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Feed-in tariff (FiT) policy approaches for renewable energy (RE) deployment are employed in many nations around the world. Although FiTs are considered effective in boosting RE deployment, the issue of increasing energy bills and social burden is an often-reported negative impact of their use. The FiT has been employed in Japan since 2012, followin...
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... the model first described in Table 2, the essence of the actual learnings derived by the expert committee members who visited European nations on two occasions in 2010 (4~10 and 17~23 January) are analyzed as described in Table 5. Building on this analysis, the subsequent visit to Europe by Diet members representing the Committee on Economy, Trade and Industry (16~20 July 2011), and its relation to the modification of the proposed law is also discussed below. ...
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... For developing nations, although in the long term, avoiding fossil fuel generation is a desirable outcome, in the short term, FITs were found to increase the cost of electricity by 2.2 cents USD (3.08 JPY) per kilowatt hour and have an abatement cost of approximately USD 36 (JPY 5040) per ton of CO 2 [15]. In Japan, a late introducer of the FIT, with the opportunity to learn from international experience [16,17], the same Issues were encountered, with electricity prices increasing by up to JPY 3.45 per kilowatt hour in the year 2022 [18], reducing to JPY 1.40 per kilowatt hour in 2023 due to increased fossil fuel prices as a result of the war in Ukraine, and ever-reducing FIT payments [19]. The FIT law has been revised several times in the past, notably in 2017 to improve operating conditions [20] and most recently in the shift to an FIP approach, beginning in 2022 [18]. ...
As nations around the world strive to achieve carbon neutrality, many policies have been implemented at varying costs and levels of efficacy. Although carbon emissions are dominated by the power, industry, transport, and building sectors, the plastics sector is responsible for a significant 4.5% of global emissions and is the fastest-growing material production sector. This study seeks to identify the economic and carbon-reduction potential of the greening of plastic supply chains compared to existing carbon-reduction regimes. Utilizing literature review, lifecycle analysis and multicriteria analysis cognizant of cost, carbon-reduction potential, quality, and recyclability, this paper identifies the performance of virgin, recycled, and bioplastics under a number of scenarios. We find that recycled plastics offer a low-cost carbon-reduction potential; however, concerns about perceived quality remain. While no single plastic type or source can satisfy all criteria, the satisfaction of manufacturer and end user concerns is critical to reducing CO2 via plastic supply-chain greening and the move away from crude-oil-based plastics. The reallocation of subsidies from less effective carbon-reduction policies toward supply-chain greening may offer benefits and stimulate the emergence of a quality control system to overcome manufacturer and user concerns.
... Toward achieving carbon neutrality, along with a suite of technologies, a number of policy approaches exist, including feed in tariffs (FITs), carbon taxes, renewable portfolio standards and carbon trading, to name a few. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks, and can tend to favor certain technologies, as has been the case for solar power under the FIT in Japan [9]. ...
... The constraints in this optimization model are as follows. The yearly cap for CO2 emission in the whole considering geographical area is described by the inequality in (9). The CCS buying constraint for regions having no physical CCS storage sites is given in (10). ...
Building on the carbon reduction targets agreed in the Paris Agreements, many nations have renewed their efforts toward achieving carbon neutrality by the year 2050. In line with this ambitious goal, nations are seeking to understand the appropriate combination of technologies which will enable the required reductions in such a way that they are appealing to investors. Around the globe, solar and wind power lead in terms of renewable energy deployment, while carbon capture and storage (CCS) is scaling up toward making a significant contribution to deep carbon cuts. Using Japan as a case study nation, this research proposes a linear optimization modeling approach to identify the potential contributions of renewables and CCS toward maximizing carbon reduction and identifying their economic merits over time. Results identify that the combination of these three technologies could enable a carbon dioxide emission reduction of between 55 and 67 percent in the energy sector by 2050 depending on resilience levels and CCS deployment regimes. Further reductions are likely to emerge with increased carbon pricing over time.
... The widely acclaimed FiT and 'Netmetering' schemes have revolutionised the solar PV industry (IRENA, 2019). However, such programmes burden governments with financial liabilities and are gradually being phased down (Tanaka et al., 2017). Thus, attention has turned to the community energy models (IRENA, 2020). ...
