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Providing a durable and sustainable approach based on urban resilience is essential for solving many spatial challenges in neighborhoods with sudden refugee influxes. As refugees settle in different locations in host cities, many of these neighborhoods have high urbanization, poor infrastructure, and over-population and their conditions impact thei...
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... However, these same dense urban areas often have better access to healthcare facilities, public transportation, and essential services, which can reduce mortality rate and enhance resilience in other ways. The extensive public transportation system allowed essential workers to continue commuting, and the city's numerous parks and open spaces provided residents with areas to exercise and relax while maintaining social distancing (Alawneh & Rashid, 2022). Additionally, while much evidence supports the positive impact of green spaces on pandemic resilience, the urban green space strategies might be paradoxical in terms of environmental justice problems where the creation of new parks to facilitate neighborhood attraction and aesthetics can also increase housing cost and property value and exacerbate gentrification and polarity of society (Wolch, Byrne, & Newell, 2014). ...
Urbanization is rapidly increasing, with urban populations expected to grow significantly by 2050, particularly in developing regions. This expansion brings challenges related to chronic stresses and acute shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which has underscored the critical role of urban form in a city's capacity to manage public health crises. Despite the heightened interest in urban resilience, research examining the relationship between urban morphology and pandemic resilience remains limited, often focusing solely on density and its effect on disease transmission. This work aims to address this gap by evaluating existing frameworks that analyze the relationship between urban resilience and urban form. By critically reviewing these frameworks, with a particular emphasis on theoretical and quantitative approaches, this study seeks to transfer the knowledge gained to better understand the relationship between pandemic resilience and urban morphology. The work also links theoretical ideas with quantitative frameworks, offering a cohesive analysis. The anticipated novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive assessment of urban resilience frameworks and the identification of the current gaps in integrating resilience to pandemic thinking into urban planning and design. The goal is not only to enhance the understanding of urban resilience but also to offer practical guidance for developing more adaptive and effective frameworks for assessing resilience to pandemics in urban environments, thereby preparing cities to better withstand and recover from future crises.
... Protracted refugee situations, where displaced populations remain in host countries for extended periods, require NGOs to adapt their strategies from short-term emergency response to long-term development approaches [10]. Additionally, the increasing urbanization of refugee populations has necessitated a shift in service delivery models, as NGOs must now navigate the complexities of supporting refugees dispersed throughout urban areas rather than concentrated in camp settings [11]. ...
The global refugee crisis has placed unprecedented demands on humanitarian systems, with international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) playing a crucial role in supporting refugees and influencing related policies. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted impact of international NGOs on refugee support and policy influence across diverse global contexts. By synthesizing current research, policy documents, and case studies, this paper aims to enhance understanding of NGO contributions to essential services for refugees, their strategies for policy advocacy, and the complex dynamics between NGO activities and government initiatives. The review examines the effectiveness of NGO interventions in key areas such as healthcare, education, and livelihood support, analyzing their methods of policy influence through advocacy, research, and direct engagement with policymakers. It also evaluates refugee perceptions of NGO support compared to government assistance, revealing varied experiences across different contexts and types of aid. Furthermore, the paper investigates the alignment between NGO activities and official government policies on refugee management, highlighting both collaborative successes and areas of tension. The analysis reveals that while NGOs have made significant contributions to refugee welfare and policy development, challenges remain in coordination, sustainability, and adapting to diverse cultural contexts. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions and recommendations for enhancing NGO effectiveness in refugee support and policy advocacy, emphasizing the need for improved coordination, cultural sensitivity, and evidence-based practices in addressing the global refugee crisis.
... Given the profound importance of public spaces during the pandemic and to improve their response to the pandemic and avoid their closure and usage restriction, resilience becomes paramount. Resilience holds various meanings in academia, contingent on the aspect or domain under investigation (Ribeiro and Gonçalves, 2019;Alawneh and Rashid, 2022;Mengistu et al., 2022;Sharifi, 2023). Pandemic disaster resilience, in particular, refers to the urban environment's ability to resist a blow without considerable structural or functional alterations (Zhou et al., 2020). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the importance of public spaces. Accessing public spaces during the pandemic improves physical health, reduces feelings of loneliness, and lessens depression. However, not all public spaces can provide an effective response during the pandemic. The public spaces’ ability to respond to the pandemic varies depending on their resilience level, which refers to the capability of those spaces to adapt to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and maintain functionality to meet users’ needs during this crisis. By investigating the response of existing public spaces to the COVID-19 pandemic and identifying and examining the criteria of pandemic resilience, this study aims to explore and improve public spaces’ capability to respond effectively during the pandemic. One hundred and sixty nine public spaces in three regions in Chongqing City in China are studied. Four main criteria involving 9 sub-criteria of pandemic resilience that can be integrated into public spaces’ planning and design are studied. Three questionnaire surveys are used in this study to examine how public spaces adapt to the pandemic and evaluate the pandemic resilience criteria. The questionnaire data is analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The pandemic resilience criteria are assessed and analyzed using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The study utilized the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assign weights to the criteria of pandemic resilience. Weighted overlay analysis (WOA) is applied to assess the pandemic resilience level in public spaces. Results indicate various possibilities for pandemic resilience depending on the characteristics of the area. However, these resilience levels are inadequate to respond effectively to the pandemic, resulting in diminished utilization of public spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic across all studied regions compared to the periods preceding the pandemic and after the complete reopening. This study presents a remarkable source for strengthening the resilience of cities against pandemic emergencies.
