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Adult Cooper's Hawk at nest with young. Adult Cooper's Hawk at nest with young. Drawing by Dan Otte, from photo by J. Papp and RNR.
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Abstract: The Cooper's Hawk is a crow-sized raptor that breeds in deciduous and mixed-deciduous forests throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. Across this broad distribution, which is expanding northward and southward, it is an inconspicuous species. However, since the 1970s, Cooper’s Hawks have commonly nested in subur...
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... There are many urban species not only among nest predators, but also among predators on adults, including mainly bird-eating raptors. Notable examples are the (reintroduced) peregrine falcon in North America and Western Europe (Cade and Bird, 1990;Luniak, 1995;Cade et al., 1996;Drewitt and Dixon, 2008;Drewitt, 2014;Gahbauer et al., 2015;Kettel et al., 2018Kettel et al., , 2019Pagel et al., 2018); goshawk (Samoilov et al., 1995;Rutz et al., 2006, Rutz, 2008Krasnaya kniga goroda Moskvy, 2011) andsparrowhawk (McGrady, 1991;Št'astný et al., 2005;Bell et al., 2010;Krasnaya kniga goroda Moskvy, 2011;Seress and Liker, 2015;Kunca and Yosef, 2016;Thornton et al., 2017;etc.) in Europe; Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) (Boal and Mannan, 1998;Stout and Rosenfield, 2010;McCabe et al., 2018;Rosenfield et al., 2019;etc.) and the Richardson's merlin (Falco columbarius richardsonii) (Sodhi et al., 1992;James et al., 1998;Lieske et al., 2000) in North America; the crested goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus formosae) in Taiwan (Lin et al., 2015); and the black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus) in South Africa (Suri et al., 2017). ...
... Urban landscapes often turn out to be not just attractive, but favorable habitats for predators, at least "at first." In these landscapes, predators often achieve not only increased density, but also relatively high/highest hunting efficiency (Estes and Mannan, 2003;Rutz, 2006) and some components of breeding success (Wendland, 1980;Frimer, 1989;Sodhi et al., 1992;Gehlbach, 1996;Salvati et al., 1999;Jerzak, 2001;Kübler et al., 2005;Št'astný et al., 2005;Rutz et al., 2006;Stout et al., 2006Stout et al., , 2007Gahbauer et al., 2015;Lin et al., 2015;Thornton et al., 2017;Kettel et al., 2018Kettel et al., , 2019Mannan and Steidl, 2018;Rosenfield et al., 2019;Solonen et al., 2019;etc.). For example, the sparrowhawk population in Prague is notable not only for its extra-high density (somewhere more than 1 pair/km 2 ) and high nesting productivity (on average, 2.8-3.3 fledglings per nest), but also by the fact that most individuals begin to breed at the age of one year, which is quite unusual for natural populations of this species (Št'astný et al., 2005, and references therein). ...
... There are many urban species not only among nest predators, but also among predators on adults, including mainly bird-eating raptors. Notable examples are the (reintroduced) peregrine falcon in North America and Western Europe (Cade and Bird, 1990;Luniak, 1995;Cade et al., 1996;Drewitt and Dixon, 2008;Drewitt, 2014;Gahbauer et al., 2015;Kettel et al., 2018Kettel et al., , 2019Pagel et al., 2018); goshawk (Samoilov et al., 1995;Rutz et al., 2006, Rutz, 2008Krasnaya kniga goroda Moskvy, 2011) andsparrowhawk (McGrady, 1991;Št'astný et al., 2005;Bell et al., 2010;Krasnaya kniga goroda Moskvy, 2011;Seress and Liker, 2015;Kunca and Yosef, 2016;Thornton et al., 2017;etc.) in Europe; Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) (Boal and Mannan, 1998;Stout and Rosenfield, 2010;McCabe et al., 2018;Rosenfield et al., 2019;etc.) and the Richardson's merlin (Falco columbarius richardsonii) (Sodhi et al., 1992;James et al., 1998;Lieske et al., 2000) in North America; the crested goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus formosae) in Taiwan (Lin et al., 2015); and the black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus) in South Africa (Suri et al., 2017). ...
