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![Comparison between piezoelectric ceramics and piezoelectric polymers [63].](publication/342354566/figure/tbl2/AS:906062530105344@1593033549780/Comparison-between-piezoelectric-ceramics-and-piezoelectric-polymers-63_Q320.jpg)
The goal of this paper is to review current methods of energy harvesting, while focusing on piezoelectric energy harvesting. The piezoelectric energy harvesting technique is based on the materials’ property of generating an electric field when a mechanical force is applied. This phenomenon is known as the direct piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric...
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This research paper addresses the design and analysis of a Notched Cantilever Beam Energy Harvester (NCBEH) aimed at enhancing vibration energy harvesting. The voltage output from Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoelectric material is directly related to the strain it experiences. Therefore, numerical simulations using ANSYS were conducted to inve...
This paper offers an extensive examination of energy harvesting approaches, with a special focus on the utilization of piezoelectric energy harvesting. This method capitalizes on the unique capability of specific materials to produce an electric field when subjected to mechanical forces, a phenomenon termed the direct piezoelectric effect. Piezoele...
The efficiency of a linear kinetic energy harvester by piezoelectric transduction—when
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Citations
... The phenomenon of piezoelectricity, combining mechanical deformation with the emergence of an electric field, has been known for many years and has formed the basis for various sensor solutions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] and executive elements used in signal processing [8]. Its principle, involving bidirectional reversible conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy, allows its utilization in designing energy management devices, such as piezoelectric motors or piezoelectric generators of electrical power. ...
... The first application is more mature, and currently, many constructions of piezoelectric linear and rotary motors can be found, and used, among other things, in precision medical [9,10] or optical instruments [11,12]. The second application, often referred to as piezoelectric energy harvesting [2,4,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19], is still in the development phase but solutions utilizing the concept of vibrational pendulum are already available in the market [20]. ...
In this paper, we propose the application of semiconductor technology processes to fabricate integrated silicon devices that demonstrate the piezoelectric energy harvesting effect. The harvesting structure converts thermal energy into electricity using a piezoelectric transducer, which generates electrical signals owing to the dynamic bending under pressure caused by the explosive boiling of the working fluid within the harvester. The challenges of previous works that included complex manufacturing processing and form limitations were addressed by the use of semiconductor technology based on laser beam processing, which led to simplification of the device’s fabrication. The electrical characterization of the fabricated harvester prototype proved its functionality in energy conversion and potential for integration with a step-up converter or power management integrated circuit (PMIC) generating stable impulses ranging from 0.4 to 1.5 V at a frequency of 7 Hz.
... With the aim of carbon neutrality and carbon compliance, it becomes critical to monitor distributed carbon emissions of the key nodes of electricity transportation, i.e., monitoring the carbon emissions of transformer substations. With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and environmental energy harvesting, self-powered wireless sensors have received significant attention [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Mechanical vibrations are continuously available at transformer substations with constant operational frequencies of 100 Hz [14][15][16], thus providing a large amount of reliable renewable energy to power sensor nodes without additional carbon emissions. ...
... Mechanical vibrations are continuously available at transformer substations with constant operational frequencies of 100 Hz [14][15][16], thus providing a large amount of reliable renewable energy to power sensor nodes without additional carbon emissions. Piezoelectric energy harvesting has the advantages of a simple structure and high efficiency for harvesting electrical energy from vibrations [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Typically, cantilever-based piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are employed to harvest the environmental vibration energy [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and to be connected to power wireless sensor nodes [5,14,18,19]. ...
