Figure
Amount of intention to pay school garden education services using income tax as a payment method. (unit : won)
Context in source publication
Context 1
... average amount willing to pay in income tax was 13,193 KRW, and those without experience (13,399 KRW) showed a slightly bigger amount than those with experience (12,780 KRW). This was higher than the results of the RDA (2014) that reported 5,000-10,000 KRW and Kim (2014) that reported 3,000-10,000 KRW, and was statistically significant as a result of one-way ANOVA (Table 9). ...Similar publications
This paper reports on the first findings of Chrysopa viridana and Chrysopa nigricostata in the Netherlands. Both lacewing species are confined to warm areas and they occur predominantly in Central and Southern Europe. The observations in the Netherlands have been done in the period 2017-2023, during warm summer nights between the months June and Se...
A partially leucistic Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar was photographed in a residential garden in Bethlehem, Free State, on 27 March 2023.
Citations
... We developed 5 indicators for educational value such as improving learning ability, cultivating character, promoting sociality, cultivating agricultural literacy, and promoting ecological sensitivity; 2 indicators for health value such as promoting physical health and promoting mental health; 3 indicators for welfare value such as enhancing landscape value, promoting cultural benefits, and social integration; 3 indicators for economic value such as increasing farm income, industrial ripple effect, and job creation; and 3 indicators for environmental value such as improving environmental quality, alleviating climate change, and promoting biodiversity. Ultimately, we proposed total 5 values and 16 detailed indicators (Hong et al., 2020(Hong et al., , 2021a(Hong et al., , 2021b, based on which we conducted a perception survey on parents. Most parents responded that they wanted their children to learn about agricultural issues in which social interest is recently increasing, such as climate crisis, agriculture, characteristics and importance of sustainable agriculture, and multiple functions and public values of agriculture. ...
... This is similar to the study result by RDA (2014) revealing that the cost that can be paid for school gardens was 5,000-10,000 won and by Kim (2019) presenting 3,000-10,000 won. However, it was lower than the amount in the previous study by Hong et al. (2021b), in which the amount was 12,780 won for those with experience and 13,399 won for those without experience based on income tax. ...
... However, parents of middle school students with experience answered 0.716%, and those without experience answered 1.181%, showing a 0.465% and indicating that those without experience tended to consider the education tax growth more appropriate (Table 10). This is similar to the result by Hong et al. (2021b) claiming that those who experienced school garden education service perceived more highly of the need for this service than those who did not and were also more willing to pay, but WTP or tax rate was set lower since they are already aware of the operating status based on actual experience. (Table 12). ...
Background and objective: This study intends to assess the socio-economic monetary value of school garden education services by converting them into market values using assessment indicators for school gardens, which are spaces for students to engage in various experiences and urban agricultural activities.Methods: We identified the characteristics and current status of urban school gardens through literature review, collected opinions from a total of two rounds of expert advice, determined willingness to pay (WTP) and the importance of detailed values based on the parent survey, estimated the monetary value of each detailed value using the contingent valuation method (CVM) of WTP, and estimated three economic values.Results: The total amount of educational, health, welfare, and environmental values provided by school garden education for participating students was estimated to range from a minimum of 193.1 billion won to a maximum of 978.4 billion won. The total amount of economic value provided to farm households, related industries and the economically active population was estimated to be 476.1 billion won. The job creation effect was the highest at 266.2 billion won, followed by the industrial ripple effect (157.3 billion won) and the farm household income increase effect (52.6 billion won). The evolution of school gardens is expected to reduce problems in urban areas such as environmental issues, promote community spirit through agriculture, and produce industrial ripple effects such as an increase in farm household income and job creation, raising the need to maintain multiple functions of school gardens. The total socio-economic value of school garden education seemed to range from 669.2 billion won to 1.4545 trillion won based on the operating fund, government budget, and value-added tax (VAT) of 2020.Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as basic data to assess the overall value of agricultural experience services in school garden education.
... In other words, given the rapid development of IT and the spread of urbanization, the need to provide students with opportunities to easily experience nature in schools in order to raise their awareness of the preciousness of nature and the environment and to cultivate a balanced personality has emerged, and agricultural experience education using "school gardens" has been receiving attention as a solution (Jang et al., 2017). However, due to a number of problems including difficulties in securing space for a school garden, insufficient experience and knowledge related to its operation, low educational utilization, parents' negative views on gardening activities, additional costs incurred, and lack of management personnel, there is an urgent need to change the awareness of school garden education so that students can lead a healthy and happy school life (Hong et al., 2021b). In this regard, Hong et al. (2020Hong et al. ( , 2021a developed indicators for the quantitative evaluation of school garden education services over the past three years, ultimately proposing 5 value indicators and 16 sub-indicators (evaluation items). ...
... This result is similar to the findings of RDA (2014), in which the cost that parents were willing to pay for school garden education was 5,000 to 10,000 won, and those of Kim (2014), in which the acceptable cost was 3,000 to 10,000 won. However, it is a lower amount than the findings of the previous study by Hong et al (2021b), in which the amount that experienced and inexperienced groups were willing to pay was 12,780 won and 13,399 won, respectively, based on income tax. In the previous study, parents' opinions were surveyed by raising the amount they were willing to pay up to a maximum of 50,000 won or more regarding their willingness to pay for the education as additional individual income tax; while in this study, the flat-rate and voluntary amount they were willing to pay was surveyed by lowering the amount to 20,000 won or more based on previous studies, so the amount seemed to be lower than that of the previous study. ...
... It was found that an education tax increase was evaluated as appropriate by the inexperienced, rather than the experienced (Table 7). This is similar to the findings of a previous study by Hong et al. (2021b), in which those who experienced school garden education services recognized the need for such services more highly than those who did not, and were also willing to pay, but they rated the amount or tax rate they were willing to pay as lower because they knew the operating conditions through actual experience. ...
Background and objective: This study was conducted on the value and operation of school garden education. It will be presented as basic data in considering the necessity of a policy for revitalizing school gardens and financial support, and can be used to find ways to facilitate education through school gardens.Methods: The collected data were analyzed using the x2 test to obtain the frequency and weight of each measurement item, and the importance of each value was calculated by giving it a relative weight and directly evaluated so that the sum of importance was 100%.Results: In terms of the effectiveness of each value indicator of school gardens, parents of children who had experienced school gardens perceived them as having educational value (4.35 points) and parents of children who had not experienced school gardens perceived them as having health value (4.38 points). The average amount parents were willingness to pay voluntarily as a fee for school garden programs was 5,889 won and the highest amount was 30,000 won, and the average amount of government budget support parents saw as appropriate was 6,705 won and the highest was 100,000 won. Regarding the appropriate rate of education tax increase from the current rate of 30% the maximum percentage acceptable was 0.531-0.545%. Both parents of elementary and middle school students answered that educational value is the most important of the specific values of school garden service. Regarding the necessity of expanding school garden education, 89.8% of parents answered that the trend of increasing school garden education is appropriate, 93.2% answered that they were willing to have their children participate in school garden education in the future, and 81.2% answered that they would like to participate in school garden education in the future.Conclusion: The creation and utilization of school gardens is expected to continue to increase due to the diverse values and social atmospheres of school gardens, and this study provides policy data to vitalize school garden education in the future.