... The nest with 8 eggs was found deserted at the incubation stage, but investigation of the 8 eggs showed that at least 6 of them had embryos (Stout 2009). Rosenfield et al. (2019) reported that the largest brood size for the species is 6 nestlings; in a 40 year study of breeding Cooper's Hawks in Wisconsin, 8 (1%) of 794 broods had 6 young (RNR, 2019, unpubl. data). ...
... We studied breeding Cooper's Hawks during 1980-2019 primarily at 2 areas in central and southeastern Wisconsin as described in Rosenfield and Bielefeldt (1996) and Rosenfield et al. (2019). Our central Wisconsin study areas mostly included rural areas in Portage County and the adjacent municipalities of Stevens Point, Whiting, and Plover, with a predominately urban human population of approximately 38,000 and a human density of approximately 973/km 2 (U.S. Census Bureau 2020). ...
... We captured breeding adults in mist nets near their nests during the nestling stage using a live, decoy Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) and banded them also with a USGS lock-on aluminum leg band on one leg and a unique colored, alphanumeric coded band on the other leg (Rosenfield 2018). Age of breeding adults was determined by plumage color and birds with gray plumage were !2 years of age, or after-second-year (ASY) birds following Rosenfield et al. (2019). Cooper's Hawks in their first year of life have brown plumage. ...
Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) typically lay 3–5 eggs per clutch, rarely 6 eggs, and there are 2 accounts of 7-egg clutches and 1 record of a maximum 8-egg clutch for the species. Brood sizes of 3–5 young are common and the previous maximum brood count is 6 young. However, in 2019, we found an urban nest in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with 7 eggs that resulted in a record high of 7 fledglings. We genetically confirmed that the attending male sired all the offspring and the attending female laid all 7 eggs. Larger body size of the tending adults may have been a factor in the exceptional reproduction reported here.
... Урболандшафты зачастую оказываются не просто привлекательными, а благоприятными местами для обитания хищников, по крайней мере, "на первых порах". Хищники нередко достигают здесь не только повышенной плотности, но и сравнительно/рекордно высоких показателей эффективности добывания жертв (Estes, Mannan, 2003;Rutz, 2006) и успешности размножения (Wendland, 1980;Frimer, 1989;Sodhi et al., 1992;Gehlbach, 1996;Salvati et al., 1999;Jerzak, 2001;Kübler et al., 2005;Št'astný et al., 2005;Rutz et al., 2006;Stout et al., 2006Stout et al., , 2007Gahbauer et al., 2015;Lin et al., 2015;Thornton et al., 2017;Kettel et al., 2018Kettel et al., , 2019Mannan, Steidl, 2018;Rosenfield et al., 2019;Solonen et al., 2019 и др.). Так, пражская популяция перепелятника отличается не только сверхвысокой плотностью (местами более 1 пары/км 2 ) и высокой продуктивностью гнездования (в среднем 2.8-3.3 слетка на гнездо), но и тем, что в возрасте одного года начинает размножаться большинство особей, что довольно необычно для природных популяций этого вида (Št'astný et al., 2005 и источники в этом очерке). ...
... We only sampled individuals collected during the breeding season. All of the species analyzed in this study molt the majority of their body feathers on the breeding grounds (New York) except Virginia Rail, which molts its feathers before arriving on the breeding grounds (Conway 1995;Curtis et al. 2006;Hepp and Bellrose 2013;Kelly et al. 2009;Rusch et al. 2000;Weeks 2011). To control for spatial variation in MeHg concentrations, we restricted our sampling criteria to individuals collected within Upstate New York (i.e., all of New York State with the exception of Long Island) and examined nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes (δ 15 N and δ 13 C, respectively) to account for potential changes in diet or habitat through time (Fig. 1). ...
