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Gray hair naturally develops in the process of human aging. Many people with gray hair periodically dye their hair. Hair dyeing products are widely used and they can cause adverse effects. Therefore, the user's knowledge and recognition about hair dyeing and related side effects are important.
The goal of this study was to lay the foundation for un...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... highest proportion of subjects reported Table 2). Two hundred thirty four people (46.8%) indicated that they had experienced stress due to their gray hair. ...Context 2
... 'to maintain a good impression' (Fig. 1). Most subjects started dyeing after 40 years of age (Table 2), usually monthly. On the brand of hair dye, the majority of the subjects (233 people, 73.0%) did not reply accurately even when an appendix with more than 60 types of hair dye was provided. ...Similar publications
In today's fiercely competitive world, it is very important for the marketers to realize and figure out the aspects that are necessary to deal with the competitors, changing customer tastes and preferences. The strong competition in terms of product similarity and increased number of challenging brands in the market have led the marketers to think...
Citations
... Despite these adverse effects, many were unaware of their severity, and only 26.3% sought medical treatment. The study highlighted the need for increased awareness regarding the potential risks of hair dye products.(19) ...
Background: The use of cosmetics can significantly improve one's appearance and self- confidence. With such a diversified population, India has recently seen a significant increase in the cosmetics market. However, worries regarding the negative impacts connected with the usage of cosmetics in India have been raised due to the unregulated nature of the business and insufficient consumer awareness. The purpose of this study is to give a thorough overview of the harmful impacts of cosmetics in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over four months, from March 2023 to June 2023, involving the general population of Bangalore, India. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed among participants to collect data. Participants were instructed to carefully review the questions before providing their responses. Adequate time was given to ensure thoughtful answers. Results: Among the 609 participants the major number of adverse drug reaction (ADR) was seen in participants of age group between 18-34 years. The major adverse reaction of cosmetic products recorded was pimple majorly at the face (43.3%). The adverse reaction of skin care reported was 32.9% and ADR of hair care is 23.3% and ADR for makeup is 24.2%. According to the survey taken, 73.8% of people reported mild ADR, 23% were moderate and 3.2% were severe. Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of adverse reactions to cosmetics, especially skincare products, with many participants not seeking medical attention due to a lack of awareness. Risk factors included family history of allergies and product mixing. The findings stress the need for better consumer education, medical consultation, and stronger cosmetic regulations.
... As a result, the hair contains less melanin and becomes more translucent in color, leading to the appearance of grey hair on the scalp. Research indicates that almost 50 % of the population will have completely grey hair on their scalp by the time they reach their late fifties [1]. Therefore, the demand for hair dyes is consistently high, especially among the middle-aged population. ...
Currently, the use of henna-based herbal black hair dyes is widespread in the community. However, it is
important to note that these dyes cannot be classified as completely natural due to the addition of various in�gredients to enhance their effectiveness. Most black hair dyes use paraphenylenediamine (PPD) to get a black
hue, however, PPD is widely recognized as a contact sensitizer. The toxicity of heavy metals is also prevalent in
the cosmetics sector. These metallic elements can permeate the skin and provide widespread exposure
throughout the body. Hair dye requires an alkaline pH value because of reactions that occur during the dyeing
process, which is incompatible with scalp pH. The varying concentrations of these chemicals and their frequency
of usage can result in diverse health issues. The present research implemented High-Performance Liquid Chro�matography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to quantify the concentrations of PPD and heavy metals (Pb,
Cd, and Fe) in seven frequently used brands in Sri Lanka. The lead content in the examined samples exhibited
variability, ranging from 0.04 ± 0.01 ppm to 0.28 ± 0.14 ppm. However, all the samples remained below the
allowed level of 2 ppm according to the BVL standard. Regarding Cd, certain examined materials surpassed the
acceptable thresholds, while others did not and varied between 0 ppm and 2.33 ± 1.92 ppm. Iron was found at a
significantly higher concentration compared to the other two heavy metals. A significant quantity of PPD was
detected, exceeding the allowable threshold of 6 % according to the European Union legislation. All the samples
that were analyzed had a pH value within the alkaline range. The study indicates that herbal dyes generated from
natural materials may contain harmful compounds, such as a high concentration of PPD in herbal black hair color
potentially inducing sensitization.
