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The cellulose paper treated in proportional mixture systems showed higher liquid absorption compare to only EtOH and MeOH treatments. It was approximately 40-70% and 50-91% higher for EtOH-NaOH and MeOH-NaOH treated papers, respectively. All conditions apparently bring about an effect of decreased strength for papers. The lowest tensile strength of...
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Context 1
... data were collected in the range of 4000-400 cm -1 . Figure 1 shows liquid sorption properties of papers which are treated in water (A), (anhydrous) ethanol (B), (anhydrous) methanol (C), 1 N sodium hydroxide (D), up to five repeating drying and wetting stages. It can be revealed that the highest sorption occured with sample D (230.5% in 1 st cycle and 179.8% in 5 th cycle) followed by sample A (182.3% in 1 st cycle and 170.6% in 5 th cycle), sample B (109.4% in 1 st cycle and 97.6% in 5 th cycle), and sample C (101.5% in 1 st cycle and 84.3% in 5 th cycle), respectively. ...
Context 2
... 1 N sodium hydroxide treated sample (D) has considerably higher absorption value than others. After 5 th repeating wetting-drying cycle, the sample D shows approximately 6% higher absorption from sample A, 85% from sample B and 114% from sample C, respectively (Figure 1). It can be attributed to reorientation of microfibrils and a better alignment of cellulose chains in sheet network structure that promote additional H-bonding sites for liquid. ...
Context 3
... the variable sorption properties of sheets that treated with mixtures of ethanol and methanol with alkali, at similar conditions clearly reveals that the liquid absorption into paper sheet structure closely related to nature of the liquid (pH) and its surface tension as revealed in Figures 1-3. Moreover, it has already proposed that swelling and sorption properties of papers in alkali conditions were higher than acidic conditions [6][7][8][9]. ...
Context 4
... the ratio of adsorbed Direct Orange 15 to adsorbed Direct Blue I is anticipated to serve as an indicator of the pore structure, specifically, the pore size population distribution of the paper. Simons stain results are usually correlated with strength and sorption properties of papers (Figures 1-5). ...
Citations
... Tetapi ketiga hidroksil tersebut juga dapat membentuk ikatan hidrogen di antara molekul seperti yang digambarkan pada Gambar 2. Ikatan hidrogen tersebut memiliki pengaruh yang kuat terhadap morfologi dan reaktifitas rantai selulosa, khususnya pada ikatan hidrogen intermolekul yang dibentuk oleh C3 dan oksigen yang berdekatan pada cincin molekul. Ikatan-ikatan hidrogen ini tidak hanya dapat memperkuat integritas linier dan rigiditas molekul selulosa tetapi juga dapat mengatur rantai molekul untuk bersusun secara berdekatan membentuk daerah dengan kristalitas yang tinggi [43]. ...
... Rantai molekul selulosa akan membentuk karbonil pada C2 ketika dioksidasi dan didegradasi diikuti dengan proses treatment alkali oleh reaksi eliminasi ß-alkoxy. Setelah diputuskan dari ikatan glikosida, produk reaksi dibentuk dan didegradasi menjadi asam organik [43]. ...
Buku ini hanya menjelaskan bagian kecil saja dari selulosa yaitu karakteristik dan pemanfaatannya sebagai biomaterial
... While natural fibers are generally biocompatible, achieving optimal performance in composite materials requires careful consideration of their interaction with bio-active polymers or resins [120,148,149]. Natural fibers often require surface treatments or coupling agents to improve adhesion to the polymer matrix [110,150]. Without proper surface treatment, the bond between the fibers and the matrix may be weak, leading to reduced mechanical strength and poor overall performance in the final printed product. This is particularly concerning for biomedical applications, where mechanical properties are crucial for the success of the device. ...
Natural composites are emerging as promising alternative materials for 3D printing in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, sustainability, and unique mechanical properties. The use of natural composites offers several advantages, including reduced environmental impact, enhanced biodegradability, and improved tissue compatibility. These materials can be processed into filaments or resins suitable for various 3D printing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM). Natural composites also exhibit inherent antibacterial properties, making them particularly suitable for applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and biomedical implants. This review explores the potential of utilizing natural composites in additive manufacturing for biomedical purposes, discussing the historical development of 3D printing techniques; the types of manufacturing methods; and the optimization of material compatibility, printability, and mechanical properties to fully realize the potential of using natural fibers in 3D printing for biomedical applications.
... The PRODRG server was used to generate force field parameters. Figure 2 shows the crystal structure of cellulose taken from [26]. To create the initial configuration, the polymer was placed outside the cellulose surface and far enough away to minimize the effect of initial orientations. ...
... The initial structure of cellulose[26]. ...
