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Advantages and drawbacks for BEVs and FCEVs in light commercial vehicles. 1 Technology readiness levels (TRL), available levels 1 to 9 (maximum). Diesel technology has TRL 9. 2 Hydrogen fuel has 33.3 kW h/kg H2 and fuel cell system offer 0.69-1.5 kW h/kg FCsystem . 3 Typical Li-Ion batteries system offer for 70% SoC 0.14-0.24 kW h/kg Bsystem .
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The environmental impact of the road transport sector, together with urban freight transport growth, has a notable repercussions in global warming, health and economy. The need to reduce emissions caused by fossil fuel dependence and to foster the use of renewable energy sources has driven the development of zero-emissions powertrains. These clean...
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... into account the strengths and limitations of BEVs and FCEVs for delivery activities in metropolitan areas and the powertrain synergies between both technologies, a good solution could be the FC-EREV powertrain [41]. Figure 3 summarizes FCEVs and BEVs advantages and drawbacks in the use of these technologies for light commercial vehicles compiled from the analyzed papers. ...
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In the changing world conditions, the insatiable human demands increased and industrial activities increased. Inevitably, people began to cause serious damage to the environment they lived in, and as they discovered the extent of the damage that they had not realized before, they needed to take a series of measures. These damages, which are called...
With the global warming of the planet, new forms of energy are being sought as an alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, hydrogen (H2) is seen as a strong alternative for fueling vehicles. However, the major challenge in the use of H2 arises from its physical properties. An earlier study was conducted on the storage of H2, used as fuel in road veh...
Producing hydrogen efficiently through water electrolysis could greatly reduce fossil fuel consumption. As well as this renewable energy source will also help combat global warming and boost economic investment opportunities. This paper studied some factors affecting the performance of oxy-hydrogen/hydroxy (HHO) gas generator, such as applied volta...
Because of the current increase in energy requirement, reduction in fossil fuels, and global warming, as well as pollution, a suitable and promising alternative to the non-renewable energy sources is proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Hence, the efficiency of the renewable energy source can be increased by extracting the precise values for each o...
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... Nevertheless, commercializing FCEVs powered solely by FCS is impeded by various notable limitations [13], including high costs, docile electrochemical reactions, poor transient performance, and lack of regenerative braking energy [14]. In accordance with DOE durability standards, the FCS employed in automotive applications must have a minimum operational life of 5000 h and 17,000 start/stop cycles; however, current technology is to achieve these targets consistently [15]. A fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) that incorporates a secondary energy storage system (ESS), battery unit, and/or supercapacitors (SCs) can address the abovementioned challenges [16,17]. ...
... Despite the detailed assessment, the review focused mainly on design optimization without considering other vital aspects of hybrid systems. Castillo et al. [15] explored the potential of hydrogen-electric hybrid powertrains, evaluating component sizing and fuel management strategies for improved efficiency. The review, however, was limited to light-duty vehicles and a particular set of system attributes. ...
Comprehensive review shows only 10 % focus on FCHEV thermal challenges. • Identified research gaps for thermal management in FCHEVs. • Over 70 % of studies overlook thermal subsystem interdependencies. • Waste heat recovery can boost FCHEV efficiency up to 90 %. • WHR increases driving range by ~11 % in cold weather conditions. A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Hybrid powertrain systems Fuel cells Li-ion battery Thermal management Heat recovery A B S T R A C T Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are potential solutions for fulfilling high-power demands in road transportation while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, despite being very promising, FCHEVs confront many challenges in their quest to penetrate the present automotive market, with thermal management being one of the major challenges. In addition to significantly reducing FCHEV efficiency, auxiliary loads, heating, and cooling demands can also shorten the lifespan of electric components due to inefficient heating/ cooling, which impacts the operating temperature. This review highlights that existing research predominantly addresses individual subsystems, with a limited focus on thermal management integration for FCHEVs. Novel strategies such as waste heat recovery (WHR) are shown to enhance PEMFC efficiency from 40 to 60 % to 90 %, improve thermal efficiency by ~11 %, and extend the driving range in frigid conditions. By addressing subsystem interdependencies and proposing innovative solutions like phase change materials and combined heat and power systems, this work offers a comprehensive framework for advancing FCHEVs thermal management and optimizing hybrid powertrain performance.
