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Islands are natural laboratories for evolutionary studies due to their small areas, structural complexity (compared to continents), and their different degrees of isolation. The present study involved four distinct areas, one continental and three insular, on the southern coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These islands were formed by co...
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Context 1
... of the sonogram and power spectrum indicate that the second harmonic is the dominant (90 % in the mainland and 92 % in the islands). The three PCA axes were obtained by the ordination of the six variables measured (call duration, call peak time, call shape, fundamental frequency, dominant frequency and frequency modulation), which explained 99.5 % of total variance (Table 2). Component I included frequency modulation as the highest loading (positive), followed by fundamental frequency (negative), and explained 49.9 % of the total variation. ...
Context 2
... II included call peak time and call shape as the highest loading (both positive), and explained 30.6 % of total variation. Component III had call duration with the highest loading, and explained 16.0 %. Results are summarized in Table 2. The coefficient of variation (CVinter) indicated that higher variation was found for call shape, whereas the lower variation was detected in dominant frequency, followed by fundamental frequency. ...
Citations
... Regarding A. eugenioi (A. albofrenatus group), variation in call duration is noticeable between continental and insular populations (Miranda et al. 2016). Call duration among continental populations matches the typically short call duration of species of the A. albofrenatus group, whereas calls analyzed from insular populations displayed a much longer duration, which overlaps with the call duration of species of the A. albosignatus group. ...
The genus Aplastodiscus (Hylidae) is widely distributed in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and adjacent Argentina, and a single species inhabits the Cerrado in Central Brazil. The genus comprises 16 species included in 4 species groups. The A. albosignatus species group contains 6 described species, as well as two candidate species referred to as Aplastodiscus sp. 5 and Aplastodiscus sp. 6 in previous studies. Here we name and describe Aplastodiscus sp. 6, based on morphology, DNA sequences, and vocalizations. The new species is known only from the northern sector of the Mantiqueira Mountain Range and can be distinguished morphologically from most congeneric species based on body size, iris color pattern, and cloacal ornamentation. The new species is distinguished from its sister species A. leucopygius by its vocalization. The species of the A. albosignatus group share a conserved external morphology and most of the morphological characters traditionally included in their diagnoses failed to distinguish them. In contrast, advertisement call traits, such as call duration, call envelope, and distribution of sound energy in the harmonic series, were informative in Aplastodiscus species discrimination.
... Static (i.e., stereotyped) traits are expected to be under stabilizing selection, thus encoding information on specific recognition, whereas the dynamic or intermediate traits (i.e., variable) suffer influence of environment and motivation (Castellano and Giacoma, 1998;Kö hler et al., 2017). Intraspecific call traits variation is commonly found in frogs (e.g., Miranda et al., 2016;Rocha et al., 2017). Among Hylodidae, intraspecific variation was reported in H. nasus (Sousa et al., 2019), H. heyeri (Lingnau and Bastos, 2007), and Crossodactylus trachystomus (C. ...
We present evidence for an incorrect distribution record of Hylodes sazimai and provide a new record of it in the state of Minas Gerais Gerais based on genetic and acoustic data, revisiting the differential diagnosis among its closely related species. The new population is related to the H. sazimai topotypes, with no more than 0.6% of genetic distance. However, the population from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PARNA Itatiaia) has a genetic distance varying between 2.7% (2.7–2.8%) from topotypes and 3.3% (3.1–3.3%) from Poços de Caldas specimens. The comparison of these data with the distances between H. sazimai and the other closely related species shows that the population from PARNA Itatiaia is not H. sazimai, nor any other species included in this study. Topotypic H. sazimai has an advertisement call consisting of a sequence of approximately 26 notes lasting around 2 sec and emitted at a rate of 4 calls per minute and 12 notes per second. Hylodes sazimai from Poços de Caldas has an advertisement call consisting of a sequence of about 33 notes lasting around 2 sec and emitted at a rate of 5 calls per minute and 13 notes per second. The random forest approach did not reveal significant discrimination between the populations. Most call features were classified as dynamic for both populations. Because the taxonomic status of the PARNA Itatiaia population is not related to H. sazimai, we suggest a reduction of the northeastern distribution of the species, restricting it to the topotypic locality and Poços de Caldas. Our study reinforces the importance of integrative studies to solve biodiversity crypsis issues and emphasizes the use of detailed acoustic analysis as a powerful tool to diagnosing Hylodes species.
... Zootaxa 4999 (6) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 593 2017). In comparison, species of the A. albofrenatus group and A. sibilatus have the dominant frequency corresponding to the fundamental frequency (first harmonic), usually higher than 1,000 Hz, or the second harmonic (Bokermann 1967;Heyer et al. 1990;Hartmann et al. 2004;Abrunhosa et al. 2005;Conte et al. 2005;Carvalho Jr. et al. 2006;Orrico et al. 2006;Zina & Haddad 2006;Miranda et al. 2016;Bezerra et al. 2020). ...
... In addition, they are the ones who provide information on mate quality, therefore being subject to sexual selection. In this context, call variation between isolated populations of frogs is commonly found in literature, including stereotyped traits with significant interpopulation differences (e.g., Miranda, Abrunhosa, & Silva, 2016;Rocha et al., 2017), which is not the case regarding our results. ...
