Fig. 3). Given that plastids seem to be maternally inherited in Apiaceae ( Corriveau and Coleman, 1988), and therefore dispersed by seeds, the ptDNA differentiation pattern between FON and CAP suggests that gene flow by seeds is highly restricted in Naufraga. F. balearica also shows geographically structured genetic diversity over short ...
Similar publications
Dipteronia Oliv. is an endangered genus found in China with two species, D. sinensis and D. dyeriana. Previous morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular studies have suggested that D. dyeriana is a species related to D. sinensis. However, it is unclear how the two species diverged and whether gene flow exists between these two species. Here, we per...
Citations
... The impact of the dry climate had important effects not only on the Western Palearctic but also across the entire Northern Hemisphere [77]. These events led to important diversification events, supported by growing evidence for species in the western Mediterranean [78][79][80]. These changes were likely what caused the greatest radiation of flax species in the Mediterranean Basin, producing its current status as a Linoideae hotspot. ...
... The pink color also emerged in the Eurasian species L. viscosum and L. pubescens in clade A in the late Miocene-Pliocene and more recently in the Asian genera Anisadenia and Tirpitzia during the Pliocene-Pleistocene (~2.5 Ma). This last epoch was characterized by glacial and interglacial cycles that resulted in the evolution and migration of many plant lineages, favoring their diversification to alternate environments [79]. It is currently known that the Mediterranean Basin served as a refuge for many species during the Tertiary and Quaternary glaciations and as a source for the subsequent colonization of adjacent areas as Asia regions [94]. ...
The taxonomy of the subfamily Linoideae at the intergeneric and section levels has been questioned throughout the years, and the evolution of floral characters remains poorly understood. In particular, the evolution of flower color is still uncertain, despite its ecological importance and being one of the most variable and striking traits in Angiospermae. We evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of the genera and sections and used the phylogeny to reconstruct the ancestral state of flower color. The results suggest reevaluating the taxonomic status of segregated genera and re-incorporating them into Linum. Four of the five sections currently accepted were recovered as monophyletic (Cathartolinum, Dasylinum, Linum, and Syllinum). We propose accepting the section Stellerolinon and reevaluating Linopsis, whose representatives were recovered in three separate clades. The ancestral flower color for Linoideae was yellow-white. The flower colors purple and yellow-white were recovered at the deepest nodes of the two main clades. Pink, blue, and red colors were the most recent to evolve. These results appear to be related to diversification events, biogeographical history, and ecological aspects of the subfamily. Our reconstruction constitutes the first plausible scenario that explores the evolution of flower color, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on the flax group.
... Therefore, research on and the protection of these sink populations are considered to be essential for maintaining the genetic integrity of large-scale metapopulations. Hitherto, the conservation of genetic resources has mainly focused on native or endemic rare and endangered species in global biodiversity hotspots, such as the Andes Mountains, Mediterranean Basin, eastern Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains in the tropics and subtropics [35][36][37][38]. However, some widespread natural resources, typically with medicinal or economic value, experiencing diversity reduction in temperate arid regions have not been sufficiently recognized and effectively protected [39]. ...
As a Tertiary Tethyan relict, Capparis spinosa is a typical wind-preventing and sand-fixing deciduous subshrub in arid central Asia. Due to its medicinal and energy value, this species is at risk of potential threat from human overexploitation, habitat destruction and resource depletion. In this study, our purpose was to evaluate the conservation strategies of C. spinosa according to its genetic structure characteristics and genetic diversity pattern among 37 natural distributional populations. Based on genomic SNP data generated from dd-RAD sequencing, genetic diversity analysis, principal component analysis, maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and ADMIXTURE clustering, the significant population structure and differentiation were explored. The results showed the following: (1) Six distinct lineages were identified corresponding to geographic locations, and various levels of genetic diversity existed among the lineages for the natural habitat heterogeneity or human interferences; (2) The lineage divergences were influenced by isolation by distances, vicariance and restricted gene flow under complex topographic and climatic conditions. Finally, for the preservation of the genetic integrity of C. spinosa, we suggest that conservation units should be established corresponding to different geographic groups, and that attention should be paid to isolated and peripheral populations that are experiencing biodiversity loss. Simultaneously, monitoring and reducing anthropogenic disturbances in addition to rationally and sustainably utilizing wild resources would be beneficial to guarantee population resilience and evolutionary potential of this xerophyte in response to future environmental changes.