Renewable Energy Systems (RES) adoption in Multi-Owned Buildings (MOBs) is inferior due to ownership disagreements and social disputes. The multiple ownership of the RES in common properties of MOBs develops energy and benefit allocation concerns among the apartment owners. Accordingly, there is a need for a postu-lation that encapsulates the energy ownership and land administration aspects, extendable for policy implications. This paper aims to position the 'Energy Entitlement' of apartment owners as a critical research concept to promote the adoption of RES in MOBs. For positioning the concept, we holistically scrutinise the factors influencing the adoption of RES in MOBs and the existing energy allocation frameworks proposed in the literature while emphasising the necessity of 'Energy Entitlement'. We find that available literature predominantly focuses on the barriers and enablers to adopting RES in MOBs. However, the synergy between the 'RES' and 'Land Administration' is among the least focused. The research on the energy-spatial conundrum in MOBs is in its nascent stage, with debatable energy allocation principles proposed by a few studies. We conclude by highlighting the implication of 'Energy Entitlement' across industry, academia and policy regimes that calls for an equitable delineation of energy ownership integrated with land administration principles.
... The pricing of the negative externalities of fossil fuels had been one of the most important pillars of modern environmental economics [Preiss et al. 2008 Last, but not least of importance for my current article is the issue of the high cost of transformation of the energy-mix from fossil fuels to 'green' energy. Again, that is analysed from the perspective of the globe or of a region [Tol 2000;Baker 2021;Knuth 2021], separate states [Tanaka et al. 2017;Williams et al. 2021] as well as locally [Kennedy, Stock 2021]. Another important area of analysis for my deliberations here is the network cost of RES, which is represented in a large number of publications [Mai et al. 2012;Mai et al. 2013;D'haeseleer 2013;Fraunhofer 2015;ARE 2016;Al Matin et al. 2019;Burger et al. 2019b;Karkour et al. 2020;Pillai et al. 2021;Falvo et al. 2021;Veronese et al. 2021;Yang et al. 2022]. ...
The article, meant as the first in a series, tries to answer some questions around the future desired shape of the new Polish electro-energy mix in relation to the one described in the national energy policy document PEP 2040 (Energy Policy of Poland till 2040) and as compared with the targets set up in the newest UE legislative package, ‘Fit-for-55’. In this article, I first present the rich overview of literature as well as economic theory behind the analysis of the energy transformation and energy-mix decarbonisation, in order to show how the energy mix should evolve in a way that will guarantee the biggest net gain to the society. Second, some comparable cost calculations on selected electro-energy sources, both LCOE (levelized cost of energy) and external costs are presented; these are modifications of my previous work as a co-author. Finally, the comparison of the 2040 electro-energy mix, as designed in the official governmental programme PEP 2040, with the two alternative scenarios, both of which exclude coal, and one also neglects the possibilities for nuclear energy to be included in the mix are presented. The alternative scenarios built into the paper are based on European Union (EU) plans to decarbonise Europe quickly. Recent geopolitical considerations related to the war in Ukraine, however, make it necessary to consider energy security as an important part of the plan. That would mean that nuclear energy would be a necessary component of the future mix in Poland. Security considerations are left to be analysed in the coming months, after a series of articles on lessons learnt by other developed countries in the process of making their energy-mix transformations and will complete the final recommendations for the future of the Polish energy mix.
... Since the FIT operation in 2012, the overall share of renewables-based generation inside the Japanese grid has grown, as has the cost imposed on society (Nagata et al., 2018). This burden is passed on to households (Tanaka et al., 2017). Alternatively, before implementing FIT, and unlike South Korea, Japan had the RPS program for renewable energy power. ...
The global population is increasing, as is the demand for basic materials. At the same time, key resources are in short supply, and the extraction and use of raw materials have major environmental implications, for instance, increased CO2 emission. In a Circular Economy (CE), resources and products are divided, leased, reused, repaired, refurbished, and recycled, extending product life cycles, reducing waste, and generating additional value. Government entities in Japan and South Korea are designing and implementing policies to facilitate the transition to a CE and achieve carbon neutrality. The paper compares Japanese policies and actions with those of South Korea, identifies challenges and options for improvements in each country, and lessons that they can share. The paper reviews CE and low carbon policies in the two countries and compares how those, but also public interest and initiatives differ between them. It provides recommendations to address observed shortcomings and capture opportunities to connect CE and zero-carbon strategies. The article is expected to interest Japanese and South Korean policy-makers, companies, and academics.
... With respect to the role of SG experts on smart energy transition, previous studies have focused on blockchain-based P2P energy systems [45], smart meters [46] and smart city implementations through citizen-centric e-governance [47]. Others focused on the expansion of the energy mix [48], day-ahead markets [49], clean energy incentives [50] and sustainable energy system transformation [51]. In Canada, while some recent stakeholder analysis studies have focused primarily on the development of SGs in the Province of Quebec [52] or British Columbia [15], others have examined the national SGs collectively through the lens of renewable energy [2], or through the perspective of Canadian media [53]. ...