The long-term CO2 emissions of transformer substations require constant monitoring. In this study, we propose a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester designed for self-powered CO2 monitoring of transformer substations. The proposed harvester comprises multiple slender piezoelectric cantilevers arranged in parallel, which results in a higher operational frequency and a significantly enhanced power output capability. Experimental investigations were conducted to assess the energy harvesting performance. The results show that the harvester can effectively capture the vibration energy, yielding an RMS power output of 2.99 mW, corresponding to the operational frequency of the transformer substation. Additionally, a wireless CO2 sensor node was developed, demonstrating an operational mechanism for CO2 monitoring. The capacitor takes approximately 1220 s to charge for the initial data measurement and transmission. The findings confirm that the energy harvester is capable of providing sufficient power to operate the sensor node for CO2 monitoring in transformer substations.
... The mechanical and electrical characteristics of the piezoelectric effect can be treated as independent variables, allowing for the derivation of different piezoelectric equations depending on the chosen independent variables [31]. In the presence of an external electric field, the deformation and stress of equidistant spiral electrode piezoelectric actuators can primarily be described by the equation representing the inverse piezoelectric effect. ...
The actuator is a critical component of the micromanipulator. By utilizing the properties of expansion and contraction, the piezoelectric actuator enables the manipulator to handle and grasp miniature objects during micromanipulation. However, in piezoelectric ceramic disc actuators with conventional surface electrode configurations, the actuating force generated in the radial direction is relatively limited. When used as the actuation element of the manipulator, achieving regulation over a wide range of operating strokes becomes challenging. Therefore, altering the electrode structure is necessary to generate a greater radial force, thus enhancing the positioning and grasping capabilities of the operating arm. This paper investigates a piezoelectric actuator with interdigitated spiral electrodes, featuring a constant pitch between adjacent electrodes. The radial force was tested under mechanical clamping conditions, and the influence of the electrical signal was examined. The characteristics of the electrode structure were described, and the working principles of the piezoelectric actuators were analyzed. Theoretical equations were derived for the macroscopic characterization of the radial clamping force of the actuator, based on the piezoelectric constitutive equation, geometric principles, and Bond matrix transformation relationships. A finite element model was developed, reflecting the features of the electrode structure, and finite element simulations were employed to verify the theoretical equations for radial force. To prepare the samples, encircled interdigitated spiral electrode lines were printed on the PZT-52 piezoelectric ceramic disc using a screen printing method. The clamping force experimental platform was established, and experiments on the clamping radial force were conducted with electrical signals of varying waveforms, frequencies, and voltages. The experimental results show that the piezoelectric ceramic disc actuator with an interdigitated spiral electrode line structure, when excited by a stable sine wave operating at 200 V and 0.2 Hz, generated a peak force of 0.37 N. It was 1.76 times greater than that produced by a previously utilized piezoelectric disc with conventional electrode structures.
... [51][52][53][54] Hooke's law is used to explain the electrical behavior, which is theoretically related to the piezoelectric phenomenon. 55 The explanation for the linear electrical response of a piezoelectric substance is described below. ...
... In the context of the piezoelectric strain-charge theory, equations (10) and (11) are integrated to give a set of coupled mathematical equations as follows. 55 The direct piezoelectric effect matrix is denoted by [d], whereas the matrix describing the indirect piezoelectric effect is represented by [dt]. Electric field and constant or zero stress from the network are denoted by the superscripts E and T, correspondingly. ...
Electroactive components can promote tissue healing and control neuronal activity with the support of the tissue environment and offer electrical impulses and biocompatible material habitats. Due to the increasing growth of portable electronics, it is imperative to generate tiny, lightweight power supply appliances with outstanding performance and sustainable energy conversion ability. In order to deal with the energy deficiency of electronic devices, self-powered systems based nanogenerators are committed to capturing ambient energy for electronic device consumption. Nanogenerator assemblies provide a range of benefits, including adjustable shape, flexibility, affordability, and transportability. As such, they represent a novel and intriguing area for biomedical investigation. In living organisms, bioelectrical mechanisms play an integral part in regulating the functions of cells and tissues. An essential component of electroactive assemblies includes self-powered nanogenerators. In conjunction with nanogenerators, biomedicine has contributed to the invention of medical devices based on self-powered system. Currently, one of the most significant energy-based technologies to guarantee the long-term functioning of implanted biomedical devices is the accumulation of biomechanical energy in vivo. This review covers the development of nanogenerators for biomedical applications. Piezoelectric and triboelectric materials, which could foster the evolution of potential applications in the field of bone regeneration and tissue engineering, are the primary focus of this review. These materials are electrically self-sustaining generators that encourage tissue repair involving osteogenic proliferation, differentiation, and microbial sterilization. Eventually, the discussion highlights the potential future scope and challenges related to the nanogenerators.