... Barret and Kohn, 1991;Ellstrand and Elam, 1993;Honnay and Jacquemyn, 2007), the results for M. catharinensis do not support the hypothesized loss of genetic diversity, which should reflect high levels of inbreeding, as a consequence of reduced population size and narrow endemism. Although contradictory to theoretical predictions, unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity are not unusual for narrow endemics (e.g., Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2014;Jiménez-Mejías et al., 2015;Turchetto et al., 2016;Forrest et al., 2017;Goetze et al., 2018;Sękiewicz et al., 2020;Bard et al., 2021;Garcia-Jacas et al., 2021), creating an indistinct pattern for this kind of plant species. For instance, in the studies by Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2014) and Jiménez-Mejías et al. (2015), the authors highlight the paradox of genetic diversity levels in narrow and extremely narrow endemic plant species from the Mediterranean. ...
... Although contradictory to theoretical predictions, unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity are not unusual for narrow endemics (e.g., Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2014;Jiménez-Mejías et al., 2015;Turchetto et al., 2016;Forrest et al., 2017;Goetze et al., 2018;Sękiewicz et al., 2020;Bard et al., 2021;Garcia-Jacas et al., 2021), creating an indistinct pattern for this kind of plant species. For instance, in the studies by Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2014) and Jiménez-Mejías et al. (2015), the authors highlight the paradox of genetic diversity levels in narrow and extremely narrow endemic plant species from the Mediterranean. While Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2014) found moderate levels of genetic diversity for Naufraga balearica, Jiménez-Mejías et al. (2015) reported high levels of genetic diversity for Pseudomisopates rivas-martinezii. ...
... For instance, in the studies by Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2014) and Jiménez-Mejías et al. (2015), the authors highlight the paradox of genetic diversity levels in narrow and extremely narrow endemic plant species from the Mediterranean. While Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2014) found moderate levels of genetic diversity for Naufraga balearica, Jiménez-Mejías et al. (2015) reported high levels of genetic diversity for Pseudomisopates rivas-martinezii. In comparison to previous genetic assessments for narrow endemics in the same regions, the authors (Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2014;Jiménez-Mejías et al., 2015) found that, although some species have low genetic variability, most species showed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity (e.g., Sales et al., 2001;Coppi et al., 2008;Mameli et al., 2008;Mayol et al., 2012;De Castro et al., 2013;Forrest et al., 2017;Sękiewicz et al., 2020;Garcia-Jacas et al., 2021). ...
Intraspecific genetic variation plays a fundamental role in maintaining the evolutionary potential of wild populations. Hence, the assessment of genetic diversity patterns becomes essential to guide biodiversity conservation policies, particularly for threatened species. To inform management strategies for conservation of Mimosa catharinensis – a narrow endemic, critically endangered plant species – we identified 1,497 unlinked SNP markers derived from a reduced representation sequencing method (i.e., double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing, or ddRADseq). This set of molecular markers was employed to assess intrapopulation genetic parameters and the demographic history of one extremely small population of M. catharinensis (N=33) located in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Contrary to what is expected for narrow endemic and threatened species with small population sizes, we observed a moderate level of genetic diversity for M. catharinensis [uH E(0%missing data)=0.205, 95% CI (0.160, 0.250); uH E(30%missing data)=0.233, 95% CI (0.174, 0.292)]. Interestingly, M. catharinensis, which is a lianescent shrub with no indication of seed production for at least two decades, presented high levels of outcrossing [t (0%missing data)=0.883, SE±0.0483; t (30%missing data)=0.909, SE±0.011] and an apparent absence of inbreeding [F (0%missing data)=−0.145, 95% CI (−0.189, −0.101); F (30%missing data)=−0.105, 95% CI (−0.199, −0.011)]. However, the reconstruction of demographic history of M. catharinensis indicated that the population should be suffered a recent bottleneck. Our population genomic study tackles a central issue in evolution and conservation biology and we expect that it will be useful to help safeguard the remaining genetic diversity reported for this unique genetic resource.