... According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global energy consumption of the transportation and industrial sectors was approximately 30%, yet together, these sectors accounted for approximately 46% of total carbon emissions in 2021. Interestingly, while energy consumption and emission trends have remained relatively stable since 2011, the transportation sector's impact has continued to increase [1]. Air pollution is directly linked to heavy vehicle traffic in urban areas. ...
Increasing traffic density in cities exacerbates air pollution, threatens human health and worsens the global climate crisis. Urgent solutions for sustainable and eco-friendly urban transportation are needed. Innovative technologies like artificial intelligence, particularly Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), play a crucial role in reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This study presents an effective approach using DRL to minimize waiting times at traffic lights, thus reducing fuel consumption and emissions. DRL can evaluate complex traffic scenarios and learn optimal solutions. Unlike other studies focusing solely on optimizing traffic light durations, this research aims to choose the optimal vehicle acceleration based on traffic conditions. This method provides safer, more comfortable travel while lowering emissions and fuel consumption. Simulations with various scenarios prove the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm’s success in adjusting speed according to traffic lights. Although the findings confirmed that the DRL algorithms used were effective in reducing fuel consumption and emissions, the DQN algorithm outperformed other DRL algorithms in reducing fuel consumption and emissions in complex city traffic scenarios, and in reducing waiting times at traffic lights. It provides better contributions to creating a sustainable environment by reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
... Despite the significant range extension possible with hydrogen-electric power, hydrogen fuel cell technology encounters difficulties related to fueling, as specialized cryogenic infrastructure is required to store the large amounts of hydrogen needed to power eVTOL aircraft due to hydrogen's low volumetric energy density (around 8.4 MJ/liter compared to 34.7 MJ/liter for Jet A1) [3]. This infrastructure would be far more difficult to develop than already widely developed electric charging infrastructure for EV automobiles leveraging common standards such as CCS, and as such, impede the widespread adoption of hydrogen-electric power systems [6][7][8]. ...
In reality, eVTOL aircraft have substantial promise in revolutionizing transportation within cities and other short distances due to their ability to take off in confined spaces and the low emissions and noise generated with eVTOL aircraft. However, eVTOL aircraft are still limited by battery technology. Current battery systems draw inspiration from the automotive sector and are capable of ranges of up to 150 miles. Continuing to increase efficiency will be beneficial to allow eVTOL aircraft to be used in applications where greater range is needed, e.g., search and rescue and in the general UAM application to further shorten downtime experienced for charging. In this study, a novel vented duct geometry utilizing entrainment is investigated and found to have doubled thrust generated. The test and reference duct were constructed utilizing a modified NACA airfoil and tested with Simscale CFD software. The vented duct geometry was found to produce a significant thrust increase over a reference duct. Nevertheless, the need was found for optimizing the vent geometry as eddy currents were observed to appear and thus limit the amount of air entrained. Other analysis methods including PIV were suggested to optimize the geometry to prevent eddy currents. Adopting the geometry would allow for increases in range without the need for complex additional energy stores (e.g., hydrogen), decreasing cost and complexity needed to optimize efficiency of eVTOL aircraft. Successfully implementing this propulsor geometry would unlock applications like regional routes and longer endurance/range operations.
... Extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) automatically start and provide power to the battery when the onboard battery reaches the minimum critical limit set by the state of charge (SOC). EREVs have numerous advantages, such as high charging flexibility [1,2], a long battery life [3,4] and superior environmental performance [5,6]. The power battery directly affects the economy, power and safety of EREVs [7,8]. ...
... Its algorithm accumulates the battery current based on the initial SOC and ultimately obtains the required SOC value. Its mathematical expression can be expressed as Equation (2). where SOC(0) is the rated capacity of the battery, C. i is the charging and discharging current of the battery, A. η is the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery. ...