... 7 Such interactions initiate vibrations in the baseplate, subsequently causing piezoelectric patches to deform and generate electrical energy through the direct piezoelectric effect. 8,9 The efficiency of PFEH systems greatly depends on the design of the baseplate and piezoelectric patches, particularly their shape and microstructure. Therefore, high-fidelity numerical simulations that enable full-scale modeling of PFEH components and their interaction with fluid dynamics are essential for optimizing the design of these advanced systems. ...
... be the test functions that we use to multiply with Eqs. (7) and (8). We then proceed with the integration over the respective domain using Green's formula, which leads to the weak form of the elastodynamic governing equation for the fluid domain in its reference configuration, with the account for FSI effects, as expressed as follows: ...
A full-scale finite element model is presented for monolithic fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations of thin-walled piezoelectric fluid energy harvesters (PFEHs). Unlike widely used beam/plate-based models, our model employs a solid finite element discretization to precisely represent the complex PFEH designs involving microstructured transducers and non-uniform cantilevers. These features, plus the local FSI effects, are often ignored by simplified models. We applied the Galerkin method to formulate the weak form of the mixed equation system, integrating the flow dynamics, the geometrically nonlinear cantilever, the piezoelectric components, the electrode, and the output circuit within a closed-circuit electro-mechanical coupled system. The coupling of the multiple domains is achieved through boundary-fitted discretization within a monolithic scheme, using shifted-Crank–Nicolson temporal integration. This work explored implementing piezoelectric FSI systems within the FEniCS-based TurtleFSI library, and experimented techniques such as employing penalty functions for achieving electrode components with uniform electric potentials. We investigated various advanced PFEH features, including the baseplate design, the arrangement and microstructure of the piezoelectric components, and their influence on the system's dynamic and energy output behavior. The results confirmed the model's key advantages: full-scale modeling allows the integration of complex base structures and transducer microstructures in PFEH design. Combined with monolithic FSI coupling, it offers greater versatility, supporting a wider range of fluid environments and configurations in both wind and hydropower harvesting. Additionally, the modeling strategy can be intended not only to enhance power output, but also to minimize material usage, reduce mechanical fatigue, and extend the operational lifespan of PFEH systems.
... Vibrational Energy Harvesting (piezoelectric) [147] Harvests energy from mechanical motion, such as vibrations or movements, using piezoelectric, electrostatic materials, or electromagnetic induction. ...
Battery-powered sensor nodes encounter substantial energy constraints, especially in linear wireless sensor network (LWSN) applications like border surveillance and road, bridge, railway, powerline, and pipeline monitoring, where inaccessible locations exacerbate battery replacement challenges. Addressing these issues is crucial for extending a network's lifetime and reducing operational costs. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting WSN energy consumption at the node and network levels, alongside effective energy management strategies for prolonging the WSN's lifetime. By categorizing existing strategies into node energy reduction, network energy balancing, and energy replenishment, this study assesses their effectiveness when implemented in LWSN applications, providing valuable insights to assist engineers during the design of green and energy-efficient LWSN monitoring systems.
... Energy harvesting is also called as power harvesting or energy scavenging [1][2][3]. With recent advances on wireless and MEMS technology, energy harvesting is highlighted as the alternatives of the conventional battery. ...
