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Two studies examined the effects of individual differences identified by the Confluence Model of aggression against women [Malamuth Linz, Hevey et al., 1995] and the General Aggression Model [GAM: Anderson and Carnagey, 2004] as predictors of male-on-female aggression. Study 1, a correlational study, found that hostile masculinity predicts self-rep...
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Context 1
... constellation of variables identified by the Confluence Model as predictors (both concurrently and longitudinally in some studies) fits nicely into GAM's predictions as what general types of individual difference variables likely play a role in various forms of human aggression. Figure 5 displays one such integration, focusing on episodic process of GAM included in Figure 1. The Confluence Model adds more specific individual difference variables as inputs that influence the person's present internal state, variables that are specific to male-on-female aggression. ...
Citations
... Sin embargo, sí hay diferencias entre las puntuaciones de hombres y mujeres en SH, siendo los hombres los que puntúan más alto (Zakrisson et al., 2012). Además, es el SH el que se relaciona más directamente con la perpetración de la violencia de género (Allen et al., 2009;Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Dosil et al., 2020;Lynch & Renzetti, 2020;Malonda et al., 2018) y la gravedad de la misma (Boira et al., 2017), llegando a ser un buen predictor de la agresión sexual (Murnen et al., 2002). También se ha señalado que, no es sólo el SH el que predice la violencia, sino que también hay que tener en cuenta contexto en el cual se produzca (Cross et al., 2017). ...
La violencia de género es un problema de salud pública por lo que su prevención es importante. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar factores que puedan predecir actitudes sexistas, vinculados con la violencia de género. Participaron 450 estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada, (99 hombres y 341 mujeres) de distintas ramas del conocimiento y cursos, con una edad media de 21,14 años. Completaron un dossier con instrumentos para evaluar: deseabilidad social, actitudes sexistas, agresividad, desregulación emocional y empatía. Los resultados muestran que el sexo, la religión, diferentes escalas de la agresividad, la desregulación emocional y la empatía predicen las actitudes sexistas y la justificación de la violencia hacia las mujeres. Se amplía, el espectro de trabajo para prevenir la violencia de género incidiendo en la hostilidad hacia las mujeres, el reconocimiento de las emociones propias y ajenas y el cuestionamiento de algunos preceptos de las religiones.
... Articles in this domain cover the intimate partner violence phenomenon in terms of support by the masculine hegemonic norms (Gallagher and Parrott 2011;Leone et al., 2016;Lisco et al., 2015;McDermott et al., 2017;Reidy et al., 2014;Smith et al., 2015), genderrelevant situations Franchina et al., 2001;Harrington et al., 2022;Jakupcak et al., 2002;Moore and Stuart, 2004), adolescent perpetrations (Díaz-Aguado and Martínez-Arias 2022; Merino et al., 2021), attachment or emotions (Anderson and Anderson, 2008;Copenhaver et al., 2000;Jakupcak, 2003;Mahalik et al., 2005;McDermott and Lopez, 2013;Zapata-Calvente et al., 2019) and even ostracism (Chan and Poon, 2023). ...
Introduction
Gender role stress emerges as a concept to try to explain the health difficulties presented by men and women due to gender socialization. Thus, gender role stress arises when individuals feel stressed due to their perceived inability to fulfill the demands of their gender role, or when they believe that a particular situation necessitates behavior traditionally attributed to the opposite gender. To evaluate the presence of gender role stress in individuals, two scales were developed: the masculine gender role stress scale and the feminine gender role scale.
Objective
To identify the main thematic areas studied in the behavioral sciences with the feminine gender role stress scale (FGRSS) and the masculine gender role stress scale (MGRSS) as main variables, specifically examining their contributions to the understanding of the attitudes and behaviors of individuals who are affected by gender role stress. We also aimed to analyze the difference, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in terms of scientific literature produced between the scales.
Method
We followed the preferred items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using systematic techniques, resulting in the inclusion of 87 articles utilizing either of the two scales.