The power battery configuration of an extended-range electric vehicle directly affects the overall performance of the vehicle. Optimization of the output voltage of the power battery can improve the overall power and economy of the vehicle to ensure its safe operation. Factors affecting the output voltage of power batteries under different operating conditions, such as nominal voltage and the number of series and parallel connections of the battery cells, have been studied. This study uses AVL Cruise to establish an overall model of an extended-range electric vehicle to simulate the output voltage characteristics under the different operating conditions of the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), WLTC (World Light Vehicle Test Cycle) and CLTC (China Light Duty Vehicle Test Cycle). The influence of the output voltage of the power battery under different operating conditions is studied to ensure that the power battery can output energy with high efficiency. The operating conditions have an impact on the output voltage with an idle voltage fluctuation of the operating conditions. The nominal voltage variation and the number of series and parallel connections of the battery cells affect the frequency and time of breakdown.
... Notwithstanding advancements in driving range and recharge alternatives, these and additional market impediments persist, rendering the present market share of BEVs inconsequential [29]. In light of the advancement of hydrogen fuel cell stacks, an emerging powertrain architecture concept for N1 class-type cars was described (Castillo et al., 2020). The fuel cell extended range electric vehicles (FC-EREV)concept combines a battery-electric arrangement with a hydrogen-powered fuel cell stack that acts as a range extender. ...
... The fuel cell extended range electric vehicles (FC-EREV)concept combines a battery-electric arrangement with a hydrogen-powered fuel cell stack that acts as a range extender. The lithium-ion battery in EVs can sustain an operational temperature range of 15 • C to 35 • C employing a battery thermal management system (BTMS) [30]. ...
Nanotechnology has increased electric vehicle (EV) battery production, efficiency and use. Nanotechnology is explored in this electric car battery illustration. Nanoscale materials and topologies research has increased battery energy density, charge time and cycle life. Nanotubes, graphene and metal oxides improve energy storage, flow and charging/discharge. Solid-state and lithium-air high-energy batteries are safer, more energy dense and more stable using nanoscale catalysts. Nanotechnology improves battery parts. Nanostructured fluids reduce lithium dendrite, improving batteries. Nanocoating electrodes may reduce damage and extend battery life. Nanotechnology benefits the planet. Nanomaterials allow battery parts to employ ordinary, safe materials instead of rare, harmful ones. Nanotechnology promotes battery recycling, reducing waste. Change does not influence stable, cost-effective or scalable items. Business opportunities for nanotechnology-based EV batteries need more research. High-performance, robust and environmentally friendly batteries might make electric cars more popular and transportation more sustainable with research and development. An outline of EV battery nanotechnology research examines the publication patterns, notable articles, collaborators and contributions. This issue was researched extensively, indicating interest. Research focuses on anode materials, energy storage and battery performance. A research landscape assessment demonstrates EV battery nanotechnology's growth and future. A comprehensive literature review examined nano sensors in EVs. Our study provides a solid foundation for understanding the current state of research, identifying major trends and discovering nanotechnology breakthroughs in EV sensors by carefully reviewing, characterizing and rating important papers.
... BEVs are another possible low-emission alternate to fossil fuel ICE vehicles and are reported to be more effective than FCVs ( Figure 2). Currently, both technologies are affected by the high costs, limited service life, lack of appropriate charging infrastructure, and restricted availability of key raw materials; however, significant advantages of FCVs are unmodified consumer behavior and driving range, even in the case of vans; short refueling time; and stable operation at both high and low temperatures [18]. Hydrogen can be a solution for the abovementioned problems; it has the highest Higher Heating Value (HHV) in MJ/kg of all the fuels and the product of its combustion is only water, which makes it favorable in different areas such as transport, energy storage, electricity production, and residential applications [9,11]. ...
... BEVs are another possible low-emission alternate to fossil fuel ICE vehicles and are reported to be more effective than FCVs ( Figure 2). Currently, both technologies are affected by the high costs, limited service life, lack of appropriate charging infrastructure, and restricted availability of key raw materials; however, significant advantages of FCVs are unmodified consumer behavior and driving range, even in the case of vans; short refueling time; and stable operation at both high and low temperatures [18]. ...