... However, recent studies have shown that most Mediterranean plants considered as NES show moderate to high levels of genetic diversity (Fernández-Mazuecos, 2014;Forrest et al., 2017;Jiménez-Mejías, 2015;López-Pujol et al., 2013). Such genetic data for NES from tropical areas such as Eastern Amazon are still scarce. ...
The quillwort Isoëtes cangae is a critically endangered species occurring in a single lake in Serra dos Carajás, Eastern Amazon. Low genetic diversity and small effective population sizes (N e) are expected for narrow endemic species (NES). Conservation biology studies centered in a single species show some limitations, but they are still useful considering the limited time and resources available for protection of species at risk of extinction. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure, N e , and minimum viable population (MVP) of I. cangae to provide information for effective conservation programs. Our analyses were based on 55 individuals collected from the Amendoim Lake and 35,638 neutral SNPs. Our results indicated a single panmictic population, moderate levels of genetic diversity, and N e in the order of thousands, contrasting the expected for NES. Negative F IS values were also found, suggesting that I. cangae is not under risk of inbreeding depression. Our findings imply that I. cangae contains enough genetic diversity to ensure evolutionary potential and that all individuals should be treated as one demographic unit. These results provide essential information to optimize ex situ conservation efforts and genetic diversity monitoring, which are currently applied to guide I. cangae conservation plans. K E Y W O R D S conservation genetics, effective population size, genomic skimming, isoetaceae, narrow endemic species (NES)
... Rocky habitats are presumed to be long-term persistent habitats that have offered opportunities for conserving specific ecological niches [52]. In this sense, it would be highly advisable to characterize the climatic niche of the two Petrocoptis taxa at the microclimatic scale (with several data loggers monitoring the local conditions of the rocky outcrops for 1-2 years, e.g., [53]). Such a design would be able to discern whether the niche differentiation at the macroclimatic scale can be transferred to the microclimatic one. ...
Petrocoptis montsicciana and P. pardoi are two Iberian endemic taxa of Caryophyllaceae family with an unclear taxonomic delimitation, being variously treated as independent species, subspecies or even synonyms. In the present study, allozyme raw data obtained in the early 2000s have been reused with improved tools to survey genetic structure, and complemented with modeling and niche comparative analyses to shed light on species delimitation. Genetic structure was investigated using four approaches: Bayesian clustering, Monmonier’s algorithm, Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA). Ecological niche differences have been assessed through Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) using MaxEnt, and Principal Component Analysis using both occurrence records and background climate (PCA-env). Genetic analysis confirms the distinction between both taxa, and the scenario of a progenitor–derivative (P–D) is suggested. In agreement with genetic data, niche analysis shows clear differences between their climate regarding species occurrences and background spaces. Climate divergence could be explained, at least partially, by the abundance of rocks where species live although differences at the microclimate instead of the regional climate should be explored in future research. Given the genetic distinction between P. montsicciana and P. pardoi, both taxa should be regarded as separate ‘Management Units’ (MUs).
... The genetic diversity of Aethionema retsina and Convolvulus argyrothamnos is similar to that expected for long-lived perennials (uHe: 0.25; [110]) and other extremely narrow Mediterranean endemics [33,111,112]. The same is true for Saponaria jagelii, which has an uHe value close to what [110] reports for endemic species and within the range of other extremely narrow Mediterranean endemics [33,111,112]; the uHe value for Allium iatrouinum falls within the upper quartile of other extremely narrow Mediterranean endemics [33]. ...
