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An architecture following the one-step-back/one-step-forward principle as an instance of the reference architecture.
Source publication
One of the key concerns in meat supply chains is to provide chain-wide transparency, whereby food operators capture and share transparency data across the supply chain. To meet this concern a chain-wide transparency software system is needed that is able to address the desired stakeholder requirements. Unfortunately, designing and implementing a ch...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... this regulation is more relevant for slaughterhouses and other meat processing plants who are not required to use a centralized registration system. Figure 4 presents the architecture which adopts the one-step-back/one-step-forward principle. In this architecture there is no need for a central repository of transparency data. ...
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Genetic traceability in the whole food supply chain is a reliable method to protect the integrity of Halal beef, but there is no available SNPs panel for the meat traceability of cattle breeds in China. This study aimed at developing a useful SNP panel for Halal beef traceability in the Chinese market. Fifty-nine SNPs markers belonging to 29 autoso...
Citations
... Bhattacharya et al. [32] proposed a blockchain-based reference architecture for the chemical industries, introducing traceability and transparency, as well as lowering costs in the chemical product supply chain. A reference architecture for chain-wide transparency systems in meat supply chains was presented in the study by Kassahun et al. [33]. The work of Isaja et al. [34] introduced a reference architecture for industrial automation that takes advantage of edge computing and blockchain technologies. ...
Traceability systems are important for solving problems due to the increasing scale of the global supply chain, such as food safety crises and market disorder. Blockchain, as an immutable and decentralized ledger, is able to optimize the traditional traceability system by ensuring the transparency and reliability of the system data. However, the use of blockchain technology may lead to a rapid increase in the complexity of system design and development. It is challenging to address widespread and complicated business, changeable processes, and massive data in practice, which are the main factors restricting the wide application of a blockchain-based traceability system (BTS). Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed relevant studies and proposed a reference architecture for BTSs. The proposed reference architecture can improve the cohesiveness, maintainability, and extensibility of BTSs through domain-driven design (DDD) and microservices. Considering the efficiency reduction caused by massive data and complicated data structure, we further changed the traditional single blockchain framework into multiple sub-chain networks, which could improve development efficiency and system performance. With the guidance of the architecture trade-off analysis method (ATAM), we evaluated our reference architecture and implemented a prototype in the salmon supply chain scenario. The results show that our solution is effective and adaptable to meet the requirements of BTSs.
... application architectures (AAs) based on the identified stakeholder concerns (Tekinerdogan et al., 2005;Kassahun et al., 2016;Tummers et al., 2021). To the best of our knowledge, no study exists on how OSTSs are designed and has developed a reference architecture for the OSTS domain according to the software architecture documentation guidelines. ...
With the current international shortage of speech-language pathologists (SLPs), there is a demand for online tools to support SLPs with their daily tasks. For this purpose, several online speech therapy systems (OSTSs) have been proposed and discussed in the literature. However, developing these OSTSs is not trivial since it involves the consideration of various functional and quality concerns. Hence, for communicating the design decisions and guiding the development and analysis of these systems, a proper architecture design is important. Unfortunately, the architecture design of OSTSs has not been explicitly addressed in the literature. To this end, we present a reference architecture for OSTSs which has been designed following well-established architecture design methods. The reference architecture captures the reusable design elements of OSTSs and can be used to derive various different application architectures. A case study approach is used to illustrate and validate the use of the presented reference architecture.
... Data access is not usually a barrier in simple linear supply chains, as all the actors can be identified a priori and one firm usually dominates (such as a retailer, as in Kassahun et al. 2016). However, in more complex supply networks SCTSs are decentralised and many actors in the network are not known to each other (Lu et al. 2019). ...
Supply chain traceability systems have become central in many industries, however, traceability data is often commercially sensitive, and firms seek to keep it confidential to protect their competitive advantage. This is at odds with calls for greater transparency in supply chains for sustainability and efficiency. In this research paper, we develop a solution to this conflict. We demonstrate that sanitised data can be used to confirm the authenticity of products and anonymously verify the rights of an actor to access detailed traceability data. Following a design science methodology, we develop a prototype protocol and verify its performance with traceability data based on the global standard EPCIS.