... Cellulose fibers serve as both the primary structural element and the component in its entirety that has the most significant influence on the end-use attributes of the product. Paper products have chemical and physical characteristics that are influenced by a network of cellulose fibers that are capable of self-bonding [14]. However, cellulose is a linear polysaccharide composed of repeating β-D-glucose units linked by β-1, 4-glycosidic bonds. ...
Waste paper classified as municipal solid waste is often dumped in landfills or incinerated. As a low-cost source of lignocellulosic elements, the waste paper can be converted into cellulose microcrystals. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is becoming increasingly important as an alternative to non-renewable and limited fossil fuels due to its broad use in sectors such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and polymer composites. Because of its sustainability, non-toxicity, affordability, biodegradability, outstanding mechanical properties, and high surface area, MCC has steadily earned a greater amount of attention in recent years. To meet the growing need for manufacturing new types of MCC-based products on an industrial scale, novel sources, separation procedures, and treatments are continuously being developed. This study aims to extract MCC from waste office paper as a novel source through acid hydrolysis. The synthesized MCCs were subjected to structural and compositional characterization. The MCCs obtained from both sources exhibited a crystalline nature with a particle size distribution of 0.6–1.1 µm, and the length-to-cross-section ratio was found to be 10:1. The FTIR analysis revealed the absence of peaks corresponding to lignin in the extracted MCC. The extracted MCC showed a yield percentage of 79.5 ± 1.2%. Thus, waste office paper can act as a potential and sustainable source for extraction of MCC for application in various fields.
... It is made from recycled paper pulp. In paper-based products, the content of cellulose is as high as 90-99% [17]. In 2020, 42 million tonnes of tissue paper were projected to be produced worldwide. ...
Introduction
Tissue paper has been utilized to extract Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) using sulphuric acid. The two approaches used for MCC extraction were with NaOH pretreatment (NaOH-EMC) and without NaOH (EMC).
Method
The extracted MCC was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, XRD, zeta potential, particle size, and degree of polymerization and then subsequently compared with the commercially available MCC(CMC). The particle size of the NaOH-EMC was lesser than the CMC, while the EMC had a larger size. The values recorded were respectively 1.322, 6.750, and 8.521 μm. The SEM images also supported the values reported by the particle size analyzer.
Result
The distribution, however, was staggered for the prepared samples, as against the CMC. The prepared MCC suspensions were found to be more stable than the CMC based on the recorded zeta potential. The crystallinity for NaOH-EMC, EMC, and CMC was recorded to be 69.91, 68.59, and 70.89 percent, respectively, and the observations were not significantly different.
Conclusion
The degree of polymerization of NaOH-EMC and EMC was 129 and 94, which was 189 lower than that of CMC, having the value of 178. The study successfully reports the extraction of MCC from the tissue paper as an alternative source.
... This might be due to the hornification of fibers reducing the degree of swelling and fibrillation, thereby causing the loss of WRV (Doshi and Dyer 2001;Miao et al. 2018). Further, with every drying cycle, micro and macropores close down, which further reduces the swelling of fibers (Sahin and Arslan 2008). In addition, recycling at elevated temperatures induces additional mechanical forces upon fibers, forming fines and microfibrils, which will not swell again to the same extent, thereby increasing the porosity and roughness of the sheets produced (Yang and Berglund 2020). ...
... Figure 2 shows the basic structure of plant fiber. Cellulose is mainly used to produce textiles [13], paper [14], and pharmaceuticals [15]. Cellulose is mainly used in these industries due to the presence of fibrils, which are small threadlike structures that could be exposed by beating or refining to provide a large area for bonding. ...
The escalating global population and subsequent demand for agricultural products have led to a surge in agricultural waste generation, posing significant disposal challenges. Conventional disposal methods such as burning and dumping not only harm the environment but also jeopardize human health and safety. Recognizing the urgent need for sustainable waste management, researchers have increasingly focused on repurposing agricultural plant waste as a valuable resource. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the potential of agricultural plant waste in wealth creation and sustainable development. It highlights the detrimental impacts of current disposal methods and emphasizes the necessity for alternative approaches. By analyzing the physical, mechanical , and chemical properties of plant fibers, particularly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, this review underscores their suitability for diverse applications. Moreover, it explores the emerging trend of utilizing pineapple leaf fiber, a sustainable and lightweight material, in structural applications, such as UAV construction. With its exceptional mechanical properties and biodegradability, pineapple leaf fiber holds promise as a viable alternative to traditional materials, contributing to a more sustainable future. In conclusion, this review advocates for a paradigm shift towards embracing agricultural plant waste as a valuable asset for economic prosperity and environmental sustainability. It underscores the importance of continued research and technological advancements to unlock the full potential of agricultural waste in fostering a circular economy and driving sustainable development globally.