Results
80% (n = 72) of the articles employed the MGRSS, while 20% (n = 18) utilized the FGRSS. The MGRSS articles were also the most frequently cited in the literature. The FGRSS has been predominantly used to examine the implications for women’s well-being, whereas the MGRSS has primarily been employed to predict disruptive behaviors in men.
Conclusion
This scoping review highlights disparities in the scientific literature concerning the examination of feminine and masculine gender role stress and its consequences for people. Specifically, it points out the limited investigation into feminine gender role stress and its ramifications compared to masculine gender role stress. These findings indicates the lack of a gender perspective even in research intended to study it, and outline the importance of more research with a gender perspective where women are the aim of study.
... Moreover, nonviolent men may reap benefits, including power, based on other men's violence within patriarchal societies and spaces (Pascoe & Hollander, 2016). Although all men have their gendered power reinforced by violence against women, various theories and conceptualizations of masculinity also highlight ideological, interpersonal, and emotion-related risks for men's IPV perpetration (see Morris & Ratajczak, 2019 for a review; Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Dahl et al., 2015;DeKeseredy, 2017;Malamuth et al., 1996;Sutton et al., 2020). Specifically, some research indicates that men's IPV is linked to hostile masculinity; social relationships with other men who encourage, condone, and enact violence against women; and the problematic expression of anger. ...
... In turn, some men seek to reestablish power through violence and control of women. Tests of the confluence model also demonstrate connections among early childhood adversity and abuse, hostile masculinity, and violence against women (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Casey et al., 2017;Malamuth et al., 1991). ...
... Across research examining the etiology and consequences of hostile masculinity, there has been a general lack of consistency in the measurement of the construct (see Ray & Parkhill, 2021). However, common components of hostile masculinity include hostility toward women, negative masculine traits or norms, adversarial sexual beliefs, rape myths, and sexual dominance (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Casey et al., 2017;Malamuth et al., 1991Malamuth et al., , 1996Ray & Parkhill, 2021). In a review of 95 studies addressing components of hostile masculinity and sexual violence against women, Ray and Parkhill (2021) found that the most studied components were hostility toward women (72.6% of studies), rape myth acceptance (61.1%), and adversarial sexual beliefs (72.63%) followed by sexual dominance (26.3%) and acceptance of violence (22.1%). ...
Child abuse and masculinity have been linked to intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. However, there is a lack of work examining multiple aspects of masculinity as links between early abuse experiences and men's IPV perpetration. Grounded in notions of gendered power and patriarchy, this study aimed to examine hostile masculinity, male peer support for violence against women, and problematic anger as aspects of masculinity connecting childhood victimization and men's violence against women. Structural equation modeling results demonstrated that childhood adversity was indirectly related to IPV perpetration via the proposed factors. However, various patterns emerged based on the type of childhood abuse experienced. Practice-based implications are offered.
... According to Burnaby et al. (2019) study on the effects of cybersexual harassment, the sexualization of female characters in video games can be necessary to incite virtual sexual harassment toward women. For this study, the General Aggression model is used with the integration of the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression (Anderson & Anderson, 2008). The study highlights that eight out of ten women are sexually beleaguered or assaulted in the workplace in their lifetime, and every fourth out of ten females have experienced virtual sexual harassment. ...
Cyber communication and gender issues have been subjects of sociolinguistic discussions among researchers in recent years. Online gender harassment has become a common phenomenon in the internet era. This harassment is aggravated when sufferers face more persecution due to delay, denial, and in some cases, unavailability of justice from the country's criminal justice system. Though third-world countries have categorized laws dealing with cyber-harassment to deal with cyber- criminals, the same system paves the way for secondary persecution. Past studies show that law enforcement agencies trivializing problems further victimizes the victim. This study is an endeavour to answer the following questions. What kind of cyber threats do Pakistani women face? Why has a country's judicial system failed to control cyber-harassment cases? What steps are required to deal with cyber-harassment? For this purpose, the data is collected from ten online journals and blogs. The study reveals that gender discrepancies, cybercrimes, and increasing reports of violent misogyny on the internet highlight the weakness of the country's security mechanism requires instant measures to be taken by the government by making strict cyber laws and a quick cyber force.