... case study), serves as validation for the RA [139,154]. This approach as described above and depicted in Figure 4.3 , has been used in a variety of other domains such as agriculture [154]supply chains [157], and smart warehouses [151]. ...
... This approach as described above and depicted in Fig. 3 , has been used in a variety of other domains such as agriculture [36], supply chains [39], and smart warehouses [33]. ...
Background
Healthcare relies on health information systems (HISs) to support the care and receive reimbursement for the care provided. Healthcare providers experience many problems with their HISs due to improper architecture design. To support the design of a proper HIS architecture, a reference architecture (RA) can be used that meets the various stakeholder concerns of HISs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop and analyze an RA following well-established architecture design methods.
Methods
Domain analysis was performed to scope and model the domain of HISs. For the architecture design, we applied the views and beyond approach and designed the RA’s views based on the stakeholders and features from the domain analysis. We evaluated the RA with a case study.
Results
We derived the following four architecture views for HISs: The context diagram, decomposition view, layered view, and deployment view. Each view shows the architecture of the HIS from a different angle, suitable for various stakeholders. Based on a Japanese hospital information system study, we applied the RA and derived the application architecture.
Conclusion
We demonstrated that the methods of the software architecture design community could be used in the healthcare domain effectively and showed the applicability of the RA.
... Extensive studies have been carried out in the field of supply chain studies, especially the meat supply chain. Literature sought to create transparency in the meat supply chain following international standards (Bresciani et al., 2015a, b;Jafari-Sadeghi et al., 2020b;Kassahun et al., 2016;Mensah et al., 2021). To address this concern, a transparency software system was needed at the chain level designed to be able to meet the needs of the stakeholder. ...
Purpose
In recent years, and especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the significant role of agriculture, specifically red meat, in household consumption has been increased. On the other hand, the lack of proper policymaking in the production and pricing of red meat and the lack of a comprehensive study on the beef supply chain has led to a reduction in the role of this protein product in the household food basket. Thus, in this research, comprehensive strategic planning considering the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has been illustrated to overcome the aforementioned problems.
Design/methodology/approach
To study the intended objectives, first, using qualitative methods, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) to the studied company's supply chain in Iran were identified and then using the SWOT-Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) technique, the surrounding strategies have been analysed.
Findings
The results indicate that the most important strength of the studied company is the “access to the red meat market of the retirement plan”; the most important weakness is the “lack of required and on-time funding, especially in the condition of the COVID-19 pandemic”; the highest-ranked opportunity is the “access to banking facilities” and the main threat to the company is the “COVID-19 pandemic limitations and health protocols”. In the same vein, by examining the attractiveness score of internal and external factors, it was observed that diversity and competitive strategies would have a higher priority. Finally, the QSPM illustrated that activating the full capacity of existing infrastructure has the highest priority.
Originality/value
According to the red meat supply chain and the link amongst different market levels, identifying, analysing and improving the beef supply chain is of particular importance. One of the threats facing the international community is the emergence of events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires businesses to choose the right strategy to deal with the issue. Therefore, the main distinction of this study is to identify, analyse and improve the red meat supply chain of a real case due to the condition of the COVID-19 pandemic.
... With the help of the SLR from the previous study, four RAs were identified. Two of the four did not focus on the FMIS, but on the farm software ecosystem or farm management system, which have a far more comprehensive scope than FMIS Kaloxylos et al. 2014;Kassahun et al. 2016). Two others did not follow the ISO/ ISEC/IEEE architecture standard Nikkilä et al. 2010). ...