We examined how variation in MeHg concentrations through time is reflected in birds, a taxon commonly used as a biological indicator of ecosystem health. Using museum specimens collected from 1880 to 2016, we measured feather MeHg concentrations in six species of birds that breed in New York State and have distinct dietary and habitat preferences. We predicted that MeHg concentrations in feathers would mirror Hg emission patterns in New York State and increase through time until 1980 then decrease thereafter in response to increased regulation of anthropogenic Hg emissions. We found that MeHg concentrations increased with δ¹⁵N, and that MeHg feather concentrations for some individuals from four of the six species examined exceeded concentrations known to cause negative sublethal effects in birds. In contrast to our prediction, MeHg concentrations in feathers did not parallel global or local Hg emissions through time and varied by species, even after controlling for possible changes in diet and habitat. MeHg concentrations varied substantially within species and individual specimens, suggesting that high within-individual variation in feather MeHg concentrations caused by spatiotemporal variation in molt, environmental Hg exposure, or mobility decoupling Hg uptake from breeding sites, may obscure trends in MeHg through time. Our study provides a unique assessment of feather MeHg in six species not typically analyzed using this retrospective approach.
... The Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) is a common woodland hawk that often focuses on birds as prey (Rosenfield et al. 2019b). While it nests throughout the United States and boreal Canada in a variety of tree species in dense woods (Rosenfield et al. 2019b), in recent decades it has adapted to urban habitats . ...
... The Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) is a common woodland hawk that often focuses on birds as prey (Rosenfield et al. 2019b). While it nests throughout the United States and boreal Canada in a variety of tree species in dense woods (Rosenfield et al. 2019b), in recent decades it has adapted to urban habitats . Cooper's Hawks in more urban environments differ in behavior and nesting habitats (Mannan and Boal 2000, Estes and Mannan 2003, Stout et al. 2007, Chiang et al. 2012, Millsap 2018. ...
In recent decades Cooper’s Hawks have successfully colonized urban landscapes, where there may be ample prey but also a greater prevalence of disease in their prey. We searched for nesting Cooper’s Hawks in and around Berkeley, California, from 2002 to 2010, locating 95 nests, 89 of which successfully fledged at least one nestling. On average, each nest produced 3.6 fledglings. We evaluated the possible effects of the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae on Cooper’s Hawk reproduction from the proportion of potential prey items brought to Lindsay Wildlife Experience that tested positive for the parasitic disease. We did not find a correlation between T. gallinae in potential prey species and nest success (i.e., if the nest fledged any offspring) or reproductive success (i.e., number of fledglings produced). Similarly, we did not find a relationship between reproductive success and distance to parks or percent of impervious surface within 500 m of the nest. The high reported rates of reproduction and high densities of Cooper’s Hawk in Berkeley and neighboring Albany suggest a robust population, and we did not find evidence that T. gallinae influences its reproductive success.
... Palabras clave: intrón 7 GFB nuclear, marcadores microsatélites, región control mtDNA Genetic studies have uncovered signatures of hybridization between migratory avian species with overlapping distributions in the wake of past climate fluctuations (e.g., Leafloor et al. 2013); thus, opportunities to hybridize are predicted to increase as species distributions shift and populations colonize new habitats in response to recent climate change (Hewitt 2004, Muhlfeld et al. 2014, although see Krosby et al. 2015). Hull et al. (2005) hypothesized that the distribution of Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) changed in response to warming during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, and there is evidence of recent range shifts in Cooper's Hawk (A. cooperii), resulting in more areas of sympatry with congenerics (Rosenfield et al. 2019). However, although several species of Accipiter are known to hybridize in captivity (A. ...
... The upperside of a juvenile Northern Goshawk tail displays fine white lines, outlining dark bands that appear as a zigzag pattern when spread, where a juvenile Cooper's Hawk displays straight and even bands (Rosenfield et al. 2019). Cooper's Hawks are smaller in size and have a slightly more rounded tail (Rosenfield et al. 2019), and a Northern Goshawk's head protrudes more in flight (Squires and Reynolds 1997). ...