... Hysteresis has important implications for the debate on resilience (Alawneh and Rashid, 2022). There are many definitions of resilience, but all highlight processes related to some system experiencing a shock that then rapidly returns to some desired state. ...
... There is a well-developed literature on resilience (Alawneh and Rashid, 2022), but much of this is conceptual or too focused on understanding resilience in the context of one shock. It is dangerous to isolate one shock from the multitude of shocks that are experienced simultaneously. ...
... For instance, (D'Amico & Currà, 2018) stated that according to rapid urban changes in the contemporary era, urban morphology had lost the capability to keep up with recent changes due to the lack of adaptability in the face of a crisis. Developing the framework to assess the urban morphology resilience can contribute to gradual changes of urban form in developing informal settlements (Shukla et al., 2023), assessing urban decline (Kim et al., 2023), and reinforcing spatial structure in urban refugee neighborhoods (Alawneh & Rashid, 2022). ...
Using Edward Soja’s thirdspace theory, this paper spotlights Addis Ababa as a city of refugee resilience.Beyond the real and imagined representations of resilience, the thirdspace illuminates the multiplicity of refugee resilience in the forms of hope, transience, religiosity, retrospection, flexibility, cultural adaptation, frugality,cultural resources, diaspora ties, co-ethnic support, and transnational and local ties. However, refugee resilience is severely constrained by legal restrictions,policy–practice gaps, resource shortages,language barriers, internal conflict, fear of being targeted, misconceptions about refugees, and some refugees’ strong fervour to emigrate to the West. The study emphasizes the importance of the thirdspace for understanding the incompatibilities of refugee resilience and for improving their well-being and support.
Este estudo aborda a influência das mudanças climáticas na dinâmica da paisagem urbana em Medellín e no Vale do Aburrá, destacando a vulnerabilidade da cidade a eventos climáticos extremos devido à escassez de recursos financeiros para implementar medidas eficazes de adaptação e mitigação. A topografia única da região, com um vale alongado, encostas e picos de colinas, influencia a qualidade paisagística e a presença da vegetação, mas também contribui para a formação de ilhas de calor urbano e aumento da poluição atmosférica. A análise realizada utilizando o método da deriva destaca a interação entre a topografia, a infraestrutura urbana e as respostas socioambientais locais, evidenciando a necessidade de compreender as respostas adaptativas das comunidades locais e a eficácia das estratégias de mitigação e adaptação diante das mudanças climáticas. Diante disso, o estudo ressalta a importância das Soluções Baseadas na Natureza (SBN) como uma das estratégias fundamentais para enfrentar as mudanças climáticas, destacando a relevância dos corredores verdes na promoção da sustentabilidade e melhoria da qualidade de vida urbana. O trabalho busca contribuir com informações que subsidiem a implementação de medidas adaptativas e de mitigação eficazes, levando em consideração a diversidade socioeconômica e a topografia variada da região.
Considering resilience within the components of urban form can aid in the planning of disaster-prone cities and enable them to become more resilient. Although prior research has explored resilience and urban form, the aspects of urban form that can enhance natural disaster resilience remain relatively underexplored. Thus, this study aims to identify these aspects and explore research opportunities in the development of resilience concepts in urban form that have been previously studied by researchers. This study employs the systematic review method, which includes bibliometric analysis and a full-text review of the identified literature. The results show that plots, open spaces, buildings, and streets are the main variables in developing a resilient urban form. Additionally, the street network within the urban form is emphasized in emergency disaster planning. Most current research describes resilience in terms of the ability to withstand and adapt by restoring and operating systems as they were before the disaster occurred. Recommendations for future research include focusing on long-term resilience in urban form by implementing new operational methods in cities to achieve transformative adaptation. Another opportunity is to conduct research in locations with unique characteristics in developing countries, especially areas that have previously experienced significant natural disasters. This study contributes to the understanding of how urban form can be enhanced for resilience through the planning of its components.
Despite the increasing number of flood studies, the interrelationships between urban form indices (UFIs) and flood resilience (FR) have received little attention and hold miscellaneous perspectives. Consequentially, this study identifies how UFIs at various spatial scales affect FR by synthesizing article findings and proposing insights for future research. Scientometric analysis has been used to analyze the gathered peer-reviewed articles from nine research engines without time restrictions. One hundred and eighteen relevant articles were included and thoroughly investigated using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Our findings indicate that divergent and dialectical perspectives about the efficacy of UFIs are due to multiple disciplines, methodologies, and different case study contexts. The included studies were classified according to urban scale as macro (citywide), meso (districts), micro (block), and multi-scalar analysis by 80.5%, 6.8%, 10.2%, and 2.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the included studies were categorized based on analysis type into realistic case studies, literature reviews, modeling, and hybrid analysis, with 74.6%, 7.6%, 14.4%, and 3.4%, respectively. At the macroscale, city density and spatial distribution degree have the most significant effect on FR. At the same time, mixed uses, connectivity, coverage ratio, block arrangements, and street characteristics are on the meso and micro scales. Further studies on the trade-offs and commonality between UFIs, FR, and overall urban resilience are required to shape climate-adaptive, sustainable communities.