In the automotive sector, the zero emissions area has been dominated by battery electric vehicles. However, prospective users cite charging times, large batteries, and the deployment of charging stations as a counter-argument. Hydrogen will offer a solution to these areas, in the future. This research focuses on the development of a prototype three-wheeled vehicle that is named Neumann H2. It integrates state-of-the-art energy storage systems, demonstrating the benefits of solar-, battery-, and hydrogen-powered drives. Of crucial importance for the R&D platform is the system’s ability to record its internal states in a time-synchronous format, providing valuable data for researchers and developers. Given that the platform is equipped with the ROS2 Open-Source interface, the data are recorded in a standardized format. Energy management is supported by artificial intelligence of the “Reinforcement Learning” type, which selects the optimal energy source for operation based on different layers of high-fidelity maps. In addition to powertrain control, the vehicle also uses artificial intelligence to detect the environment. The vehicle’s environment-sensing system is essentially designed to detect, distinguish, and select environmental elements through image segmentation using camera images and then to provide feedback to the user via displays.
... ; WILL HALL, 2020;Dolci, 2019;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020;Xu, 2020;Sontakke, 2021;Ajanovic, 2018;Blazquez-Diaz, 2019;Glenk, 2019;Gökçek, 2018; Balat, 2010a,b; Medisetty V. M., 2020) MarketLimited fuel stations MA1(Tseng, 2005;Hu et al., 2020; Garcia D. A., 2017; Castillo, 2020a,b;Engineering, 2004;WILL HALL, 2020;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020;Xu, 2020;Sontakke, 2021) Absence of localization of relevant material components and source technology MA2(Lee, 2021;Castillo, 2020a,b; Medisetty V. M., XuM. o, 2007; Lee, 2021; Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020; Xu, 2020; Gye, 2019; Stehlík, 2019) Supply of water for electrolysis TE4 (Energy M. o, 2007; Technology, 2010; Medisetty V. M., 2020; Moradi, 2019; Hu et al., 2020) Lack of hydrogen storage capacity TE5 (Lee, 2021; Engineering, 2004; Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020; Sontakke, 2021; Gye, 2019; Stehlík, 2019) Consumer Behaviour High ownership cost of hydrogen vehicles CB1 (Energy M. o, 2007; Garcia D. A., 2017; Lee, 2021; Xu, 2020; Chang, 2019; Tsunemi, 2019; Al-Amin, 2016) Safety issues for hydrogen transport and delivery CB2 (Energy M. o, 2007; Garcia D. A., 2017; Lee, 2021; Medisetty, 2020a,b; Gye, 2019; Stehlík, 2019; Al-Amin, 2016) Lack of awareness about hydrogen as fuel CB3 (Blazquez-Diaz, 2019; Glenk, 2019; Gökçek, 2018; Xu, 2020; Al-Amin, 2016) RegulatoryComplex and lengthy government approval process RE1(Hart, 2009; Garcia, 2017a,b;Lee, 2021;Engineering, 2004;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty, 2020a,b;Sontakke, 2021;Xu, 2020) Lack of supporting policy & regulations RE2(Tseng, 2005;Lee, 2021;Sontakke, 2021;Hart, 2009; Garcia, 2017a,b;Dolci, 2019;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty, 2020a,b;Xu, 2020) Absence of codes and standards RE3(Hart, 2009;Energy M. o, 2007;Lee, 2021;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty, 2020a,b;Xu, 2020;Sontakke, 2021) Absence of hydrogen pricing mechanism RE4(Tseng, 2005;WILL HALL, 2020;Xu, 2020;Blazquez-Diaz, 2019;Glenk, 2019;Gökçek, 2018) Flowchart of research methodology. ...
The environmental impact of the transport sector has a significant contribution in the carbon emissions. To reduce fossil fuel consumption and promote clean fuel, many countries are considering hydrogen as an alternative fuel and a bridge to sustainable development and achieve net zero target. Indian government has taken multiple policy initiatives to promote hydrogen fuel adoption in India. But nevertheless, the major presence of the multiple barriers limits the mass adoption of hydrogen as a preferred fuel. Therefore, identification and assessment of the key internal and external barriers of the hydrogen fuel vehicles adoption is required to mitigate the climate change issues. This study has identified and analyzed the barriers. The criticality assessment of the barriers is done by fuzzy based hybrid approach analytic hierarchy process. Later, sensitivity experiments are conducted to verify the robustness of the model. The findings of the study show that technical barriers are most critical barriers in the adoption of hydrogen fuel vehicles in India. The result of the study also indicates that India would require to build the hydrogen supply network and infrastructure, improve consumer awareness, favourable policies and develop efficient production technology for the mass adoption of hydrogen as a fuel.