... The way in which music with sexist content activates certain cognitions and behaviours can be explained through the integration of the General Aggression Model with Malamuth's Confluence Model of male-on-female aggression (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Malamuth et al., 1995;Vega & Malamuth, 2007). According to this, the music activates thoughts about both sexuality and hostile masculinity, thus providing, via priming, the cognitive input for both the sexual promiscuity path (related to UWSA) and the hostile masculinity path (related to GH). ...
... La forma en que la música con contenido sexista activa ciertas cogniciones y conductas puede explicarse a través de la integración del Modelo de Agresión General con el Modelo de Confluencia de Malamuth de la agresión de los hombres hacia las mujeres (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Malamuth et al., 1995;Vega & Malamuth, 2007). De acuerdo con esto, la música activa pensamientos sobre sexualidad y masculinidad hostil, proporcionando así, a través del priming, el input cognitivo tanto para la ruta de la promiscuidad sexual (relacionada con ASND) como para la ruta de la masculinidad hostil (relacionada con AG). ...
The music genres reggaeton and dembow have attained worldwide popularity. Their song lyrics and music videos often display sexually explicit contents, conveying the sexual objectification and degradation of women. To test possible effects of this content on sexually harassing behaviour, Dominican males were randomly assigned to watch reggaeton music videos (n = 34), dembow music videos (n = 31) or no videos (n = 32). Afterwards, two forms of sexually harassing behaviour towards a (computer-simulated) woman, gender harassment and unwanted sexual attention, were assessed using a computer chat paradigm. Participants’ short-term mating orientation, hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes, acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA), music preferences and previous exposure to sexist music were also assessed. Results did not show any effects of the music video manipulation on harassing behaviour but revealed correlational links among music preferences, short-term mating orientation, AMMSA, sexist attitudes and displays of unwanted sexual attention. Results are discussed in relation to previous research on the effects of music and attitudinal predictors of sexual harassment conducted in Europe and the USA.
... Hostile sexism is the ideology that refers to negative views of women and characterizes them as incompetent, overly emotional, and mani-Psychology pulative toward men (Schiralli & Chasteen, 2023). Men who hold hostile attitudes toward women have been found to be at greater risk of perpetrating IPV than those who do not hold hostile attitudes toward women (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Glick et al., 2002;Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000). Benevolent sexism is a form of sexism in which people, especially women, who conform to traditional gender roles are viewed in a positive manner (Schiralli & Chasteen, 2023). ...
... 54) toward women accompanied by the sexual desire to control and dominate women (Kohut et al., 2021). Several studies have corroborated the association between hostile masculinity and sexual aggression (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Carr & VanDeusen, 2004;Hall et al., 2006;Hines, 2007;Malamuth et al., 1995;Widman et al., 2013). Dean and Malamuth (1997) reported that sexual aggression was more closely related to hostile masculinity and IS in men with high dominance relative to nurturance compared to men with high nurturance relative to dominance. ...
The present study investigated whether the core constructs of Malamuth's confluence model (i.e., hostility against individuals of the same sex and sexual orientation [HASSO], impersonal sexuality [IS], and high dominance/low nurturance [HDLN]) could predict sexual aggressive behavior (SA) of gay men against other gay men and of lesbian women against other lesbian women. For both gay men (N = 226) and lesbian women (N = 190) regression analysis showed that IS, HDLN, and especially HASSO proved to be important predictors for sexual aggression. The confluence of all three risk factors in terms of a three-way interaction added to the prediction of SA in lesbian women but not in gay men. Overall, the three predictors explained 30% of the variance in SA among men and 62% of the variance in SA among women.