... It is supportive to similar type of study where the mean age at which both genders started hair dyeing was 27 years, while it was 16 years in a study conducted on Danish adult population and 40-49 years in Korean population. (6,7,8) The youngest volunteer using hair dye in our study was 20 years. However, in a study done in Riyadh, the practice began at an age as young as 15 years. ...
Introduction: Colour of hair is most conspicuous phenotype of human beings and plays an important role in one's overall physical beauty. Premature hair greying (PHG) has caused the increased use of various hair dyes in population though it has adverse effects. Aim- To assess knowledge, practice of hair dye users with purpose, frequency of use and adverse reactions if any on hair, scalp, skin. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants from PCMC region by interview method using a questionnaire (20 questions) specially prepared pertaining to use of hair dye and adverse reactions to it. Statistical Analysis-The demographic data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, quantitative data expressed as percentages. Results: A total 98subjects including 75.5% and 24.5% females and males respectively. The participants started using hair dye at an age of 25 (±3.03) years. Herbal and Synthetic dyes were used by 36.74% and 63.27% respectively. Frequency of use in a year was 4-5 times in 58.16%. Adverse reactions of dye on body of hair like dryness46.94%, loss of hair 30.62%, change in texture and thinning were reported. 29.59% of subjects showed ill effects during dyeing of scalp while in 68.36% of subjects after the dyeing process was complete. Conclusion: Majority Population started hair dyeing at very early age using Chemical dyes even though they perceived herbal dyes were safe. They continued hair colouring despite adverse reactions, which indicates aesthetic importance of hair colour and need of research in the field of Ayurveda for developing safe, natural hair dye.
... Previous surveys conducted in Korea have suggested that more than 50 % of the population who have gray hair are in their early 40 s and are in the process of aging. Most of them continue to dye their hair periodically, despite side effects [3]. Permanent hair dye containing PPD comprise more than 70 % of the hair dye market share in Europe, United States, and East Asia [4,5]. ...
para-Phenylediamine (PPD), a major component of hair dyeing ingredients, can induce allergenic sensitization and exert mutagenic, tumorigenic and cytotoxic effect. In this study, we determined the cytotoxic effect of PPD on human keratinocytes and evaluated the protective effect of Rhus semialata M. extracts (RSE) on PPD induced cytotoxicity for the first time. We observed that RSE is a strong inhibitory agent against PPD-induced toxicity in human keratinocytes. The results indicated that RSE pretreatment significantly could suppress PPD induced cytotoxic effects, including decrease of cell viability, accumulation in subG1 phase of cells, and relocation of phosphatidylserine on keratinocytes. Also, we found that PPD caused cytotoxicity was associated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss and subsequent activation of caspase and PARP degradation. However, pretreatment of RSE showed preventive activities against PPD induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss and ROS production in keratinocytes. In conclusion, the results of present study suggest that RSE was able to protect the skin from several cytotoxic effects of PPD and could be a meaningful material in many industries using PPD.
... Hair dyeing, being a means of individual identity and self-expression, shows increasing popularity among different age groups and gender globally (Kim et al., 2012;Casiraghi, 2017). Besides European and North American populations, more than one-third of the female population of Asian countries such as China, India, and Japan experience high exposure to hair dyes (Gago-Dominguez et al., 2001;Vedel-Krogh et al., 2016). ...
