Alluvial plot demonstrating the association of the host with antimicrobial susceptibility or resistance to florfenicol (FLO) and oxytetracycline (OXY) in Lactococcus formosensis (a), Lactococcus garvieae (b) and Lactococcus petauri (c) strains.

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... total of one and four strains were categorized as NWT for florfenicol and oxytetracycline, respectively (Figure 1). For these antimicrobials, all the isolates from Arapaima gigas were categorized as NWT for oxytetracycline, and the LG91-23 strain (from Pseudoplatystoma sp.) was NWT for both drugs ( Figure 2). Since there is no pECV for Lactococcus formosensis, it is not possible to determine whether the other isolates are resistant to other antimicrobials. ...

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... and five isolates were classified as NWT for florfenicol and oxytetracycline, respectively, especially those strains isolated from Pseudoplatystoma sp. (Figure 2). In addition, two isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. ...

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... total of 1, 8, 11, 22, 22 and 23 isolates were classified as NWT for amoxicillin, erythromycin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, norfloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfametoxazole, respectively (Supplementary Table 1). A resistance phenotype for florfenicol and oxytetracycline was observed in all the native Brazilian fish species in which L. petauri was isolated (Figure 2). Twenty-one isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. ...

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... also did not observe the formation of inhibition zones in four isolates (three from Arapaima gigas and one from Pseudoplatystoma sp.) for oxytetracycline, nor in one Pseudoplatystoma sp. isolate (LG91-23) for florfenicol (Figure 2a). Chan et al. [45] evaluated susceptibility using the disk diffusion method for an L. formosensis strain obtained from a human with bacteremia and found that the isolate was susceptible to tetracycline. ...

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... from the states of Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais, as well as most of the Arapaima gigas isolates from Bahia (Supplementary Table 1). However, for isolates obtained from this latter fish species in the northern region of Brazil, individual variation was detected, as were the cases with Colossoma macropomum and Brycon amazonicus isolates (Figure 2c). ...

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... the literature reports resistance rates of 26.9% for florfenicol and 17.9% for oxytetracycline [16]. The antimicrobial resistance profile observed in our study for the L. garvieae strains was not consistent among the aquatic host species analyzed or with the origin of the isolates, demonstrating a heterogeneous profile (Figure 2b). ...