... Students who score high on measures of rape myth acceptancea reliable index of sexist attitudes amongst menare also more likely to report past harmful sexual behaviour (for a review, see Trottier et al., 2021;Yapp & Quayle, 2018), as well as a proclivity towards future sexual assault perpetration (Palmer et al., 2021) an established indicator for later offending behaviours. These risk factors are considered to reflect broader 'hostile masculine' traits associated with university-based sexual aggressiondiscussed in more depth later in this chapterwhich research has shown work in concert with one another to increase male students' risk of sexual perpetration (e.g., Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Malamuth et al., 1991;Ray & Parkhill, 2021;Suarez & Gadalla, 2010). ...
University-based sexual aggression is a pervasive public health issue associated with numerous negative, long-term outcomes. Most scientific literature on the topic has emanated from the US, where researchers possess a solid academic understanding of sexual aggression by male university students - the leading perpetrators of campus-based sexual offences - and have evaluated various harm prevention strategies for tackling the issue. This contrasts with the UK, where academic assessments of male students' illegal sexual behaviours are scant and research evaluating evidence-based prevention interventions is embryonic. This is despite established high rates of sexual victimisation across campuses nationally.
To help catalyse research into university-based sexual aggression in the UK, this thesis presents six novel empirical studies that offer some of the first psychological insights into UK male students' sexual offending behaviours. These include studies assessing the prevalence of, and socio-ecological risk factors associated with, the harmful sexual behaviours of male university students in the UK, the heterogeneity of self-reported perpetrators as a group of forensic interest, and the efficacy of evidence-based online harm prevention programming at reducing UK university males' sexual offence proclivity.
Considered together, findings suggest that (a) UK male students are at increased risk of sexual perpetration at university; (b) perpetrators' behaviours are guided by various socio-ecological risk factors, which differentiate them from their non-offending peers; (c) students with harmful sexual histories comprise a heterogeneous forensic group who can be meaningfully categorised based on their psychological characteristics; and (d) evidence-based online harm prevention programming can effectively reduce the short and longer-term risk of sexual offending amongst UK university males. The implications of findings for academic research and UK harm prevention work are discussed, alongside methodological limitations.
... The original Caprara Irritability Scale includes 30 items in which 10 items are control and the remaining 20 items directly assess irritability (Gian Vittorio Caprara et al., 1985). In terms of the number of items, it should be noted that different versions of the scale (30-, 20-, 12-and 10item versions) have been used inconsistently in the reviewed articles, without providing specific reasons for using shorter versions (Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Anderson & Dill, 2000;Bowen & Spaniol, 2011;Caprara et al., 2008;Caprara, Di Giunta, et al., 2013b;Caprara et al., 2014;Giancola, 2002;Godlaski & Giancola, 2009;Ossege, 2003;Pahlavan & Lubart, 2007). ...
Accessible Summary
What is known on the subject?
Irritability is a transdiagnostic psychiatric symptom among different mental health diagnoses, such as depression, anxiety, personality and substance abuse disorders.
Despite the prevalence of irritability across various psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of assessment measures developed and validated to specifically assess irritability.
Existing evidence suggests that young adults with depression combined with irritability experience higher disease burden compared with depressed peers with low levels of irritability.
What this paper adds to existing knowledge?
This integrative review demonstrates that the Brief Irritability Test (BITe) is a more precise and reliable tool for measuring irritability in young adults, particularly in that it differentiates irritability from related but distinct symptoms such as anger, aggression and hostility.
What are the implications for practice?
Utilizing valid and reliable tools to measure irritability could help identify the presence of irritability as a distinct construct, which could lead to the development of tailored/personalized mental health interventions that will adequately address the impact of irritability on functioning.
The findings have implications for symptom science, one focus of nursing research that evaluates symptom experiences and their impact on quality of life and functioning. Irritability is consistent with this framework as it has disabling effects on educational, financial and social functioning, as well as vulnerability to psychiatric disorders and health‐related quality of life.