In recent years, smart grids have attracted considerable attention. However, despite the promising potential of the technologies encompassed within such systems, their adoption has been slow, geographically varied, and in the context of residential demand response, often subject to public scrutiny. The heterogeneous evolution of the smart grid is not only the product of technological limitations but is additionally sensitive to socio-political considerations prevalent at the national or provincial level. Through expert interviews that were conducted in Ontario, Canada, this study provides insights into which smart grid factors are considered as most important for its development, and also what are the drivers, inhibitors, benefits, and drawbacks that a smart grid provides and / or entails, placing particular emphasis on residential demand response programs. The constructs scrutinized were adapted from previous studies, and the information collected was analyzed following the procedure of the Grounded Delphi Method. The findings indicate that a consensus was reached, in that smart grids pave the way for increased demand flexibility and loss reductions, though these are contingent on measures being implemented regarding the creation of investment opportunities, engagement of consumers, and ensuring the security of private data. Relevant policy implications and research recommendations are also explored.
... Japan set in July 2008 a national target of increasing the installed PV systems capacity to 28 GW and 53 GW by 2020 and 2030, respectively, to meet the country's renewable energy Sustainability 2021, 13, 7680 3 of 19 mix share [21], making Japan 4th place in the world for the cumulative solar PV installed capacity [22]. The Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) system was introduced first in 2009, but because of the Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear disaster, the Japanese government accelerated the promotion of renewable energy sources and released a new (FIT) scheme in July 2012 [5]. The target renewable energies are solar power generation, wind power generation, geothermal power generation, small and medium-sized hydropower generation, and biomass. ...
... PV power generation has two types of purchase price categories: 10 kW or more for industrial use and less than 10 kW for residential use. Figure 1 shows the basic mechanism of the Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) system in Japan [24]. to 28 GW and 53 GW by 2020 and 2030, respectively, to meet the countr energy mix share [21], making Japan 4th place in the world for the cumu installed capacity [22]. The Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) system was introduced fir because of the Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear disaster, government accelerated the promotion of renewable energy sources and r (FIT) scheme in July 2012 [5]. The target renewable energies are solar pow wind power generation, geothermal power generation, small and hydropower generation, and biomass. ...
... P SH is the average solar irradiation (kWH/m 2 ) a certain location receives per day. In this study calculation, to compare the measured and simulated energy generation using Equations (1)- (5), the values of P STC = 40.16 (kWp), K DER = 0.9 [2], and η SUB−SYS = 0.932 [2] remain near constant. ...
In this paper, the grid-connected photovoltaic system in Tochigi prefecture, Japan, is presented, and its technical and economic performance after eight years is evaluated. The system has a peak power of 40.1 kWp and has been in operation since 2012. The entire electricity generated by the system was fed into the state grid. The system is suitably monitored for one year (2019) and analyzed using the parameters developed and defined in the standard IEC 61724-1 by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The system’s different parameters included array yield, final yield, capacity utilization factor, and performance ratio of the system. An analytical model with solar irradiation obtained from Power Data Access Viewer was developed to investigate and evaluate the efficiency of the system monthly and annual energy generation by comparing the simulated and measured energy acquired from the inverter. A positive linear relationship is observed between solar irradiation data obtained from Power Data Access Viewer and the grid-connected photovoltaic system energy injected into the utility grid. While an annual total of 48,521 kWh of energy was expected to be generated, 38,071 kWh was generated and injected into the utility in 2019. This study also introduces and explains the mechanism of the Feed-In-Tariff system in Japan. The performance of the grid-connected photovoltaic system under this study was compared with that of other systems installed across the globe.
... Perkiraan beban yang diberikan pada masyarakat yaitu pada tambahan biaya listrik sebesar 0.5 yen per kWh di tahun 2020. Kenyataannya, beban ini telah mencapai 2.25 yen per kWh pada Mei 2016 (Tanaka et al., 2017). Kebijakan FIT memang berdampak negatif berupa peningkatan beban dimanapun kebijakan itu diterapkan, seperti Jerman, Spanyol, dan Prancis. ...