The practice of hair dyeing is a rapidly expanding industry on a global scale; however, it has become a major concern for Asian countries because they have been undergoing rapid transformations of their environment and lifestyles. While the socio-economic benefits and impacts of this globalization trend are widely understood, the environmental effects are largely unknown. In particular, commonly available oxidative dyes potentially pose specific environmental risks due to their use of a toxic aromatic amine p-Phenylenediamine (PPD). In investigating the environmental impacts of PPD chemicals, we first provide context to the study by setting out the socio-psychological drivers to industrial expansion in Asian countries along with an overview of research into its effects, to show that its environmental impacts are under-researched. We then investigate the environmental toxicity of PPD by focusing on the role of microbes in metabolizing waste products. Results show that Acinetobacter baumannii EB1 isolated from dye effluent prevents autoxidation of PPD under oxygen-enriched (shaking) or oxygen-deficient (static) conditions representing different environmental settings. Microbes transformed PPD into more toxic metabolites, which then significantly reduced plant growth, thereby having a direct bearing on ecosystem services. Based on the findings, we argue that stricter regulatory controls on hair dye wastewater are necessary, particularly in newly industrialising Asian countries where the expansion of commercial practice is most prevalent.
... [1][2][3] It is also common at older ages to cover grey hair. 4 Hair dyeing can be achieved either by the use of oxidative hair dye products (often referred to as permanent), or by the use of non-oxidative hair dye products (often referred to as temporary or direct dyes). Semipermanent hair dye products are present in both groups. ...
Background
Hair dyeing is very common and may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Oxidative (often termed permanent or semi‐permanent) hair dye products have constituted the focus of market surveys and toxicological risk assessments, while non‐oxidative (semi‐permanent, temporary or direct) products have not been assessed.
Objectives
To identify the hair dye substances presently used in non‐oxidative hair dye products in Europe.
Methods
Ingredient label data on eligible products in 5 European countries were collected, and 289 different non‐oxidative hair dye products were included in this study.
Results
Up to 9 hair dye substances were present in each product. Sixty‐eight individual hair dye substances were identified on the 289 product labels, and their occurrence ranged from 0.3% to 34%. There were differences concerning substances used and their number per product between products of different consistency and colour.
Conclusions
The hair dye substances in non‐oxidative hair dye products are different from those in oxidative hair dye products, and are currently not covered by patch test series. The toxicological and skin‐sensitizing profile of the substances in non‐oxidative hair dye products, as well as their concentrations, should be further investigated.
... Hair dyes are usually used to conceal gray hair or to change hair color and hair dyeing is frequently performed in Korea 3,4 . Kim et al. 5 reported that 63.8% of the Korean population has dyed their hair. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from hair dye is a worldwide problem of individuals who dye their hair 1,6 . ...
... Our findings are similar to those of previous studies. Kim et al. 5 reported that pruritus was the most common side effect related to hair dye use; eye tingling sensations, erythema, scales, vesicles, oozing, edema, and swelling were also reported. ...
Background
P-phenylenediamine (PPD) has been identified as the most frequent contact sensitizer of hair dye and the clinical characteristics of hair dye contact allergy (HDCA) are diverse.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of HDCA and to assess the relationships between HDCA, exposure time to PPD and PPD positivity.
Methods
We analyzed 105 patients with patch test-confirmed hair dye allergy who presented between July 2009 and March 2015. Clinical symptoms, signs, associated skin diseases, involved ACD area, and patterns of hair dye use were obtained by reviewing medical records and by interview.
Results
HDCA was more common in women and in individuals aged more than 50 years. Pruritus was the most common symptom; erythematous macules and patches were the most frequently observed clinical signs. The most common site of HDCA was the face and non-specific eczema and urticaria were frequently observed with HDCA. Exposure time to hair dye, represented as frequency and duration, showed a positive correlation with the area affected by hair dye allergy (p<0.001). Hair dye allergy was identified in most patients (80%) before diagnosis by patch test. However, only 28.6% of all patients stopped using hair dye, even after the diagnosis was confirmed.
Conclusion
The extent of hair dye allergy involvement was related to exposure time to hair dye. For effective treatment of HDCA, it is important to properly educate patients with HDCA about the clinical manifestations of HDCA and to keep away from allergens.
... A large number of respondents in our study did not know the hair color brand which they were using, and majority was unaware of the allergy testing before application and the application instructions. In a study by Kim et al, 73% of the respondents were unaware of the hair color brand they were using [10]. ...