... It has severe impacts on human health as well as global climate change. Therefore, their rapid replacement by electric-powered automobiles is accelerating, and the demand for electric vehicles is increasing at a rapid pace [5]. EVs are dominating the market because of their low operating and maintenance cost, zero-tailpipe emission, and high efficiency. ...
... In mode-4, the conduction period is β 3 -β 4 . In mode-5, the conduction period is β 4 -β 5 . In mode-6, the conduction period is β 5 -β 6 . ...
An exponential curve-based (ECB) control strategy has been proposed in this paper. The proposed ECB control strategy is based on the growth and decay of charge in the series RC circuit and the harmonic elimination by detecting the Fourier expansion series of the auxiliary equipment power supply system’s (AEPSS) three-phase output voltage level. It can quickly adjust each duty cycle to the best value for driving the isolated three-phase inverter (ITPI) and produce a three-phase 380 VAC/60 Hz output. A comparison of the AEPSS output performance using the traditional voltage cancellation method (VCM) and the proposed ECB control strategy was performed. The hardware implementation of the system was performed on the prototype developed in the laboratory. These control strategies are tested under three conditions, i.e., (i) Vi = 550 VDC. (ii) Vi = 750 VDC. (iii) Vi = 800 VDC. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is 13.7%, 14.5%, and 14.9%, and the output voltage Vo is 372.3 VAC, 377.3 VAC, and 385.3 VAC using the traditional control strategy at three test conditions, respectively. However, the THD is 7.2%, 7.8%, and 8.0%, and the output voltage Vo is 382.2 VAC, 381.2 VAC, and 381.9 VAC using the proposed ECB control strategy under the test conditions. It is obvious from the hardware results that the output voltage harmonics and output voltage level for the proposed ECB control strategy are superior to the traditional VCM. The voltage produced from the AEPSS using the proposed ECB control strategy is more stable and has better quality. In addition, the filter size is also reduced.
... The second [2] analyzes the transport sector, whose activities entail notable repercussions for global warming, concluding that we need to increase clean transportation technologies while explaining the barriers currently blocking the use of electrical battery vehicles. ...
The problem of global warming and its relationship with human activity is increasingly evident [...]
... Feasibility assessment of hydrogen supply chains depends on multiple decision parameters, and the right decisions can vary greatly based on the regional characteristics (Castillo et al., 2020). The infrastructure required, along with the costs and emissions involved, plays a major role in this regard. ...
Hydrogen-based transportation has gained popularity and has presented significant growth over the past few years, providing an excellent platform for capitalizing on natural resources while attaining global carbon policies and sustainability targets. However, lack of infrastructure, cost of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fuel, and absence of established hydrogen supply chains have been identified as critical challenges of hydrogen-based mobility. Despite current studies predominantly focusing on hydrogen-fueled passenger vehicles and related infrastructure, it was identified that the impacts of hydrogen fuel supply chain for freight transportation from a life cycle thinking perspective have been largely overlooked. This article aims at critically reviewing the existing body-of-knowledge on the current status of hydrogen fueling supply chain and exploring the potential of integrating hydrogen fuel for road freight transportation. Accordingly, the current status of alternative fuel use for freight transportation is discussed over technical, economic, and environmental dimensions outlining its benefits and challenges. Moreover, the pertinence of innovative and established methods of hydrogen production, distribution, and storage for freight transportation are evaluated based on a comprehensive literature review. This study reveals that the transformation of freight transportation into low-emission alternative fuels would require a comprehensive multicriteria assessment that includes technical, economic, environmental, and social feasibilities over the life cycle of the freight vehicle and the fuel supply chain. Moreover, decision parameters affecting the optimal fuel selection process were established through this study, while providing insights on the future prospects for hydrogen-fueled freight transformation in Canada.