Abstract
Introduction
Irritability is associated with a higher burden of psychiatric symptoms and impairments in young adults' educational, financial and social functioning. Still, it has been measured mainly by subscales within larger tools. Few specific measures have been developed to capture this construct validly and reliably, hindering the differentiation of irritability from similar constructs like anger and aggression.
Aim
This integrative review was undertaken to identify the irritability measures used in young adults between 2000 and 2021.
Method
The 5‐stage method was proposed by Whittemore and Knafl (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 546, 2005).
Results
Of 1258 results, 15 articles that included young adults as their participants and measured irritability with a specific tool were identified to be reviewed.
Discussion
Among the existing tools, the Brief Irritability Test (BITe) is a more precise and specific tool in young adults for measuring irritability and differentiating irritability from similar constructs.
Implications for practice
The findings have potential implications for better assessment and understanding of irritability in nursing research and practice, leading to the development of nursing interventions tailored to the affected young adult populations and improving the quality of life in these groups.
... The model has also been tested in Canada (Malamuth et al., 1995), Spain (Martín et al., 2005), the Philippines (Tuliao et al., 2018), and Singapore (Lim & Howard, 1998). Six studies did not report the country where they were conducted (Baer et al., 2015;Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Dean & Malamuth, 1997;Nguyen & Parkhill, 2014;Parkhill & Abbey, 2008;Troche & Herzberg, 2017). The articles included in this review were published in 10 different journals, with 70% found in 5 of these ( Table 2). ...
... All the studies explored other variables that might complement the predictive capacity of those already reviewed (HM and IS). In several studies, childhood victimisation, adolescent delinquency, and attitudes supporting violence were associated with SA through their influence on HM (Abbey et al., 2006;Anderson & Anderson, 2008;Dean & Malamuth, 1997), on IS (Lim & Howard, 1998;Tuliao et al., 2018), or on both (Abbey et al., 2011;Hall et al., 2005;Malamuth et al., 1991Malamuth et al., , 1995Nguyen & Parkhill, 2014;Parkhill & Abbey, 2008). Not all the studies included the three distal variables proposed by the CM in their final models. ...
... Alcohol consumption Peer pressure to engage in sexual relations Anderson and Anderson (2008) Attitudes supporting violence Masculine role stress Proneness to general hostility Baer et al. (2015) N/I Sex drive Pornography use Davis and Logan-Greene (2012) N/I Sexual sensation seeking Condom displeasure attitudes Inconsistent condom use Dean and Malamuth (1997) Childhood victimisation Attitudes supporting violence Non-conformity Hall et al. (2005) Childhood victimisation Adolescent delinquency Attitudes supporting violence Loss of face Ethnic identity Minority status Lim and Howard (1998) Childhood victimisation Sex drive Belligerence Antisociality Logan-Greene and Davis (2011) N/I Alcohol consumption Malamuth et al. (2021) Adolescent delinquency Personality traits related to psychopathy Malamuth et al. (1995) (2017) N/I Dominance Nurturance Tuliao et al. (2018) Childhood victimisation Adolescent delinquency Impulsivity Alcohol consumption Misperception of sexual intent Wheeler et al. (2002) N/I Empathy Note. N/I = Not included in the study or in the final model. ...
Sexual aggression (SA) is a recognised global public health problem. Among the theoretical models that have attempted to conceptualise SA, the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression (CM) stands out. This work aims to review the studies that tested it in samples of adult males from general and college populations and to analyse their results. Following the PRISMA-P protocol, 18 studies published between 1986 and 2022 were identified that tested the CM. Overall, the CM appears to be a robust model to account for characteristics of SA in adult males in the general and university populations. The main postulates of the CM have been empirically supported in most of the studies analysed. Also, the CM is flexible in incorporating contextual variables relevant to SA. Implications of the findings for future research and SA prevention are discussed.