... As material science and engineering continue to advance, the efficiency and scalability of piezoelectric energy harvesters are expected to improve, making them a viable option for micro energy harvesting. There are several techniques to increase efficiency for piezoelectric energy harvesting which are nonlinearity, double pendulum system, frequency up conversion and circuit management [2]. ...
... The transducer's mechanical-electrical conversion efficiency % determines the performance [2], which can be calculated as (6), ...
... Piezoelectric technology stands out for its unique ability to convert rain and other untapped mechanical energies into usable power. This feature positions it distinctively in renewable energy, offering high-source energy and low-power solutions for sensory devices or small, remote applications (Covaci & Gontean, 2020). ...
... With their reliance on material deformation to generate electricity, Piezoelectric transducers might exhibit more sensitivity to environmental conditions affecting the mechanical properties of piezoelectric materials (Lay et al., 2021). However, advancements in material science, particularly the development of flexible and biocompatible piezoelectric materials, are expanding the efficiency and applicability of piezoelectric transducers in energy harvesting from rain under diverse environmental conditions (Covaci & Gontean, 2020). Regardless, both technologies have advantages and limitations, but innovative hybrid approaches and material advancements can be optimised for effective rainwater energy harvesting under varying environmental conditions. ...
This review examines two primary methods for harvesting energy from precipitation: triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and piezoelectric transducers, which are leading technologies in converting mechanical energy from rain into electrical energy. The comparison between TENGs and piezoelectric transducers focuses on their operational mechanisms, material characteristics, and environmental factors such as water pH and temperature. The review highlights that TENGs offer greater design flexibility, efficiency in low-intensity rain, and cost-effectiveness, while piezoelectric transducers excel in high-frequency environments. The development of hybrid systems combining both technologies presents a more efficient and sustainable solution for rain energy harvesting.
... Moreover, the paper suggested the use of specific technologies, like dSPACE DS1104 controller boards and high-performance AC-DC rectifiers, for better performance in PEH systems. Covaci and Gontean [13] aimed to assess PEH methods and applications, emphasizing the direct piezoelectric effect's potential for self-powered systems, like IoT. Ghazanfarian et al. [14] provided a review, identifying gaps and overlaps in existing review papers. ...
This work embarks on an exploration of piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH), seeking to unravel its potential and practicality. PEH has emerged as a promising technology in the field of civil engineering, offering a sustainable approach to generating energy from ambient mechanical vibrations. We will explore the applications and advancements of PEH within the realm of civil engineering, focusing on publications, especially from the years 2020 to 2024. The purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine the potential and practicality of PEH in civil engineering applications. It delves into the fundamental principles of energy conversion and explores its use in various areas, such as roadways, railways, bridges, buildings, ocean wave-based energy harvesting, structural health monitoring, and even extraterrestrial settings. Despite the potential benefits of PEH in these domains, there are significant challenges that need to be addressed. These challenges include inefficient energy conversion, limitations in scalability, concerns regarding durability, and issues with integration. This review article aims to address these existing challenges and the research gap in the piezoelectric field.
... Diaphragm piezoelectric generators are designed for pressure-mode operations. Nevertheless, the diaphragm piezoelectric generator does possess certain disadvantages in comparison to the cantilever, including a high resonant frequency and high stiffness [43]. ...
The present review analyses the research and development of piezoelectric supercapacitor (PSC)-based self-charging storage devices (SCSDs) over the last few years, with a bird’s-eye view of the prevailing trends and the outlook for the future. Piezoelectric materials, known for their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, have emerged as a key player in the development of next-generation supercapacitors with self-charging capability. The present review begins with elucidating the fundamental principles of piezoelectricity and piezoelectric generators vis-à-vis materials and properties as well as their integration into supercapacitor design. Advancements in fabrication techniques and the diversity of materials used have been discussed in detail with a focus on various characterization techniques. The review also addresses existing limitations, such as low energy transfer efficiency and material toxicity, as well as presenting strategies to overcome these hurdles and proposing avenues for future research and development.