... The genetic diversity of Aethionema retsina and Convolvulus argyrothamnos is similar to that expected for long-lived perennials (uHe: 0.25; [110]) and other extremely narrow Mediterranean endemics [33,111,112]. The same is true for Saponaria jagelii, which has an uHe value close to what [110] reports for endemic species and within the range of other extremely narrow Mediterranean endemics [33,111,112]; the uHe value for Allium iatrouinum falls within the upper quartile of other extremely narrow Mediterranean endemics [33]. Besides, a narrow geographical range does not necessarily equate to low genetic diversity, since many narrow endemic plant taxa display moderate to high genetic diversity [112]. ...
The Mediterranean basin constitutes one of the largest global biodiversity hotspots, hosting more than 11,000 endemic plants, and it is recognised as an area with a high proportion of threatened taxa. Nevertheless, only a tiny fraction of the threatened Mediterranean endemics have their genetic diversity assessed, and we are unaware if and how climate change might impact their conservation status. This is even more pronounced in Eastern Mediterranean countries with a rich endemic flora, such as Greece, which hosts a large portion of the plant taxa assessed at the European level under the IUCN criteria. Using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and species distribution models, we analysed the genetic diversity and investigated the impacts of climate change on four critically endangered and extremely narrow and rare Greek island endemic plants, namely Aethionema retsina, Allium iatrouinum, Convolvulus argyrothamnos, and Saponaria jagelii. All four species are facing intense anthropogenic threats and display moderate genetic diversity (uHe: 0.254–0.322), while climate change is expected to have a profound impact on their range size during the coming decades. A combination of in- and ex-situ measures, such as population reinforcement and seed bank conservation, are urgently needed in order to preserve these highly threatened and rare Greek endemics.
... This is in contrast with other research regarding palaeoendemic Mediterranean species that found higher genetic diversity levels (e.g., Petagnaea gussonei (Spreng.) Rauschert, De Castro et al. 2013), while low genetic diversity is generally related to founder events of neoendemics (Fernández-Mazuecos et al. 2014). ...
... In most cases, this could imply the reduction of the plant's ability to adapt in a climatechange scenario. The areas having these types of habitats are not interconnected and the dispersal capacity of many of the resident plants is severely limited due to specialization (Fernández-Mazuecos et al. 2014). ...
Background – Biodiversity loss is a problem that needs to be urgently addressed, particularly with the uncertainties of climate change. Current conservation policies principally focus on endangered species but they often give little consideration to the evolutionary processes, genetic diversity, or the rarity of non-endangered species. Endemic species occurring in rocky habitats that are undergoing exceptional habitat loss appear to be one of the most important candidates for conservation. The aim is to establish in situ and ex situ conservation recommendations for the Mediterranean endemic species Arenaria balearica.Material and methods – Arenaria balearica is a species endemic to the Mediterranean with a disjunct distribution range throughout Majorca, Corsica, Sardinia, and other small Tyrrhenian islands. A combination of molecular techniques (AFLPs and plastid DNA) was employed to determine genetic diversity and rarity across populations and to calculate the Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs). Moreover, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were developed to assess the potential current distribution and the expected situation under future climatic scenarios.Key results – To preserve the genetic diversity and rarity of the species, in situ conservation is proposed for six populations as RGUCs. Moreover, as the RGUCs can only account for a part of the phylogeographic signal, ex situ conservation is also suggested for some additional populations. According to the results, the habitat suitability in the 2050 scenario is limited and suitable areas for A. balearica could have disappeared by 2070. Therefore, the persistence of the species could be in danger in a short period of time and conservation planning becomes necessary.
... Naufraga balearica Constance & Cannon (Apiaceae) (hereafter Naufraga; Fig. 1a) was first described by Constance and Cannon (1967) (see Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2014). This plant is a perennial herb with five known populations on the island of Majorca (Balearic Islands; Fig. 1b). ...