... Furthermore, Accipiter hawks are emblematic of the broader suite of recovering and highly adaptable predators colonizing urban environments. They are wide-ranging predators that inhabit a variety of woodland areas and prey on a diversity of bird species [43][44][45]. Both hawk species share many of the same habitat and prey preferences, but whereas Cooper's hawks are primarily year-round residents in the eastern USA [46], the distribution of sharp-shinned hawks is a mix of winter and year-round residence [43]. ...
... Both hawk species share many of the same habitat and prey preferences, but whereas Cooper's hawks are primarily year-round residents in the eastern USA [46], the distribution of sharp-shinned hawks is a mix of winter and year-round residence [43]. Accipiter species are typically 'perch-and-scan' hunters that take mostly medium-to largebodied avian prey [42][43][44]47], and in urban areas, they have a propensity to forage at bird feeders. Given their ability to prey on a diversity of species and acclimate to different habitats, Accipiter hawks are exemplary species with which to examine the factors facilitating the colonization and persistence of recovering predators in an urban environment. ...
... This result was unexpected because Accipiter hawks are generally considered to be forest-dependent species, at least during the breeding season. Little is known about their wintering habitat across their range [44], but wintering Cooper's hawks in Indiana preferred residential and grassy areas and used forested rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Proc. R. Soc. ...
Urbanization causes the simplification of natural habitats, resulting in animal communities dominated by exotic species with few top predators. In recent years, however, many predators such as hawks, and in the US coyotes and cougars, have become increasingly common in urban environments. Hawks in the Accipiter genus, especially, are recovering from widespread population declines and are increasingly common in urbanizing landscapes. Our goal was to identify factors that determine the occupancy, colonization and persistence of Accipiter hawks in a major metropolitan area. Through a novel combination of citizen science and advanced remote sensing, we quantified how urban features facilitate the dynamics and long-term establishment of Accipiter hawks. Based on data from Project FeederWatch, we quantified 21 years (1996–2016) of changes in the spatio-temporal dynamics of Accipiter hawks in Chicago, IL, USA. Using a multi-season occupancy model, we estimated Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii) and sharp-shinned (A. striatus) hawk occupancy dynamics as a function of tree canopy cover, impervious surface cover and prey availability. In the late 1990s, hawks occupied 26% of sites around Chicago, but after two decades, their occupancy fluctuated close to 67% of sites and they colonized increasingly urbanized areas. Once established, hawks persisted in areas with high levels of impervious surfaces as long as those areas supported high abundances of prey birds. Urban areas represent increasingly habitable environments for recovering predators, and understanding the precise urban features that drive colonization and persistence is important for wildlife conservation in an urbanizing world.
... Furthermore, Accipiter hawks are emblematic of the broader suite of recovering and highly adaptable predators colonizing urban environments. They are wide-ranging predators that inhabit a variety of woodland areas and prey on a diversity of bird species [43][44][45]. Both hawk species share many of the same habitat and prey preferences, but whereas Cooper's hawks are primarily year-round residents in the eastern USA [46], the distribution of sharp-shinned hawks is a mix of winter and year-round residence [43]. ...
... Both hawk species share many of the same habitat and prey preferences, but whereas Cooper's hawks are primarily year-round residents in the eastern USA [46], the distribution of sharp-shinned hawks is a mix of winter and year-round residence [43]. Accipiter species are typically 'perch-and-scan' hunters that take mostly medium-to largebodied avian prey [42][43][44]47], and in urban areas, they have a propensity to forage at bird feeders. Given their ability to prey on a diversity of species and acclimate to different habitats, Accipiter hawks are exemplary species with which to examine the factors facilitating the colonization and persistence of recovering predators in an urban environment. ...
... This result was unexpected because Accipiter hawks are generally considered to be forest-dependent species, at least during the breeding season. Little is known about their wintering habitat across their range [44], but wintering Cooper's hawks in Indiana preferred residential and grassy areas and used forested rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Proc. R. Soc. ...