One of the key elements of precision agriculture is the farm management information system (FMIS) that is responsible for data management, analytics and subsequent decision support. Various FMISs have been developed to support the management of farm businesses. A key artefact in the development of FMISs is the software architecture that defines the gross level structure of the system. The software architecture is important for understanding the system, analysing the design decisions and guiding the further development of the system based on the architecture. To assist in the design of the FMIS architecture, several reference architectures have been provided in the literature. Unfortunately, in practice, it is less trivial to derive the application architecture from these reference architectures. Two underlying reasons for this were identified. First of all, it appears that the proposed reference architectures do not specifically focus on FMIS but have a rather broad scope of the agricultural domain in general. Secondly, the proposed reference architectures do not seem to have followed the proper architecture documentation guidelines as defined in the software architecture community, lack precision, and thus impeding the design of the required application architectures. Presented in this article is a novel reference architecture that is dedicated to the specific FMIS domain, and which is documented using the software architecture documentation guidelines. In addition, the systematic approach for deriving application architectures from the proposed reference architecture is provided. To illustrate the approach, the results of multi-case study research are shown in which the presented reference architecture is used for deriving different FMIS application architectures.
... The literature also suggests that traceability data from an integrated traceability system that connects all chain stakeholders can increase consumer confidence (Shanahan et al., 2009). Therefore, more work is necessary to focus on the chain-wide transparency from farms to end-consumers when designing and implementing food authenticity system (Kassahun et al., 2016). This study responds to this gap in the field. ...
... This signifies our second contribution, which is to develop an integrated traceability system by connecting supply chain stakeholders, which previous research calls for (e.g. Shanahan et al., 2009;Kassahun et al., 2016). Another novel contribution of this study is the inclusion of the consumer voice in exploring blockchain applications in supply chains. ...
This study aimed to strengthen trust in the cross-border beef supply chain between Australia and China from a
consumer perspective based on a blockchain-based supply chain implementation. Using a design science
approach, this study’s initial prototype was developed to strength consumer trust. The study was conducted in
partnership with Australian agricultural producers and processors, and empirically tested with Chinese consumers
using an exploratory, qualitative methodology comprising focus groups. Based on the empirical evidence
from prototype testing and the insights from supply chain stakeholders, this paper explores new features for a
human-machine reconcile mechanism that enables shared responsibilities between agriculture and supply chain
actors in delivering credentialed traceability data to consumers along the Australia-China beef supply chain.
... Transparency schemes in the 2000s can best be characterized as link-to-link information systems, with an uni-directional focus, that were grounded in fragmented IT architectures (see Figure 1). Link-to-link in this context means that information almost exclusively flowed from one stage in the supply chain to the next, and rarely skipped a stage in the process (e. g., one-step forward or backward; see [7,8]). Uni-directional means that the efforts at transparency were mainly oriented towards providing more information to downstream agents about the activities of the upstream agents, rather than also providing the upstream agents with information about downstream activities (see [9]). ...
Over the last decade, transparency schemes have started to undergo a radical transformation. This transformation is driven by advancements in cloud computing, cryptography and automated measurement technology, which have made it possible to develop shared information management systems (SIMS). These SIMS form the backbone of the latest, state-of-the-art in the transparency space: hyper-transparency schemes. These new transparency schemes and associated SIMS offer companies, both small and large, the opportunity to redesign their supply chains and to establish more direct relationships with their second- and third-tier trading partners, as well as with the consumer. However, the companies also face various challenges in implementing and operating such hyper-transparency schemes. There are legitimate concerns about privacy, ownership and access to data and, related to this, who controls the SIMS. The present paper discusses the ongoing development of a SIMS. The objective of this SIMS is to: (1), help empower smallholders in agri-food supply chains to establish more direct connections with the consumer; and (2), help empower consumers to get more direct insight into the manner in which their food stuff is being produced. The paper presents the design of the SIMS and discusses its transdisciplinary development processes.
... VI. CASE STUDY In this section, we shortly discuss the application of these feature diagrams for a supply chain management system (SCM) [15]. A supply chain is defined as a system consisting of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. ...