... A large proportion of population in our study group believed that hair dyes are harmful, while in a study by Al Ghamdi et al, 52% respondents were aware of the harms of hair dyes [8]. In our study, 36 respondents (14.4%) reported adverse effects with the use of hair dyes which is higher than the prevalence rate of 5.2% in a Danish study but lesser than the 42% prevalence rate reported in an Indian study [1,10]. Despite the experience of side effects, most of the people (32 out of 36) continued hair dyeing. ...
Background: Hair dye usage is extremely common all over the world. Hair dyes have been reported to cause a wide range of adverse effects, therefore, the consumer’s knowledge about hair dyeing and related side effects are important.
Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of general population towards the use of hair dyes.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty consecutive persons using hair dyes were enrolled for this questionnaire-based cross-sectional, descriptive study.
Results: These 250 patients comprised 141 men (56.4%) and 109 women (43.6%) (M: F 1.29:1), aged between 16 and 74 (mean 47.13) years. The majority, 212 patients (84.8%) were aged between 20–60 years and 66.4% (n=166) belonged to an urban background. When asked about the reason for using hair color, the principle reason was “to look younger” (59.6%, n=149). Most of the respondents were using synthetic hair dye preparations (55.2%, n=138) and when asked about the brand of hair dye being used, 25.2% (n=63) did not know about the brand they were using. When asked about their perception regarding safety of HD, 61% (n=152) respondents agreed that hair dyes are not safe and on being asked about the carcinogenic potential of HD, only 24% (n=60) respondents agreed. When enquired about the safest variety of HD, majority of respondents (52.4%, n=131) believed that plant based hair colors are the safest. When asked about the safety of HD during pregnancy and lactation, 68% (n=168) of the respondents were unaware regarding this aspect. 14.4% of the respondents reported suffering from some adverse effects due to hair dye use but only 11.11% (n=4) of those stopped using hair dyes.
Conclusions: There is lack of awareness about the hair dyes and their adverse effects in the general population. There is an urgent need to increase awareness among consumers regarding the adverse effects of hair dyes and the available safer alternatives.
Limitations: Small number of respondents and the use of a convenience sample, which might not be representative of the whole community.
... Graying of the scalp hair is an inevitable physiologic process with human aging. The cause of this process has been ascribed to the loss of pigment-forming melanocytes from the hair follicles, which reflects a loss of the melanocyte stem cell population in aging hair follicles (Kim et al., 2012). Coloring agents can be used to remove natural color and/ or add new color. ...
... Hair is not just a skin appendage; it is used to express people's individuality, wellbeing, and attributes. Consequently, hair dyeing is widely accepted among younger people as a way to express youthfulness and color preferences, and among older people as a way to darken their graying hair 9 . The size of the Korean market for hair dye is expected to grow further with increases in women's social activities and the mean life span. ...
Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is the primary patch test screening agent for hair dye contact allergy (HDCA). However, no recent studies have been published that describe the results of reactions to patch tests using PPD and hair dyes in Korea.
To analyze the results of the patch tests to PPD using the thin-layer rapid use epicutaneous (TRUE) Test system in patients with HDCA and to investigate patients' awareness that hair dyes contains allergens, which cause the development of HDCA.
Eighty-four patients with suspected HDCA (32 men and 52 women) underwent patch testing using the TRUE Test system and their own hair dyes. The patients' demographic data, behavior associated with hair dyeing, and clinical manifestations of HDCA were examined retrospectively.
Positive patch-test reactions to hair dyes occurred in 53.6% of patients who used hair dyes, and they were diagnosed with HDCA. Although there was a significant correlation between HDCA and PPD sensitization (p=0.001), only 40% of the patients with HDCA showed positive reactions to PPD. Of the 45 patients diagnosed with HDCA, only 7 (15.6%) were aware that their hair dyes contained allergens that caused HDCA.
This study's findings show that PPD is an effective HDCA marker. However, we propose that investigations on hair dye components other than PPD should be conducted to develop and validate additional predictive HDCA markers.