Clinal variation and cryptic species complexes are challenges to taxa targeted conservation. These issues are particularly problematic for the estimation of species geographic distributions, generally resulting in erroneous estimations due to unrecognized species. However, integrative taxonomy could help to solve these problems, revealing geographic and genealogical limits of species when they are not clear through morphological comparisons solely. Here we evaluated the efficiency of integrative taxonomy in identifying a new population of leaf frog from a species complex. This example was chosen because correct species identification can have an impact in the conservation assessment of a threatened species. The new population belongs to Pithecopus centralis, extending its distribution by approximately 400 km to the east of its known distribution. This identification was confirmed by the consensus between genetic, morphometric and bioacoustic evidence, even with some level of uncertainty when using each piece of evidence. We reassessed the conservation status of the species following recommendations from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), after having checked and cleaned the data used for the species categorization in the Brazilian Red List of Threatened Fauna. In spite of the distribution extension reported here, our results demonstrate that the status of the species should be revised in the national Red List, reinforcing the importance of a rigorous taxonomic approach to improve Red Lists assessments.
... With the recent advances in technology and the popularization of high quality recorders, ethological studies of mating calls increased rapidly in the past decades (Gerhardt, 1998;Rand, 2001;Gerhardt and Huber, 2002;Bruyninckx, 2015). Moreover, the degrees of call variation within and between species is now documented for several species (Castellano and Giacoma, 2000;Tárano, 2001;Castellano et al., 2002;Kaefer and Lima, 2012;Klymus et al., 2012;Carvalho et al., 2015;Jansen et al., 2016;Miranda et al., 2016), including the genus Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken (i.e., I. guentheri and I. henselii Kwet and Solé, 2005; I. izecksohni Taucce et al., 2012). ...
... Estimates of within-male variation were made through coefficient of variation [(CV = SD/Mean) x 100]. CV was calculated for each male and results are expressed as means for each trait following previous authors (Gerhardt, 1991;Tárano, 2001;Carvalho et al., 2013;Miranda et al., 2016). Call traits with low variability (i.e. usually less than 5%) were classified as static; and those with relatively high variability (i.e. usually more than 12%) were classified as dynamic. ...
... Call traits with low variability (i.e. usually less than 5%) were classified as static; and those with relatively high variability (i.e. usually more than 12%) were classified as dynamic. Parameters with values between 5% and 12% were considered intermediate (Gerhardt, 1991;Miranda et al., 2016). ...
Ischnocnema abdita is a small-sized litter frog belonging to the I. verrucosa species series and only known for mountainous areas of southeastern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in the Municipalities of Santa Teresa (type locality), Cariacica and Mimoso do Sul. In this paper, we describe the calls and provide estimates of within-male variation of I. abdita from its type locality and from a recently discovered population in the region of Alto Caparaó, Municipality of Espera Feliz, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Additionally, we also performed a GMYC analysis of molecular assignment that recovered the haplotypes of I. abdita from its type locality and from the new record (Alto Caparaó) under the same taxonomical entity. Our bioacoustical analysis revealed two distinct types of calls, herein referred as A and B calls. The A call was observed in both populations, whereas the B call was only recorded at Alto Caparaó. Despite the apparent similarity in the A calls from both localities, we observed differences in all traits analyzed. Moreover, each call trait expressed variation within males. The peak frequency never exceeded 5% variation and it was classified as static in both populations. Temporal parameters, such as call duration and interval between calls were classified either as dynamic or intermediate, with variations ranging from 1.8-66.1% within males. Although number of pulses per note was a dynamic trait at the type locality, it did not vary in both types of call recorded at Alto Caparaó.
Advertisement calls are emitted by anuran males to attract females or repel competitors. Call frequencies are coupled with the vocal apparatus and, thus, likely with body size due to allometric constraints. Physical properties of the habitat might affect the evolution of advertisement calls through natural selection, with high- and low-frequency calls expected in lotic and lentic environments, respectively. Conversely, call frequencies may be influenced by sexual selection because low-frequency sounds are predicted to be perceived as more intimidating in intrasexual competition and more attractive in female choice. In addition, although the evolution of dominant frequencies has been investigated in anurans, little is known about fundamental frequencies. Here we investigated whether body size, habitat, and sexual selection are associated with the evolution of dominant and fundamental frequencies of the vocalizations in the Neotropical hylid tribe Cophomantini, using phylogenetic comparative methods. We found that body size and habitat predict dominant frequency across the phylogeny, whereas only body size is correlated with fundamental frequency. Reproduction in lotic environments is plesiomorphic for the tribe, with changes to lentic environments concentrated in some Boana clades. Intensity of sexual selection is negatively correlated with dominant frequency in Bokermannohyla, in which low-frequency calls are expected under strong sexual selection. Our results illustrate how the interplay between body size, habitat, and sexual selection may affect the evolution of spectral traits.
Aplastodiscus musicus is a rare species and the only member of its genus that has not been included in previous phylogenetic studies. This species is known only from its type locality at Serra dos´Orgãosdos´ dos´Orgãos National Park in southeastern Brazil, and has not been seen in over 21 yr. Here, we report the re-encounter of an individual of A. musicus at its type locality, describe its advertisement call for the first time, and present a hypothesis concerning its phylogenetic placement. The call of A. musicus is very simple and melodic, composed of one unpulsed note, and emitted at a high repetition rate. It differs from the call of all species of Aplastodiscus and is more similar to those of the A. albofrenatus group. The phylogenetic analysis, based on nuclear and mitochondrial data from all species of Aplastodiscus, recovered A. musicus as the sister taxon of all species currently assigned to the A. albofrenatus group with high support. Our results strongly support the reassignment of A. musicus to the A. albofrenatus group. Previous discussions regarding the evolution of the pericloacal morphology and chromosome number are also revised on the basis of the phylogenetic placement of A. musicus. The re-encounter of A. musicus highlights the importance of increased efforts to search for lost species, especially with the aid of bioacoustics, which permits individual detection and identification at great distances.
Complete list of references cited in the S1 Table.
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