Geography and climate have been the main drivers of evolution in recent geological epochs. While new lineages of species have been formed in the last millions of years (speciation) and others have vanished as a result of historical climate changes (extinction), some ancient lineages appear to have persisted to the present day without net diversification. In this paper, evolution of ancient lineages is addressed by combining phylogenetic and conservation approaches to test the concept of 'endangered living fossil' (ELF). Using endangered, mono-specific genera as starting point, we propose three criteria to identify ELFs (in order): (1) scarcity and narrow distribution of populations, i.e. the species (and thus the genus) is categorised as either 'endangered' or 'critically endangered' using IUCN criteria; (2) evolutionary distinctiveness, i.e. phylogenetic singularity of a single-species lineage as a result of a null net diversification rate; (iii) ancient divergence, i.e. split from the closest extant relatives predating the dramatic climate changes of particular geological epochs (specifically changes since the Miocene-Pliocene boundary). The vascular flora of the Iberian Peninsula offers a suitable study system to reliably test the ELF concept. Indeed, time-calibrated phylogenies revealed that five of the six critically endangered, monospecific genera endemic to the Iberian Peninsula are ELFs. These five genera appear to have diverged from their closest relatives in the Oligocene (Gyrocaryum), Miocene (Avellara, Castrilanthemum, Gadoria) and around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (Naufraga). This result entails long-term survival (with no net diversification) through at least three dramatic climate changes: the Messinian Salinity Crisis (late Miocene), the establishment of the mediterranean climate (Pliocene), and the glacial-interglacial cycles (Pleistocene). Using results from the literature, we found examples of ELFs for the mediterranean floras of California (Dodecahema), Chile (Avellanita, Gomortega, Legrandia) and other Mediterranean areas of Europe (Petagnaea, Phitosia). ELFs are unique and threatened lineages representing an exceptional evolutionary heritage, and therefore they should be prioritised in biodiversity research and conservation programs.
... In sum, we call attention to the importance of not only extending DNA sequencing with new molecular techniques in phylogeographic studies, but also sampling a high number of populations and individuals in the field with the guidance of SDM techniques. This is particularly true for addressing specific phylogeographic questions for species with low genetic diversity and widespread distribution (Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2014, Forrest et al., 2017. Although our results are based on maternally inherited, non-recombinant cpDNA sequences because of our focus on colonization patterns (Vargas et al., 2015), the use of nuclear DNA can provide additional insights into the phylogeographic history of species. ...
Accurate inference in phylogeography requires appropriate sampling strategies. Complex questions demand a large sample size at both the population and genetic levels to obtain precise reconstructions. This is the case of the phylogeographic history of Cistus monspeliensis, a plant that displays low plastid (cpDNA) diversity in the Mediterranean Basin but high diversity in the Canary Islands. Here, we aimed to search for additional plastid diversity to help identify Mediterranean refugial areas and to accurately quantify inter‐island colonization events in the Canaries. Using a previous study as starting point, we increased sample size in two ways: (i) additional sampling of plastid genetic markers (from 1,041 to 1,899 bp); and (ii) additional sampling of populations (from 47 to 69) in long‐term persistence areas suggested by species distribution modeling (SDM). The synergy between SDM and extended population sampling helped find higher cpDNA diversity. Our deeper phylogeographic sampling of C. monspeliensis revealed: (i) potential refugia in long‐term persistence areas with high cpDNA diversity in western Europe and the Canary Islands; and (ii) a significant increase (from 7 to 12) in the number of inferred inter‐island colonization events across the archipelago. Our results stress the usefulness of SDM to identify a genetic signature associated with potential refugial areas. We herein propose a field sampling approach based on SDM that, in combination with a larger cpDNA sampling, can help answer a wide array of phylogeographic questions, such as location of Quaternary refugia and number of colonizations across archipelagos.
... mya; Figs. 2, 3). The Western Mediterranean island endemics Arum pictum and Naufraga balearica Constance & Cannon and the Corso-Sardinian lineage of Ruta are also dated to the Miocene/Mio-Pliocene (Mansion & al., 2008;Salvo & al., 2010;Fernández-Mazuecos & al., 2014). In the ancestors of Arum pictum and the CorsoSardinian lineage of Ruta, colonization of Corso-Sardinia from the Mediterranean via land bridges and the subsequent split of the Corso-Sardinian-Calabro-Peloritan microplate from the Apulian microplate ca. ...