Energi merupakan aspek penting dalam keberlangsungan kehidupan negara seperti kegiatan perindustrian, listrik, perkantoran hingga bahkan rumah tangga. Ditelusuri dari jejak sejarah hingga saat ini, bahan bakar energi berbasis minyak dan fosil merupakan sumber utama pembuatan energi. Umumnya hampir seluruh negara di dunia ini memiliki ketergantungan terhadap minyak dan bahan bakar fosil lainnya. Namun hal ini menjadi permasalahan besar ketika sumber-sumber energi tersebut merupakan potensi besar yang dimiliki negara-negara di kawasan Timur Tengah yang sangat rawan akan konflik dan instabilitas. Kondisi lain yang menyebabkan volatilitas harga minyak juga banyak dipengaruhi oleh perilaku dan keputusan politik dari para pembuat kebijakan. Oleh karena volatilitas yang sangat rawan, maka banyak negara kemudian mengupayakan energy security dan renewable energy. Secara spesifik di kawasan Asia Timur, pengembangan energi terbarukan diawali oleh karena adanya oil shock pada tahun 1970 yang diperparah dengan adanya Perang Yom Jippur pada tahun 1973 yang mengakibatkan negara-negara di Timur Tengah melakukan upaya embargo minyak kepada negara-negara yang mendukung negara Israel pada saat itu (Barsky & Kilian, 2004:117-8). Negara-negara Asia Timur yang merupakan negara industri atau NICs sangat bergantung pada pasokan sumber energi dari luar lantas merasa bahwa kondisi tersebut mengancam keamanan energi nasional di masing-masing negara (Safril, 2011:171-2). Adanya katastrofi nuklir di Fukushima Jepang akibat gempa bumi dan tsunami yang mengakibatkan kerusakan dan kebocoran generator dan reaktor nuklir lantas menjadi permasalahan besar yang mampu mengancam kesehatan masyarakat Jepang disana (Vivoda, 2011:135). Kondisi-kondisi tersebut merupakan faktor-faktor yang menjadi latar belakang adanya upaya mengembangkan energi terbarukan atau renewable energy dan green economy.
... Most of these are related to the conceptual application of policy transfer to explain the policy learning processes taking place within the government. These include within-country transfer (from one jurisdiction to another within the same country), transboundary transfer from one country to another [1,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and transfer between international organisations [15]. ...
... In the same vein, there can be city-to-city policy transfer between countries, which draws policy ideas from foreign jurisdictions and less of policy goals and content, policy instruments, and negative lessons [12]. Likewise, the transfer of the cap-and-trade policy to Tokyo [13] and Japan's adoption of feed-in-tariff through a structured eight-step process [14] reflect a broad-based policy transfer process that draws inspirations and ideas from multiple advanced jurisdictions through a fact-finding approach that dispatches official delegations to learn from abroad. Furthermore, a cross-country collaborative transfer between Australia and Sweden on a regulatory compliance programme has shown that transboundary transfer is an iterative process linked to domestic policy cycles and tends to be effective when mobilised around similar policy concerns from both jurisdictions [6]. ...
While policy study of smart city developments is gaining traction, it falls short of understanding and explaining knowledge transfers across national borders and cities. This article investigates how transboundary learning occurs through the initiation and development of a regional smart cities network: the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN). The article conducts an in-depth case study from data collected through key informant interviews and document analysis. Spearheaded by Singapore in 2017, ASCN is seen as a soft power extension for Singapore, a branding tool for ASEAN, and a symbiotic platform between the private sector and governments in the region. Most transboundary knowledge transfers within the ASCN are voluntary transfers of policy ideas. Effective branding, demand for knowledge, availability of alternative funding options, enthusiasm from the private actors, and heightened interest from other major economies are highlighted as facilitators of knowledge transfer. However, the complexity of governance structures, lack of political will and resources, limited policy capacity, and lack of explicit operational and regulatory mechanisms hinder transboundary learning. The article concludes that transboundary learning should go beyond exchanges of ideas and recommends promoting facilitators of knowledge transfer, building local policy capacity, encouraging collaborative policy transfer, and transiting from an information-sharing platform to tool/instrument-based transfer.
... Table 12.1 lists the top clean energy-producing countries as of 2018. A historical policy review of these countries shows significant reliance on feedin tariffs to stimulate early deployment of renewable energy, particularly in China [12][13][14][15], Europe [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], Japan [26], and India [27][28][29][30]. A feed-in tariff is a government-determined cost-of-service-based price for a producer typically paid by wholesale energy buyers. ...
This chapter reviews important policies and market trends shaping the global development of clean energy technologies. Stimulus policies in the form of feed-in tariffs, tax relief, and renewable portfolio standards, along with substantial research and development, enabled clean energy projects to overcome early commercialization barriers. As a result, clean energy project costs are now competitive with or lower than conventional fossil fuels in most markets around the world. Policymakers and energy consumers are responding by increasing clean energy targets to high levels approaching 100% in a growing number of jurisdictions. Business models are adapting to this new environment, and energy market structures are evolving to enable successful operations of high renewable energy systems. Markets structures, policies, and technologies that enhance system flexibility for efficient renewable energy integration represent the most promising future area of research in this field.