... This might be due to the hornification of fibers reducing the degree of swelling and fibrillation, thereby causing the loss of WRV (Doshi and Dyer 2001;Miao et al. 2018). Further, with every drying cycle, micro and macropores close down, which further reduces the swelling of fibers (Sahin and Arslan 2008). In addition, recycling at elevated temperatures induces additional mechanical forces upon fibers, forming fines and microfibrils, which will not swell again to the same extent, thereby increasing the porosity and roughness of the sheets produced (Yang and Berglund 2020). ...
There is a need for sustainable and eco-friendly materials to drive innovation in the ever-evolving paper industry in producing high-quality paper. Conventional approaches use woody fibers for their better paper-forming properties and strength. However, with an increase in population and a ban on single-use plastics, a need exists to produce more paper at economical prices. This research aims to minimize the use of woody fibers in papermaking by blending miscanthus (non-woody) pulp in eucalyptus (woody) pulp, thereby achieving similar paper properties as virgin pulp. Cationic starch and sodium alginate were electrostatically deposited on fibers to enhance the strength of the paper produced. The addition of cationic starch and sodium alginate increased the water retention value while the freeness in terms of °SR remained constant. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of cationic starch and alginate which reduced the carboxyl peaks on bonding with hydroxyl groups of cellulose fibers. The developed paper sheets made from pulp blend after adding cationic starch and alginate were more remarkable than those made from virgin eucalyptus pulp in terms of mechanical properties, justifying their application in the packaging sector. Moreover, the handsheets were completely recyclable without any micro-stickies or flocs. The developed paper can be a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for reducing the utilization of wood fibers in papermaking.
... Similar ATR−FTIR bands were observed for some absorbing substrates (cigarettes, printing and tissue papers, and wooden spoons); an intense band located at ∼1000 cm −1 , ascribed to the presence of a large amount of cellulose on these surfaces. 35,36 Additional bands in the 1300−1700 cm −1 region were observed in the spectrum of a wooden spoon due to the food-safe finishing layer present on it (a common manufacturing addition). However, for the nonporous surfaces, each surface shows its unique spectrum, resembling the spectra reported in the previous study. ...
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been pursued as a novel approach to detect and differentiate biological materials with high specificity owing to its ability to record unique spectral patterns corresponding to the biochemical composition of a specimen. This study expands the application of ATR–FTIR for detecting oral fluid (OF) stains on various common substrates, including four porous and six nonporous substrates. For nonporous substrates, the spectral contribution from the substrate was minimal, and no background subtraction from the substrate bands was required (except for mirrors). For porous substrates, the contribution from the surface was pronounced and was addressed via background subtraction. The results indicated that major OF bands were detected on all the surfaces, even six months after OF deposition. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to probe the morphologies of OF stains on various substrates. SEM micrographs revealed characteristic salt crystals and protein aggregates formed by the dried OF, which were observed for fresh samples and samples after six months post-deposition. Overall, this study demonstrated the great potential of SEM and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy for detecting OF traces on porous and nonporous substrates for up to six months for forensic purposes.
... Cellulose is mainly used to produce textiles [11], papers [12], and pharmaceuticals [13]. Cellulose is mainly used in these industries due to the presence of fibrils, which are small thread-like structures that could be exposed by beating or refining to provide a large area for bonding. ...
... Additionally, pineapple leaf fiber has been shown to have good mechanical properties, such as high tensile strength, making it resistant to deformation and breakage. This is a crucial feature for multirotor 12 copters frames, which must withstand flight stresses and potential crashes [108]. Another advantage of using pineapple leaf fiber is its biodegradability, which makes it an environmentally friendly option for many kinds of UAV construction. ...
The escalating global population and subsequent demand for agricultural products have led to a surge in agricultural waste generation, posing significant disposal challenges. Conventional disposal methods such as burning and dumping not only harm the environment but also jeopardize human health and safety. Recognizing the urgent need for sustainable waste management, researchers have increasingly focused on repurposing agricultural plant waste as a valuable resource. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the potential of agricultural plant waste in wealth creation and sustainable development. It highlights the detrimental impacts of current disposal methods and emphasizes the necessity for alternative approaches. By analyzing the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of plant fibers, particularly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, this review underscores their suitability for diverse applications. Moreover, it explores the emerging trend of utilizing pineapple leaf fiber, a sustainable and lightweight material, in structural applications such as UAV construction. With its exceptional mechanical properties and biodegradability, pineapple leaf fiber holds promise as a viable alternative to traditional materials, contributing to a more sustainable future. In conclusion, this review advocates for a paradigm shift towards embracing agricultural plant waste as a valuable asset for economic prosperity and environmental sustainability. It underscores the importance of continued research and technological advancements to unlock the full potential of agricultural waste in fostering a circular economy and driving sustainable development globally.
